General Version V002.

004
CONTENTS

THE GENERAL INFORMATION.................................................................................1

PURPOSE AND FUNCTIONALITIES......................................................................................................... 4
EXPLOITATION CONDITION................................................................................................................... 4
CERTIFICATES.................................................................................................................................... 4
TECHNIQUES...................................................................................................................................... 4
PACKING LIST.................................................................................................................................... 5
FRONT PANEL..................................................................................................................................... 6
TURNING ON THE DEVICE.................................................................................................................... 7
POWERED OF THE DEVICE.................................................................................................................. 7
MAIN MENU................................................................................................................8
TDR..............................................................................................................................9
PRINCIPLE OF WORK........................................................................................................................... 9
TURNING ON THE TDR.................................................................................................................... 10
TRACE VIEWING................................................................................................................................ 10
INSTALLATION FOR A DISTANCE MEASUREMENT...................................................................................11
MEASUREMENT OF THE DISTANCE...................................................................................................... 11
DSP TDR...................................................................................................................12
PRINCIPLE OF WORK......................................................................................................................... 12
TURNING ON THE DSP TDR............................................................................................................. 12
TRACE VIEWING................................................................................................................................ 13
Linear scale............................................................................................................................... 13
logarithmic scale «Logarithm»................................................................................................... 14
Logarithmic scale « Logarithm ».............................................................................................. 14
INSTALLATION FOR A DISTANCE MEASUREMENT...................................................................................14
MEASUREMENT OF THE DISTANCE..................................................................................................... 15
LOCALIZATION OF PAIR MISBALANCING BY TDR..................................................................................15
Measuring of the misbalancing cable pair location....................................................................15
Splice with ohmic asymmetry.................................................................................................... 16
Leakage..................................................................................................................................... 16
Example..................................................................................................................................... 16
Leakage..................................................................................................................................... 17
Splice with ohmic asymmetry.................................................................................................... 17
BRIDGE MEASUREMENTS.....................................................................................18
Multifunctional screen................................................................................................................ 18
INSULATION mode................................................................................................................... 19
CAPACITY mode....................................................................................................................... 20
LOOP mode............................................................................................................................... 21
Ohmic asymmetry measurement...............................................................................................22
SEARCHING OF THE CABLE INSULATION FAULT....................................................................................23
The technique of search............................................................................................................ 23

2
 Cable selection.......................................................................................................................... 25
FAULT SEARCHING SCENARIO............................................................................................................ 26
FAQ........................................................................................................................................... 29
SEARCHING OF THE OPEN CABLE...................................................................................................... 30
PLAN MEASUREMENTS...................................................................................................................... 31
HOW TO BEGIN PLAN MEASUREMENTS............................................................................................... 31
SETUP OF THE MEASUREMENT PARAMETERS......................................................................................32
WORKING RESULTS.......................................................................................................................... 33
CABLES LIST............................................................................................................34
SETTINGS.................................................................................................................35
CALIBRATING TECHNIQUE.....................................................................................36
CALIBRATING OPERATIONS....................................................................................................... 36
CALIBRATING MEANS......................................................................................................................... 36
CALIBRATING CONDITIONS................................................................................................................. 36
CALIBRATING REALIZATION................................................................................................................ 37
External survey and approbation...............................................................................................37
RESISTANCE BOX TESTING...............................................................................................................................37
Definition of an absolute error of insulation resistance measurement.......................................37
Definition of an absolute error of loop resistance measurement................................................................37
Definition of an absolute error of the cable insulation fault location...........................................38
Definition of an absolute error of a cable capacity measurement..............................................38
TDR TESTING.................................................................................................................................. 39
Definition of the measuring pulse parameters...........................................................................39
Definition of the error of TDR distance measurement................................................................39
The definition of the overlapping loss in TDR measurement.....................................................40
CALIBRATION PERIODICITY................................................................................................................ 40
WARRANTY INFORMATION....................................................................................41
ACCEPTANCE CERTIFICATE..................................................................................41

3
THE GENERAL INFORMATION

Purpose and functionalities

TDR:
 To locate line impedance inhomogeneities for all cable types: faults,
open, short, splices, length, cross - effects, split location etc
 High level noise suppression in noisy environment. Trace stabilization.
DSP TDR:
 To work with a long and problematic cables.
 Have a logarithmic scale which allows whole cable reflectogram without
gaining.
 Positioning of measuring cursors on maximum (minimum) value.
Bridge:
 Locate cable insulation reducing, leakage, short, connect to earth location
 Open and partial open location
 Measuring of insulation resistance, loop, ohmic misbalance, insulation
fault location, electrical capacity of all cable types
 AC, DC voltage measurement

Color TFT display 800x480.

Multifunctional menu.
PC communication through USB or IRDA.
Exploitation condition
Operational Temperature from -20 to +50ºC
Relative humidity to 90% at 30ºC
Atmospheric pressure from 86 to 106 kPa
Certificates
The Russian state register № 17719-07. the certificate on the statement of
measurement device type RU.C.34.001.A №27301.
Techniques
TDR
Range of measuring 131, 262, 523, 1046, 2093,
4186, 8371, 16742, 33485,
66970, 133939m
Maximal resolution 0,2 m
Overlapping attenuation Not less 80 dB
Adjusted amplitude of measuring pulse 6 – 18 V with step 1 V
Measuring pulse duration 16  50000 ns
Number of averaging 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256,
512
Range of VF (Velocity Factor ) 0,1431 with step 0,001

4
Measuring bridge IRK-PRO
Range of insulation resistance measuring 1 kOhm 50000 MOhm
Range of electrical capacity measuring 0,1  2000 nF
Range of loop resistance measuring 0  10 kOhm
Test voltage 180, 400 V
Range R leakage 0  20 MOhm
Range of voltage measuring 0 – 300 V
Maximal error of distance defining to the for R leakage = 0  3 MOhm
fault measurement 0,1%+1m
Maximal error of loop resistance 0  3000 Ohm 0,1%+1 LSU
measuring in the range 3 kOhm  10 kOhm 0,1 kOhm
Maximal error of ohmic misbalance 0,1%+1 LSU
measuring
Maximal error of insulation resistance
measuring
In the range 0999 kOhm 2%+1 LSU
In the range 1МОм999 MOhm 2%+1 LSU
In the range 1000МОм4999 MOhm 5%+1 LSU
In the range 5000МОм10000 MOhm 10% +1 LSU
In the range >10000 MOhm TBD
Maximal error of electrical capacity 2%+1 LSU
measuring
LSU – displayed Least Significant Unit

General parameters
 Power source 6 NiMh batteries type С
 Consumption power not more than 7W
 Dimensions (mm) 270х240х120
 Weight 2,5 kg

Packing List

№ Name Quantity
1 The device IRK-PRO GAMMA 1
2 AC/DC adapter 1
3 Battery pack consist of 6pcs of C type NiMH batteries 1
4 Test lead set for bridge measurements consist of 3 leads 1
5 Test lead set for TDR measurements consist of 2 leads 1
6 Vechicle adapter cable 1
7 USB connection cable 1
8 Instruction Manual in English 1
9 CD with software drivers for the PC 1
10 Transport bag 1

5
Front panel

On the front panel are placed the control knob and the following sockets:
Socket for connection of an external power supply and battery
«15 V»
charging
Z0 Potentiometer of impedance matching
Input\Output. Measuring pulse generator output and TDR
«Rx/Tx»
input
«A», «B», «C» Sockets for Bridge measuring leads

IrDA Infrared PC communication window

«Tx» Measuring pulse generator output in NEXT mode

USB for PC communication

Sockets for connection of a telephone headset

6
Front panel keys:

The key to turn ON/OFF a power

 Functional keys.

Help key

Navigating keys are moves on the screen; the [OK] key

▲▼ ◄► starts the chosen item.

Numerical keyboard


Main Menu key

The key to turn on (off) of a full-screen mode. In this mode

the purpose of functional buttons is not displayed.

Turning on the device

To turn on the device press the key on the front panel. To turn off the device
press again.
Powered of the device
Device could be supplied with power by 6 accumulators type C NiMh built in or
bymotor vechicle supply system or by adaptor from AC network.

When is powered by adaptor or from vehicle the accumulators are charging. You
can charge the accumulators either the device is turned ON or OFF. In any case the
time of total accumulators charging doe not exceed 3 hours.

Information of current battery condition is displayed on icon on the screen in upper

left corner.

Notice:
 Turning on the LCD back lite reduces the accumulators operating time.

7
MAIN MENU

To view a Main Menu – turn ON the device or press the key in the working
mode. To run the menu item – press the [ОК] key. Available functions could be
scrolled by navigation keys.

8
TDR
The classic pulse TDR is used to locate line in-homogeneities for all cable types.
The devise can be used to:
 Locate cable faults;
 Define the fault type;
 Measurement of distance between heterogeneity of wave resistance;
 Definition of a cable length;
 Measurement of VF.
Principle of work
The principle of the device work is based on the known physical phenomenon of
reflecting of voltage measuring pulse from heterogeneity of wave resistance of an
investigated cable. Thus the fault location can be calculated from the time between
the moment of the measuring pulse beginning and the moment of reflected pulse
acceptance, if propagation velocity in lines is known. The propagation velocity for
reflectometry is traditionally designated by VF VF=V/C. Here is C - velocity of light in
vacuum, V - propagation velocity of an electromagnetic wave in an investigated
cable. For the most cable type the VF is vary from 0.3001.
The type of fault can be defined from the form of reflected pulse. Thus on the pulse
form are influence the loss and a dispersion of a cable. On enough long or much
faulted cables the reflected signal can be much loosed. In the device there is the
opportunity of preliminary echo gaining.
The device connected to a cable is heterogeneity too. To eliminate a parasitic echo-
signal use the controlled load MATCH. Rotating a potentiometer [MATCH] it is
possible to achieve a significant loss of repeated reflections. Necessity of the match
is most actual for short lines.
The device can work in two modes: with the common and separated outputs for
generating the measuring pulse and receiving the reflected signal.
Common input/output mode is most often used and in this mode can be located the
most line heterogeneities in practice.

To achieve the maximal performance it is necessary to connect the device to the

pair. The channel "wire-screen" has a great loss factor and a level of noise. Any of
heterogeneity of a line causes a loss increasing and distance reducing. On short
distances it is necessary to use a short pulse, on greater - wider. The device setup
itself the optimum pulse width depending on the chosen range. However you can
manually change this parameter for receiving more precise picture.

In a mode of separate inputs the measuring pulse is emitted to a line through a

socket [INPUT/OUTPUT]. The reflected signal is receiving through [INPUT] socket.
In this mode the estimation of contact influence of the line in which the measuring
pulse on other line in which the induced signal is observed is got is possible. Also
this mode is useful for searching of wire reversing location (split). The pulse is
9
propagate in the line and reaches a wire reversing location, which is characterized
by a sharp increasing of electromagnetic communication between the pairs. As a
result you can see a characteristic reflectogram.

There is algorithm of noise suppression, during the intense noises it is

recommended to turn on the de-noise mode. To improve the trace stability is applied
the averaging mode. By increasing averaging number device improving the stability
but reducing the display refreshing speed.

Turning ON the TDR

After entering in the Reflectomer mode automatically will be selected default cable
parameters. Also you can choose cable from the Cable list from Main Menu.

Connect the device to a line through a socket [Rx/Tx] by the measuring leads, a red
leads to a test line, black lead of cable is standby for frequency measurements (it
does not use during the TDR mode).

Trace viewing

10
There are two cursors on the TDR screen, between them the distance is measured
on the trace. To make a cursor an active – press the ◄► keys. To vertical move a
trace – press the ▲▼ key.
To operate with the trace parameters use the following keys: [PULSE], [RANGE],
[AMPLIFICATION]. By setting the range automatically will be selected appropriated
pulse width. The [STRETCHING] key is used to view the detail trace around an
active cursor (zoom). The [MAP] key is used to view the whole cable. The
[AVERAGING] key is used to eliminate the occasional noises and to improve picture
stability.
The keys on the left vertical part of the menu are changing the TDR working mode:
trace recording [RFG storage], [SCREEN] - activation of the logged trace for the
comparison [+ memory]; [INPUTS] - work in separate or common mode;
[AMPLITUDE] - adjusted pulse amplitude, [DENOISE] - the mode of wavelet
smoothing for a line with intensive noise.

Setting for a distance measurement

If you do not choose particular cable and work with default cable - it is necessary to
set VF and a range of a cable viewing. The distance between cursors will be
calculated according to the VF in selected view range.
If the VF is unknown, the device will set it according a Cable Type. For this purpose
select cable in Main Men \ Cable selection \ Cable Type.
For unknown cables it is necessary to measure the parameters by using the known
length of cable.

Measurement of the distance

Measurement of the distance must be made after setting of VF or selecting of a
cable from the List.
Measurement of distance is always carried out between two cursors. For
measurement of the distance from the cable beginning to heterogeneity it is
necessary a to make a zero cursor become an active. Above the zero cursor there
should be a label. If there is no label, press [ОК] - and label will appear above the
zero cursor. Establish the cursor on the beginning of a measuring pulse by the ◄►
keys. Then pressing the [ОК] key switch to the measuring cursor and establish it on
the beginning of the reflected pulse. Cursors should be established on the pulse
beginning, instead of on a maximum (top) of a pulse. For more exact positioning of
the cursors it is recommended to use the zoom - [STRETCHING] key.

11
DSP TDR
In the IRK-PRO GAMMA beside the classical TDR there is DSP TDR, based on the
using of wavelet functions as a measuring pulse.

We are recommended to use a DSP TDR for measurement on the long cables:
 For fault location;
 Definition of fault type;
 Measurement of distance between heterogeneity of impedance.
Principle of work
The principle of work is similarly to classical TDR. The difference: instead the
rectangular measuring pulse is used a complex pulse, consist of a wavelet – signals
set. Wavelets are functions which are explicit on time and specter. In pulse
reflectometry the measuring tool is try to detect an echo – signals against the
background of different noises and distortions. In wavelet reflectometry the trace is
result of mathematical treatment. The measuring wavelet have not only a limited
spectral composition but also a set of unique features which are allow to mark out
separately a echo – signals by the method of digital signal processing. This method
improving the TDR trace and resolution.
In DSP TDR there are 3 differences:

1. Positioning of the measuring cursor

 In classical TDR the cursors are always starts of the pulse beginning, that
is very difficult on a long or problem cables.
 In DSP TDR the displayed the result of mathematical treatment and the
cursors are always starts of the signal extreme vertex (maximal or minimal
value). This method is much accurate.
2. VF
VF in DSP TDR is bigger, than in classical TDR. Because of the signal with
different frequency are propagate with different velocity along the cable. In
classical TDR the cursors are always starts of the pulse beginning and the VF is
calculated according to the highest propagation velocity. In DSP TDR the cursors
are always starts of the signal extreme vertex (maximal energy value) and the
VF is calculated according to the signal group-transmission velocity.
3. Additional logarithmic scale
In DSP TDR is realized the possibility to view a picture in logarithmic scale. Such
possibility, at the same time with great dynamic range, allows viewing the whole
cable without using of amplification.

Turning on the DSP TDR

Preliminary choose a cable in Main Menu. The device will adjust on the selected
cable gauges.
If you do not choose a cable – the device will adjust on default cable gauges.
Connect the device to a line through a socket [INPUT/OUTPUT] by the measuring
cable. Connect a red cable to a test line. Blue cable is standby cable for frequency
measurements (it does not use during the TDR operating).
Trace viewing

Linear scale
12
There are two cursors on the TDR screen, between them the distance is measured
on the trace. To make a cursor an active – press the ◄► keys. To vertical move a
trace – press the ▲▼ key.
To operate with the trace gauges use the following keys: [PULSE], [RANGE],
[AMPLIFICATION]. At setting the viewing range the device select itself the
measuring pulse width. The [STRETCHING] key is used to view the detail trace
around an active cursor. The [MAP] key is used to view the whole cable. The
[AVERAGING] key is used to eliminate the occasional noises and to rice picture
stability during the averaging increasing.
The keys on the left vertical part of the menu are changing the TDR working mode:
trace recording [trace memory], activation of the logged trace for the comparison [+
memory]; work in separate or combined mode; adjusted pulse amplitude, the mode
of averaging for a line with intensive noise.
The keys on the left vertical part of the menu:
 Trace recording [trace memory];
 activation of the logged trace for the comparison [+ memory];
 work in separate or combined mode;
 selection of the match resistance;
 selection of the scale (linear, logarithmic, pseudologarithmic)

Logarithmic scale «Logarithm»

The screen in logarithmic scale:

13
This scale is used for the fast-access retrieval of the heterogeneity. The total
viewing range is 100 dB. The top screen part is 0 dB, the bottom screen part –100
dB. The [AMPLIFICATION] key do not have an influence on trace displaying. There
is the signal level UdB in dB near the cursor, relatively the measuring pulse level U 0
:
U
UdB = 20 �lg ,
U0
The echo – signal level U is taken an absolute value, as far as the echo-signal can
be positive or negative. The positive values are displayed green and the negative
values are yellow. On rather long cables the negative values are seldom, and such
image display feature is not falsifying a usual situation. Though, on the small pieces
the picture may cause unusual. Switch on the linear scale.

To make a logarithmic scale more usual there are realized an additional viewing
mode – « +/- log ».
Logarithmic scale « Logarithm »
These logarithmic scale is taken into account a signal character (+ or -): the positive
signal levels are displayed in the top part of the screen, the negative signal levels
are displayed in the bottom part of the screen ( from the top part: 0 dB of the
positive signal, 60 dB, -60 dB, 0 dB of negative signal).
You can select the suitable viewing mode by pressing the keys. Logarithmic scales it
is recommended to use with a rather long cables (more than 2-3 km), with a short
cables it is recommended to use a linear mode.
Installation for a distance measurement
If you do not choose the cable and work with default cable - it is necessary to
establish VF and a range of a cable viewing. The distance between cursors will be
calculated according to VF in selected view range.
If the VF is unknown, the device will establish it on a Cable Type. For this purpose
select e necessary mark in Main Men \ Cable selection \ Cable Type.
Measurement of the distance
Measurement of the distance must be made after setting of VF or selecting of a
cable from the List.
14
Measurement of distance is always carried out between two cursors. For
measurement of the distance from the cable beginning to heterogeneity it is
necessary to make a zero cursor become an active. Above the zero cursor there
should be a label. If there is no label, press [ОК] - and label will appear above the
zero cursor. Establish the cursor on the beginning of a measuring pulse by the ◄►
keys. Then pressing the [ОК] key switch to the measuring cursor and establish it on
the beginning of the reflected pulse. Cursors should be established on the pulse
beginning, instead of on a maximum (top) of a pulse. For more exact positioning of
the cursors it is recommended to use the zoom.

Localization of pair misbalancing by TDR

This method allows locating the place of symmetry failure of the cable pair. For this
purpose in the TDR measurements you should to use the measuring scheme of
asymmetry attenuation LBal. You can detect a balance failure and noise security
failure. Misbalance of the cable pair is lead to the loss of noise security. What fact
can cause a symmetry breaking of the cable pair? The protection elements and
defective cross connections; defective splices and splitter; insulation defects, split
location Defective connections can cause an ohmic asymmetry of the cable pair Ra .
Insulation defects are accompanied with the resistance decreasing with respect to
R
ground or neighbors wires LQ .

Measuring of the misbalancing cable pair location

For TDR with the symmetrical input and output.

The measuring pulse generator output is connected to the twisted pair with local
defect. The waves distributed along the symmetrical cable pair and have a small
influence to cable shield and to another cable pair. The influence is determined from
LBal (Longitudinal balance). For typical network the value of LBal does not exceed
the level of -40 dB. On this value the influence (caused by own heterogeneity of the
cable) is decreased and allow to increase the limit value of detected defect in two
orders by comparison with the similar way.

15
Splice with ohmic asymmetry
For the splice with an active asymmetry component it is possible to create an
equivalent circuit:

There is possible a localization of a faulty contacts in the splice from 0,7 Ohm for the
cable of 3rd category (instead of 70 Ohm of usual hookup). For the cable of 4 th
category – from 0,1 Ohm.

Leakage
The insulation fault can cause the cable pair misbalancing, if there is damaged the
one wire in the cable pair (the leakage on the shield or on the wire of another pair).

The expected limit of leakage definition is increasing for the cable: of Category 3
from the value 110 Ohm up to 11 kOhm, of Category 4 from 40kOhm up to 50
kOhm.

Example
We are use the IRK-PRO GAMMA device in the mode of DSP TDR with the
following hookup:

16
Leakage
During the amplification of 36 dB on the cable of 600m with the leakage on the
distance of 300 m were obtained the following trace:

Obviously, the leakage of 13 kOhm is simply defined rather than open-cable. The
open-cable does not cause an asymmetry and its signal is successfully attenuated
at the expense of cable pair symmetry. In much the same way the measuring pulse
is attenuated and causes a difficult identification. To positioning of the first cursor on
the measuring pulse – switch the device in to combined mode. The reflection
polarity is defined from TDR connecting and cable pair asymmetry character (+ or -).
Splice with ohmic asymmetry
During the amplification of 39 dB on the cable of 600m were obtained the following
trace:

Splice with asymmetry of 1 Ohm is clearly defined against the background of own
cable heterogeneity.

17
BRIDGE MEASUREMENTS
You can select bridge measurements in Main Menu.

Multifunctional screen

The multifunctional screen is divided on 4 sections:

1. the protocol section shows the measurements results.
2. to select the mode (on the left part of the screen) - press the F1 – F6 keys.
3. the measurements section. The given measurements are displayed in the
measurements section according to whole 3 cable connecting АС, ВС and
АВ. You can see the measurement result of selected cable connection in the
big window. To switch the cable connections – press the ▲▼ keys.
4. the Menu (bottom line) is control the measurements – F7 – F12 keys.

18
INSULATION mode
Measuring schematic:

Measuring section:

Menu:
 K factor – to search the faults.
 Threshold MOhm – setup for the bottom - line (imitating the pointer movement).
It is convenient for the rapid check of cable pair good condition.
 U test – test voltage: 400 V for defects searching, 180 V for work without turning
off the equipment if operator is sure that equipment and circuit protection on the
line work over 180V.
 Averaging – quantity of filters averaging: during the unstable indications it is
recommended to increase the averaging quantity. For rapid measurements you
should to decrease the averaging quantity.
 Filter: auto – regular restart of the filter, manual – start by the [ОК] key. Before
turning on the manual filter it is necessary the cables complete charging. The
filter work is accompanied by bottom indicator movement.

19
CAPACITY mode
The instrument is designed to measure capacitance by innovative ballistic method
making the measurement independent on leakage, length and loading coils

Measuring schematic:
Open loop on far end

Measuring section:

20
LOOP mode
Measuring schematic:

Measuring section:

The loop is measured between only А & В wires. The measurement result is
counted in the cable length if you have selected a cable type.

21
Ohmic asymmetry measurement
Close a test wires at the far end between themselves and to cable shield (or to any
back wires). Connect the А and В wires to the test lines, and the С wire connect to
the shield.
Turn on the filter in the LOOP. After the creeping line working the device will
remember a loop resistance. In the LEAKAGE mode press the [asymmetry] key.
The result will be recorded.

Measuring schematic:

Measuring section:

22
Cable insulation fault location

Location principle
The measuring schematic is shown on the figure.

Strap on the far end

Measuring lead from a socket B connect to a faulted line, a lead A connect to a good
wire, strap on the far-end and lead C connect to a cable shield. On loop АВ the
device applies test voltages refer a cable shield. Through the B wire the direct
current flow on the cable shield through faulted section resistance. Thus there is a
potential difference between plugs A and B which depends on distance to fault and
faulted section resistance. The device makes precise measurement of a potential
difference and leakage current, makes a filtration and data averaging for noise
influence elimination and calculates the distance to the fault.

Despite the high device accuracy for leakage up to 20 MOhm, in practical work
happens to make measurement error due to incorrect operation, some cases are
given further.

More than one cable fault

The scheduled measurements on the cable have not been made in time. Thus there
can be insulation faults which the user does not guess. For example, initially one
splice "has become numb" and insulation resistance gone down to 8 MOhm. Then,
some time ago another splice has become faulted and resistance gone down to 1
MOhm. The distance from station to the first splice is 2 km, and to the second splice
is 5 km. All direct current bridges can define only one fault. Two faults interfere and
give the mixed result. In our case these two faults will give a result as though one
fault with resistance 890 MOhm is on distance of 2 km 625 m. It means that the
measurement error is 625 m.

23
A cable length is entered incorrectly
The first step is to measure the loop resistance. Then it remembers the cable length
L in Ohms. Next step is to measure distance to an insulation fault locate. The
measuring hookups of IRK-PRO measures distance to fault locate X in Ohms. When
the device is receive the distance to fault locate X in Ohms, it will divides it into
cable length L in Ohms. Thus the device is defining the relative distance to fault in
thousand shares of length. This is very accurate measurement; the tolerated error is
not more than 0,001. The device displays the result, when the cable length is not
entered. This is the «Cable 100%» mode, and the distance to fault is shown on the
screen with accuracy of the tenth shares of percent from cable length.

To receive the distance in meters, the device should multiply the relative distance in
percents and the entered cable length. Here we can get an error. In one case you
enter approximate cable length - for example, 3 400 m, and actually the cable length
is 3450 m. If the fault is locate on the middle then this 50 meters multiplied into
relative distance, will give an error - 25 m. If you enter the approximate cable length,
it is better to make the measurements from that end, to which the fault is closer to
minimize error caused by the inexact length.

In other case you can use the device’s special function which counts a cable length
from the measured loop if the Cable Type and the ground temperature (item «Cable
Type») are known. However used wire specific resistance from reference book can
differ from real because of cable manufacturing techniques. The tolerance can
reach 10 % so the calculations error can reach corresponding values. Besides there
is an additional error of ground temperature definition, and the ground temperature
varies along the cable. Try to change the entered temperature on 3-5°С and you will
see how the result will change. You should remember that when you use function of
length calculation on Cable Type and temperature, you obviously receive
approximate result. The accurate result can be received, if you enter the correct
cable length.
It is not possible to pick up the good wire
If all wires are faulted then the good wire will be faulted too. Then this fault will
interfered with first fault and will give the result displacement aside connection of a
good wire. If you measure distance to fault from the different cable ends then the
indications sum will be more than the cable length. In a case when all wires are
equally faulted, the device will always show fault on the cables far-end, independent
from what end you was made the measurement.

In that case is better to use an auxiliary cable. If there is a technical opportunity, you
can end ring the measurements through good cables - that means is to connect to a
faulty wire on the far-end the two wires from another cable and to connect them to
the device (probably, through other connections if the cable is not parallel on the
faulty cable). Mostly the length and type of an auxiliary cable are different. Certainly,
you must to remember that the complex spatial configuration can cause a
measurement additional error.

You can use special function of a defects relation measuring the factor K, not using
the auxiliary cable. In this case it is necessary to ensure, that the wires are faulted in
one pace (in one splice), else the measurement result will be incorrect. Then you
make a K measuring it is necessary to ensure that the indications are stable.
Sometimes during measurements the defect is “dried” by a measuring voltage, and
the resistances relation starts to vary. It is necessary to measure K several times
and if the indications are stable to close a loop on the far-end and to measure
24
distance to fault locate. Sometimes the distance measurement is made after K
measurement, but the situation has already changed, that is why the result is
incorrect.
To check up the result, it is better to make measurements from two ends (including
K) and to ensure the indications sum is equal to the cable length.

The factor K shows the attitude of an additional error ΔК, receiving during the
calculations to a measurement passport error Δ:
ΔК = K×Δ
The accurate distance definition is possible if K<10. Measurement accuracy is close
to passport then K<0,1 for high-resistance defects (above 100kOm). For defects
with resistance below 100kOm the method gives an additional error. If contact
resistance of rather "good" wire Ra less than 20kOm then the error is sharply
increases and a method can be used only for approximate orientation in faulted
splice searching. In this case we recommend to use TDR measurements or to use
an auxiliary cable.

Cable selection
To the fault, it is recommended to choose the cable from the LIST before starting the
measurements. How to make a right choice in different situations?
How to find distance in percentage length
This is mode «Cable 100%». It is by default at turning on of the device. Therefore it
is possible to make a measurement immediately. The result shows in % of length.
Only for a cable without sections!
Distance in meters. Input of the cable length without sections
To receive result in meters, it is necessary to enter a known cable length into «Cable
100%».
Only for a cable without sections!
How to calculate a cable length on Cable Type and temperature
In the item <cable selecting> choose <Cable Type>. Choose the cable type. Now it
is necessary to enter a cable ambient temperature. It is possible to enter it manually,
or to take it from the reference book which is stored in the device memory. For this
purpose in item <Zone> find your climatic zone. The device will work with the
temperature value, taken from the reference book according to the date of
measurement.
Only for a cable without sections.
Cable consist from different Cable Type sections
Such cable should be preliminary written in < Cable List >. Enter into the Menu 2
and in item <cable sampling> select the necessary cable from the List. Press [ОK].
The distance up to a place of fault will be automatically calculated on cable
parameters from the device memory. To change or see them is possible in the item
<Cable parameters>.

25
Fault location scenario
After cable selecting you can start a fault locating process. This process consists of
several measurements, described in protocol. To find a fault you should fill a
protocol.

1. Back wire searching. Connect a С wire to cable shield. During open-circuit

find a wire with low insulation by the B wire. Insulation resistance is controlled
in B-C line. After, select a good wire by A wire. The insulation resistance is
controlled in A-C line.

26
2. The resistance ratio АС/ВС must be less than 400. To check the ratio –
measure K factor (must be not more than 0,005).

3. Turn on the LOOP mode; connect a loop at the far end between good and
bad wires. Control the connection quality at the far end according the device
indication. After connection completing – start a filter loop measurement
pressing the [ОK] key. The filter is necessary!

27
4. Turn on the LEAKAGE mode and start a fault location by the [OK] key. The
device will display the distance to the insulation fault.

5. The result calculated according to K factor will be shown in a corresponding

row. If it is impossible to select a good wire – select a wire with the lowest K
factor.

28
FAQ
What will be if to turn on the leakage not to measure a loop by the filter?

If it is the loop first measurement the device will not make the fault searching
because it has nothing to compare result. If you have already measured a loop by
the filter the device has remembered this value and has accepted it as a cable
length. It will compare this value with the cable core resistance up to the place of
fault. If you make measurements on the same loop then it is not necessary to
measure loop again. You can to start searching several times.
But if you have measured other loop by the filter before fault searching, and it differs
from a faulted loop then you receive erroneous result of fault searching.

What will be, if wires A and B are mixed, and the bad wire is connected to A?

On the screen you will see "and" near to distance "X". Under the scheme it is
required, that the cable core B is faulted («Хв»). If it is shown «Ха», it does not
influence the result, but we recommend changing places of a wire A and B – else
the measurement is made not only through a faulty cable core, and initially through
a good cable core that can lead to an additional error.

We were selecting a working wire from the List to search an insulation fault location
or open-cable. Is there the difference from which end to connect the cable?

If you were selecting a single-section cable – you can connect to cable from both
ends. For multi-section cable – if we connect the 1 st section from back end it will
becomes the last section; and the last section – becomes a 1 st. For multi-section
cable we are recommended to put into List the both recording (for both cables end).

29
Open fault location
If there are undamaged cable cores in the cable, then the device can define
distance up to open by comparison of good cable core (pair) capacity and open core
(pair) capacity. Such method does not use cable parameters. It is possible to start
the measurements without choosing a cable

Only for a cable without sections!

The locating procedure is in three steps:

1. To find a good wire you should to measure a wire capacity.
2. Fault searching. Connect the open-wire and good wire to the wires A and B.
The wires C connect to the cable shield. Measure the wires capacity. Select a
good wire with greatest capacity and press [SAVE GOOD].
3. After – press the [FIND BREAK]. The device will display the distance to fault
location.

Measuring schematic::

Measuring section:

30
Plan measurements
The device enables automating the measurement process, results recording and
results reading of plan measurements – the cable insulation resistance and electric
capacity or a loop and asymmetry.
To make measurements automatically and enter the results in memory, the cable
should be entered in "List". The measurement results for the current cable will be
stored in the device non-volatile memory and can be transferred on a computer.
How to begin plan measurements
To begin plan measurements, in «CABLES LIST» application it is necessary to
select a cable with which you will work. After return to the Menu and launch the
«PLAN MEASUREMENT» application.

ATTENTION:
If you for the first time make a plan measurement of the cable with high
quantity of the cable pairs, then the device request a time to create an empty
table. Don’t hurry and wait for task completing and the cursor will be
positioning on the zero cable pair.

If you see a partially filled table – there are been the measurements on selected
cable and application will adjust to work with «default» parameters.

If you want to continue the interrupted work – select the cable pair and press the
F12 key ([CYCLE MEASUREMENTS]/ [REMEMBER RESULT]) during the
«AUTO»/«MANUAL» measuring mode.
You can change the measurement parameters and continue to work. To delete all
data and start new task – press the [NEW PROTOCOL] key.

31
Attention!!! The data will be deleted not only from devices screen but also from
memory. To avoid the loss – don’t forget to transfer the measurement results on to
PC memory.

If there is no plan measurement data for selected cable – you will see an empty
table.

Setup of the measurement parameters

There are 4 types of commutations, defined by [AC], [BC], [AB]:
1. «R + C» - to measure an insulation resistance and capacity
2. « R » - to measure only insulation resistance
3. « C » - to measure only capacity
4. « - » - without measurements

Establish a working mode by the [MODE] key.

There are two modes:

32
 1. «AUTO» - the device is charging a cable during the time that was set as
charging time. After the device make a measurement of 16 parameters by the
filter. In this mode the commutation discharging and switching are occurs
automatically till the ending of automatic measurement cycle for selected
cable pair.
2. «MANUAL» - you should to save the device measurement results by the
[REMEMBER RESULT] key. In this mode there is not necessary to set the
charging time.

The [CHARGE (SEC)] key is set the charging time in seconds. The initial value is
taken from the cable parameters («CABLE LIST» application), this value can be
changed during the work. The changed value is taken as temporary value. The
charging time range is from 0 up to 60 seconds.

The [MEASURES] key allows setting a new type of plan measurements.

There are two variants:
1. « R , C » - measurement of insulation resistance and capacity
2. « Rloop , Ra » - measurement of loop resistance and Ohmic asymmetry

The [PAIR] key enable to set a pair, from where is recommended to start (begin) a
measurement. You can select a pair by pressing the ▲▼ keys.

Saving the results

It is possible to transfer the plan measurements results to PC memory. For this
purpose – press [CREATE REPORT] key and use the «PC CONNECTION»
application (select the communication type «USB disc»). The detailed description of
this process you will find in the corresponding part of Instruction.
In the report you will see the following data: cables name, time and date of etc...

33
CABLES LIST
The cables list consists of standard and user’s cables set.

To use a cable from the cables list – select the cable by the [ОК] key. You can edit
the cables parameters, add the new one or delete the cable from the list – pressing
the keys on the left vertical menu.
The 1st cable in the List is the default TDR cable. At turning on the DTR
measurements – the device will select the «Default Cable». You can edit a range
and VF in the TDR’s menu.
«Cable 100%» - this cable is used for the bridge measurements. At turning on the
bridge measurements – the device will select by default the «Cable 100%».
The «Cable Type» contains the list of cables types with the following reference
values: VF, loop resistance, capacitance per km. You can edit the reference values.

The empty records of the Cables List are served to pose of working cables. These
data can be transferred from the PC database or entered manually.

34
SETTINGS
You can set several parameters.
Date setting.

Auto power down and sound settings

35
CALIBRATING TECHNIQUE

Calibrating operations
List of the calibration operations of the device

Name of the operation Test type

Qualification test periodic
External survey and approbation yes yes
Definition of an absolute error of insulation yes
resistance measurement yes
Definition of an absolute error of loop resistance yes yes
measurement
Definition of an absolute error of a cable yes yes
insulation fault location definition
Definition of an absolute error of the cable yes yes
electric capacity measurement
Definition of a measuring pulse parameters yes yes
Definition of the distance measurement error by
yes yes
the TDR
Definition of blocked loss at TDR measurements yes yes

Calibrating means

The list of means necessary for calibration carrying out

Monitor name Type Note
range 0,001 Ohm  100 Ohm with accuracy 0,001
Resistance box
Ohm
ТУ 25-7762.003-86, accuracy rating 0,1;
Resistance box Р40103
range 1 MOhm  10 GOhm
Capacitance box Р5025 Accuracy range 0,1, range 100 pF  100 mkF
Oscilloscope С1-104
Frequency meter Ч3-34
Pulse generator Г5-56
You can use another calibration means which are satisfying the requirements of the
present technique.

Calibrating conditions
You must to calibrate the device according to the following conditions:
 ambient temperature (205)0С;
 relative humidity 3090 %;
 atmospheric pressure 84106 kPa;
 Accumulator completely charged.
The measurement facilities must be prepared for the working according to operating
instruction

Calibrating realization

36
External survey and approbation
 The device must correspond to following items:
 The out of the box must correspond to Instruction.
 All inscriptions on the device must be clear.
 The device must have no any damages on its package or plugs.
 During the testing it is necessary to ensure that display is work appropriate. For
this purpose you must to turn on the device without the wires connecting and
then to set the modes switchers in to all position turn by turn. You will see on the
screen the information according to the operating instructions.
Bridge testing

Definition of an absolute error of insulation resistance measurement

 Connect the measuring wires B and C to the resistance box 0-10000 MOhm.
The rest plugs must be disconnected.
 Turn on the INSULATION mode. Measuring of B-C.
 Set up the 10, 100, 500kOm, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 10000 MOhm by turns
on the resistance box.
 For insulation resistance more than 1000 MOhm you should to waiting for stable
indications.
 After each set up you should make a measurement of insulation resistance
pressing the [OK] key and to fix the indications.
You must to make not than 3 measurements for each value on the resistance box.
The absolute error of measurement l is defined from equation:
l=Amsd-A0,
Where Amsd – the average of indications, A0 – the value on the resistance box.

Definition of an absolute error of loop resistance measurement

Connect the measuring wires A and B to resistance box 010kOhm with

accuracy 0,01Om.
Turn on the device in LOOP mode.
Set up the following resistance on the resistance box: 0; 0,1; 0,5;1; 10; 50;
100; 500; 1000; 2000; 5000 Ohm.
Make a loop measurement pressing the [OK] key and fix the result after each
setting.
For each value on the resistance box you must make not less than 3
measurements.
The absolute error of the measurement 2 is defined from the equation:
2=Amsd-A0.
Where Amsd is the average of indications, A0 is the value on the resistance box.

Definition of an absolute error of the cable insulation fault location

37
 Connect the hookup for the calibration as on the figure. Resistance boxes M1
and M2 must be 01kOm, M3 03 MOhm. Set the resistances from the table on
the boxes M1, M2, M3.
 The tolerated error of measurement of an insulation fault location of the cable:
M1 M2 Loop Tolerated absolute error
Ohm Ohm Ohm for
M3 = 0, 1, 2, 3 MOhm
100 0 100 0,2 %
50 50 100 0,3 %
500 0 500 0,2 %
250 250 500 0,3 %
1000 0 1000 0,2 %
500 500 1000 0,3 %
 Switch the device in LOOP mode after each setting, measure a loop pressing
the [OK] key. After that, switch the device to LEAKAGE mode, press [OK] and
read the indications Xmsd.
For each value on the resistance box you must make not less than 3
measurements. To repeat, press [OK]. The absolute error of measurement 3 is
defined from equation:
3=Xmsd-X0
where Xmsd – the average of indications, X0 – the value from the table.
The accepted error 3 must be not more than tolerated error on the table.

Definition of an absolute error of a cable capacity measurement

Switch the devise in to CAPACITY mode. Changing of B-C.
Connect the measuring wires B and C to capacitance box with range of
02mkF with the accuracy of 0,1nF.
Set up 1, 10, 100, 500, 750nF, 1, 1.5, 1.9 mkF by turns on the capacitance
box.
 After each setting make a measurement pressing the [OK] key and fix the
result.
For each value on the resistance box you must make not less than 3 measurements
The absolute error of measurement 4 is defined from equation:
4=Amsd-A0
Where Amsd is the average of indications, A0 is the value from the capacitance
box.

TDR testing
Definition of the measuring pulse parameters

38
  Connect the oscilloscope С1-104 with plug [INPUT/OUTPUT] through divider
1:10 from the oscilloscope out of the box.
 Set up the range 1046 m on the TDR. The pulse longitude is 500 nsec.
 Define the amplitude of the measuring pulse.
If the amplitude not less than 10V in each condition of [MATCH] then the result is
fulfill the requirement.

Definition of the error of TDR distance measurement

Connect the hookup according to figure:

 Switch TDR in separate inputs mode.

 Select the default cable from the List with the VF is 0,667
 Input the range – 16742m, gaining - 0 dB
 Set up on the pulse generator the mode of external turning on, the pulse
width - 10ms, shift – 50ms.
 Control the pulse width by the frequency meter which operates in the mode
of width pulse measurement with resolution not worse than 0,01ms.
 Put the zero and the measuring cursors in to the beginning and in to the end
of the pulse. For better positioning use the mode with the maximal zoom.
 Determine the pulse width in meters from the TDR indications.
 To converse in to microseconds, divide the indications in meters in to 100.

39
The definition of the overlapping loss in TDR measurement
 Connect the hookup according to the figure:

 Turn on the TDR in the mode of separate inputs.

 Input the range – 13286m, gaining – 0 dB.
 Set up on the pulse generator the mode of external turning on, the pulse
width - 10ms, shift – 50ms.
 By changing of the pulse amplitude on the generator, obtain the maximal
pulse amplitude indicated on the TDR screen.
 Change the hookup according to the figure, having entered the loss - 80 db,
without turning off the device.

Set up on the TDR the gaining - 60 dB.

Turn on the «Averaging» - 128
At ending of the averaging, estimate the noise level. The result is good if the pulse
amplitude more than the noise signal not less than in 1,4 times.

Calibration periodicity
Calibration of the device should be made not less often than 1 time in 12 months.

40
WARRANTY INFORMATION
The device is warranted for 12 months after date of shipment from the seller to the
original purchaser. This warranty does not extend to the accumulators. Please refer
to address:

SVPRIBOR
170043, TVER, box 100
Russia
phone +7(0822) 41-29-91, fax +7(0822) 41-29-91
www.svpribor.ru
Technical support service: support@svpribor.ru

or

TAGOR ELECTRONIC
18000 Nis, T.Brankovica 21
Serbia
Phone: +381 18 575 545, fax: +381 18 575 544
www.tagor.co.yu

At sending in repair please accompany the device with the following data:
1. Fault description
2. Your notes and desires about the device.
3. Your address
Send the device to repair to the address of SV PRIBOR or TAGOR or to closest
authorized service

ACCEPTANCE CERTIFICATE

Factory number _________

Date _________

Signature _________

41
 DATA ON PRIMARY CHECKING (CALIBRATION)

device № _________________

BRIDGE
The exposed value Data

Under specification Actually

Insulation resistance measuring

10 kOhm 911
100 kOhm 97103
500 kOhm 489511
1 MOhm 979 kOhm  1,03 MOhm
5 MOhm 4,895,11
10 MOhm 9,7910,3
50 MOhm 48,951,1
100 MOhm 97,9103
500 MOhm 489511
1 GOhm 949 MOhm 1,06 GOhm
5 GOhm 4,495,51
10 GOhm 8,9911,1
Loop resistance measuring
0 Ohm
0,1 Ohm 00,2
0,5 Ohm 0,40,6
1,0 Ohm 0,91,1
10,0 Ohm 9,910,1
50,0 Ohm 49,950,1
100,0 Ohm 99,8100,2
500,0 Ohm 499,4500,6
1000,0 Ohm 998,91001
2000 Ohm 19972003
5 kOhm 4,95,1
9 kOhm 8,99,1
Electrical capacity measuring
42
0 nF 00,1
1 nF 0,81,2
10 nF 9,710,3
100 nF 97103
200 nF 195205
500 nF 489511
750 nF 734766
1000 nF 9791021
1500 nF 14691531
1900 nF 18611939

Measuring of distance to the place of cable fault (cable 100%)

М1 [Ohm] М2 Under specifications actually

[Ohm] [%]
100 0 00,2
50 50 99,8100
500 0 00,2
250 250 99,8100

Signature

Date

TDR

Value Data
Under specifications Actually
Defining of monitoring pulse amplitude
 10V
Defining of the distance measuring error
10 mks 9,9710,03 mks
Defining of overlapping attenuation
80 dB  80 dB

Signature

Date

43
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