Professional Documents
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ISLAMIC LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE 4. SHARIAH literary means “a waterhole where the animals gather daily to drink,
the road to a watering place or the straight path”. Technically, it is the name given to
1. ISLAM is derived from the Arabic word “salam” which means peace; it connotes the totality of God’s commandments.
submission, surrender or obedience. Religiously, it is defined as the complete Islamically, it refers to the sum total of Islamic law which was revealed to
submission to the will of Allah and obedience to His law (Shari’ah). Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), and which is recorded in the Qur’an as well as in the
In details, it refers to submitting of one’s self to the teaching brought by the deducible guided lifestyle called Sunnah. (Bar 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1999,
Prophet (pbuh), abiding the commands and refraining from the prohibitions. 2001, 2006, 2008).
(Bar 1999).
BASIS: “Then WE put you on a straight on a straight path (Shari’ah) in your
*There are five (5) Pillars of Islam, to wit: affairs, so follow it and do not follow the desires of those who have no knowledge”.
(a) SHAHADATAYN or testifying that there is no God save Allah and Surah Jathiyah:18.
Muhammad is His Messenger;
(b) SALAH or the observance of the five daily obligatory prayers; The MAQASID AL SHARIAH or purposes of Islamic Law are divided by Al-
(c) ZAKAT or giving alms or poor due; Ghazali into two types:
(d) SAWM or fasting during the month of ramadhan; and (a) DINI or purposes of the Hereafter; and
(e) HAJJ or pilgrimage to the Holy ka’aba at Mecca. (b) DUNYAWI or purposes pertaining to this world. These are:
(1) The preservation of Nafs or life;
2. IHSAN literary means “excellence”. It refers to worshipping Allah devotedly. It is (The law provides the penalty for Qisas in order to protect
defined by the Prophet (pbuh) as to worship Allah that you see Him, though you the sacred life.)
cannot see Him, Allah is definitely looking at you. (2) The preservation of Din or religion;
(The law forbids apostacy to have the sanctuary of the
3. IMAN literary means “to know, to believe, or to be convinced beyond reasonable religion.)
doubt”. It is rendered in English as faith. Islamically, it refers to believe in Oneness of (3) The preservation of Nasl or progeny;
Allah, His Angels, His books, His messengers, the Day of Judgment and the Divine (The law prohibits the fornicator or adultery in order to
Predestination. compass the decency of the family.)
(4) The preservation of Aql or intellect; and
The Six articles of faith are as follows: (The law prohibits drinking of wine and other intoxicants to
(a) TAUHID or belief in the oneness of Allah; shield the mind of the individual and to avoid chaos or disorder
(b) MALAIKAT or belief in Allah’s Angels; in the society.)
(c) KUTUB or belief in Allah’s Scriptures or Books; (5) The preservation of Mal or wealth.
(d) RUSUL or belief in Allah’s Messengers; (Stealing is prohibited under the law to protect the
(e) YAWMUL QIYAMAH or belief in the day of judgment; and properties of certain person and to have halal wealth.)
(f) QADR or belief in Divine Predestination.
Each worldly purpose is meant to serve the single dini purpose. When all
types are taken together, we have five ultimate purposes of the law.
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
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“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
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(c) Those that prevent (maani) the application of the mandatory law like 15. MUBAH or JAIZ or PERMISSIBLE or INDIFFERENT is an act which its commission
impurity of the person prevents the validity of prayer. (Bar 2006). is rewarded but its omission is not punished like walking, sleeping, sitting, and so on.
NOTE: Nos. 12-17 are the classifications of Human Acts according to Shariah Value. (Bar 16. MAKRU or REPREHENSIBLE or ABOMINABLE is an act which its omission is
2003, 2006). preferable than its commission.
According to the Hanafi jurists, Makruh is of two kinds:
12. FARDH or IMPERATIVE is an act which value has been established by the (a) MAKRU KARAHAT TANZIH which refers to an act that has been
Qur’an and Mutawattir Hadith. Performance of Fardh act leads to reward and its considered improper and to be avoided for the purpose of purity. This is
omission leads to punishment in this world and in the hereafter. nearer to Mubah.
Fardh is of two kinds: (b) MAKRU KARAHAT TAHRIM which refers to an act that is improper to the
(a) FARDH AYN or PERSONAL or INDIVIDUAL OBLIGATION like the degree of prohibition. This is nearer to Haram.
performance of five daily prayers.
(b) FARDH KIFAYA or COLLECTIVE or SOCIAL OBLIGATION like the 17. HARAM or FORBIDDEN is an act which its commission is punishable and its
performance of Salatul Janazza or the prayer for a dead person. omission is rewarded.
Haram is divided into two:
13. WAJIB or OBLIGATORY is an act which value has been established by a Shariah (a) HARAM LI-DHATIHI refers to an act which by itself is an intrinsic evil like
evidence, other than the Qur’an and Hadith Mutawattir. It has the same effect as the the unlawful sexual intercourse, theft, and selling of carrion.
Fardh, although Wajib need not be given absolute faith like Fardh. An example of this (b) HARAM LI-GHAYRIHI refers to an act which has been prohibited due to
is the giving of alms for the breaking of the fast. an external factor like fasting on the day of Eid which has been prohibited
by the Lawgiver because it becomes a hurdle for treating the guests of
14. MANDUB or RECOMMENDABLE is an act which its commission is rewarded Allah with hospitality.
although its omission does not entail punishment. Acts which belong to this category
are believed to have been performed by the Prophet (pbuh) habitually. 18. AZIMA and RUKHSA.
Mandub is divided into three: AZIMA or IDEAL refers to the laws that are general in nature. While
(a) SUNNAH MU’AKKADAH which refers to those acts which were RUKHSA is a rule that provides an exemption from the general rule. Drinking wine is
persistently performed by the Prophet (pbuh) like Adhan and generally prohibited (azima), but one is permitted by law (rukhsa) to drink it in case
congregational prayer. of duress.
(b) SUNNAH GHAYR MU’AKKADAH or NAFL or MUSTAHAB which refers to
those acts which were performed by the Prophet (pbuh) several times 19. HADITH literary means news, report, or narration. Technically, it refers to the
but did not do so at other times like the four rak’ahs before Asr and Isha reports about the Sunnah of the Prophet (pbuh).
and giving sadaqah to the poor. It consists of three parts:
(c) SUNNAH ZAWAID pertains to the daily tasks of the Prophet (pbuh) as a (a) SANAD or ISNAD refers to the chain of narrators that has reported any
human being like his way of dressing, eating and drinking, as well as his given hadith.
dealings with his family members. (b) MATN refers to the actual text of hadith, which if authentic is the actual
sunnah of the Prophet (pbuh).
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
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(c) TARAF which is the nickname of the hadith. It is a part of hadeeth or the (c) The HOLY QUR’AN is inimitable, unique, and protected by Allah but not so
beginning sentence of the text that is shorthand for the complete matn. as the HADITH QUDSI.
(d) The HOLY QUR’AN is divided into chapters and verses. There is no such
*The distinction between Sunnah and Hadith are: organization in HADITH QUDSI.
(a) Sunnah literary means a way, rule or manner like the acting and mode of (e) The HOLY QUR’AN is recited in prayer but not the HADITH QUDSI.
life; while Hadith is a saying conveyed to man either through hearing or (f) There is a specific reward for reciting each letter of the verses of the HOLY
revelation. QUR’AN ; however, reward for reading HADITH QUDSI is general.
(b) Sunnah refers to the Prophet’s sayings, actions, and practices; whereas
Hadith implies the narration of the record of the Sunnah and also contains NOTE: nos.21-24 are the primary sources of Islamic law. (Bar 1983, 1987, 1995,
historical elements. 1999).
(c) Hadith is the story of eyewitness concerning what the Prophet said, did or 21. QUR’AN literary means reading or reciting. It is the speech of Allah sent down
tolerated in connection with certain situation or occurrence; Sunnah, on the upon the last Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) through Angel Jibreel, in its precise wording
other hand is practically deduced from it. and meaning, transmitted to us by numerous persons both verbally and in writing. It
is considered to be a code of conduct laying down fundamental principles in all
20. HADITH QUDSI is a kind of hadith in which the meaning is from Allah but the aspects of human life.
wording is from the Prophet (pbuh). It is that Allah has communicated to His Prophet
through revelation or in a dream and the Prophet communicated it in his own words. *Other names of Qur’an are: FURQAN (criterion), TANZIL (sent
down), DHIKR (reminder), and KITAB (scriptures).
*The Distinction between Hadith Qudsi and Ordinary Hadith are:
(a) HADITH QUDSI’s meaning is from Allah though its wording is from the *When, where and how was the Qur’an revealed? (Bar 1983, 1991)
Prophet; while ORDINARY HADITH implies the narration record of the Sunnah, as well The revelation began during Lailatul Qadr on 27th day of Ramadhan, other
as its historical elements. jurists believe that it was on 17th day, around 610 A.D and continued intermittently
(b) HADITH QUDSI is communicated by Allah to His Prophet through piece by piece for over twenty-two years, more than twelve years of which took place
revelation or in a dream; whereas ORDINARY HADITH is a saying conveyed to man in Mecca before Hijra (622 A.D), and the rest were revealed in Medina and ended
either through hearing or revelation. with the Prophet’s death (652 A.D). Hence, the revelation period is divided into two,
(c) HADITH QUDSI is communicated by the Prophet in his own words; namely:
however, ORDINARY HADITH is the story of an eyewitness concerning what the (a) The Meccan period and the revelations made in this period were called
Prophet said, did or tolerated in connection with a certain situation or occurrence. the Meccan verses (ayats) or chapters (surahs) which were short and
concise and deal with three themes such as Tauhid or the unity of God,
*The Distinction between the Hadith Qudsi and verse of the Qur’an are: the moral duties of Mankind, and the retribution in the next world; and
(a) The precise wording of the HOLY QUR’AN is from Allah; while the wording (b) The Medina period and the revelations made during this period were
of HADITH QUDSI is given by the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). called the Medina verses (ayats) or chapters (surahs) which were long
(b) The HOLY QUR’AN has been brought to Prophet Muhammad only by and deal with Islamic legislation on Civil and Criminal law, Fiscal and
Angel Jibreel; whereas HADITH QUDSI have been inspired otherwise, such as dream. Military laws, and the Pillars of Islam.
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
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*Kinds of Tafsir used by Jurists to understand the Qur’an. A. During the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad (saw);
(a) TAFSIR BIL RIWAYAH or by transmission. Two things were taken for the gathering and codification of the verses of
(b) TAFSIR BIL RA’Y or TAFSIR BI DIRAYA or by sound opinion. Qur'an:
(c) TAFSIR BIL ISHARA or by indication. a) Preservation of the Qur'an in the chests or heart of the Prophet
Muhammad (saw). He used to recite the Qur'an before Angel Jibreel once every
*The Descent of the Qur’an: Ramadhan, but he recited it twice in the last Ramadhan before his death. The Muslims
also engaged themselves in memorizing the Qur'an. Each verse received was recited
(A) From the Lauh al Mahfuz where the well-preserved tablet to the lowest of by the Prophet and its location relative to other verses and Surahs was identified.
the heavens (bait al-izza), all together in the lailat ul-qadr; b) Preservation of the Qur'an by writing them in pages. The verses were
(B) From the heavens to earth in stages throughout the 23 years of Muhammad written by scribes, selected by the Prophet, on any suitable object – leaves of trees,
piece of wood, parchment, or leather or flat stones. Scribers included Ali bin Abu
prophethood, and first in the laila al qadr of Ramadhan through Angel Jibril;
Talib, Mu’awiyah bin Abu Sufyan, Ubay bin Kaab and Zaid bin Thabit. Some of the
(C) Second descent from heaven to the heart of Prophet, Surah al-Isra (17) and companions wrote the Qur'an for their personal use.
al-Furqan (25).
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
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B. Qur’an under the leadership of Abu Bakr RA *The functions of Sunnah in relation with the Quran are: (Bar 1987, 1995)
(a) It explains the verses of the Qur’an.
Umar bin Khattab urged Abubakr to preserve and compile the Qur’an. This (b) It gives the details of the general rules.
was prompted after the Battle of Yamama, where heavy casualties were suffered by (c) It provides exceptions when the verse is capable of several interpretations.
the memorizers of the Qur’an. Abubakr entrusted Zaid bin Thabit with the task of (d) It lays down the rules of conduct and laws in some matters not dealt with
collecting the Qur'an. Zaid had been present during the last recitation of the Qur'an in the Holy Qur’an.
by the Prophet to Angel Jibreel AS. Zaid, with the help of other companions who
memorized and wrote verses of the Qur’an, accomplished the task and handed *Three (3) kinds of Sunnah with respect to its transmission (isnad) are: (Bar
Abubakr the first authenticated copy of the Qur'an. The copy was kept in the 1983, 1987).
residence of Hafsah, daughter of Umar and wife of the Prophet.
(a) MUTAWATTIR (continuous) is one which is reported by numerous
C. Qur’an under the leadership of Uthman Companions and a good number of followers and then their followers
that they cannot be expected to agree upon a lie, all of them together.
Uthman ordered Zaid bin Thabit, Abdullah bin Zubair, Said bin As and The Examples of Mutawattir are the 5 daily prayes, fasting, Zakah, Hajj,
Abdulrahman bin Harith to make several copies out of the authenticated copy kept and the recitation of the Holy Qur’an.
by Hafsah. This was due to the rapid expansion of the Islamic state and concern about
differences in recitation. It was incited at Battle of Armenia, the Muslims read the
(b) MASHOOR (famous) is one reported by three or more Companions of the
Qur’an in various modes. Some accused another as unbeliever. Copies were sent to
various places in the Muslim world. The original copy was returned to Hafsa and kept Prophet or from another companions which became known widely,
in Medina. whether or not it has an authentic origin. This is next to Mutawatir and
acceptable as a source of law.
*Why is the Qur’an considered a complete code of conduct by the Muslim?
Explain briefly. (c) AHAD (isolated) is one narrated by people whose number does not reach
that of the Mutawattir. It is classified into Aziz and Gharib. Aziz
The Qur’an is considered as a complete code of conduct by the Muslims linguistically means precious, rare, or strong. Technically, it means only
because all the principles of fundamental nature like human rights, relation of man two reporters were found to narrate the hadith. While Gharib
and his fellow man as well as his religious obligation with God, his dealings in this linguistically means scarce or strange. Technically, it means there is only
World and his life after death are all embodied in it. Whoever follows the teachings one narrator in each of the levels of the chain.
of the Qur’an will never go astray. Hence, it is the complete guidance of life.
*The classifications of Hadith according to the manner they came from the
Prophet may be:
22. SUNNAH literary means the actual explanation and practical demonstration (a) SUNNAH QAULIYA or those that consist the sayings of the Prophet on
of the Qur’an. Technically, it refers to the sayings, actions, or deeds of the Prophet certain questions.
and actions of the companions which he tacitly approved. (b) SUNNAH FI’LIYAH or those traditions based from the deeds of the Prophet
as manifested by his actions.
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
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(c) SUNNAH TAQRIRIYA or those traditions based from his tacit approval of (a) SAHIH BUKHAARI compiled by Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Ismael
the act or practice of the people. alBukhara.
(b) SAHIH MUSLIM compiled by Muslim bin hajjaj of Nishapur.
*The Classification of hadith based on reliability are: (c) SUNAN ABU DAUD by Abu Daud Solaiman.
(a) SAHIH which linguistically means healthy or sound, and technically it (d) JAMI’ TIRMIDZI by Abu Isa Muhammad Al Tirmidzi.
means authentic. It is a kind of hadith which has no questions in its Isnad and its (e) SUNAN IBN MAJAH by Muhammad Ibn Yazeed al-Rab’I al-Qazwayni.
narrators are just, righteous and trustworthy. (d) SUNAN NASAI by Abu AbdulRahman of nasai in Khurasan.
(b) HASSAN which literary means good. Technically, it is defined as a hadith
which does not meet all the conditions of sahih as its narrators did not reach the *Other genuine collection of hadith are:
righteousness of the narrators of the sahih hadith. (a) MUSNAD of Ahmad Ibn Hanbal.
(c) DAIF literary means weak. Technically, it is defined as a hadith which has (b) RISALA of Imam Muhammad Ibn Idris Ash-Safi’e.
failed to meet the requirement of its acceptability due to the some defects in its (c) MUWATTA of Malik Ibn Anas.
transmission or its narrators are well known of telling lies. It is inauthentic hadith that
cannot be used as a source of legislation in Shariah. *Distinction between Sunnah Tashri’e and Sunnah Ghayy-Tashri’e.
SUNNAH TASHRI’E refers to the Sunnah of the prophet Muhammad
*The Classification of hadith according to reference of particular authority (pbuh) that deals with his ways as being a Messenger of Allah, Head of State,
are: Imam or Judge. This is obligatory to be followed and its omission is evil and
(a) HADITH QUDSI is a hadith transmitted to us from the Prophet (pbuh) in improper.
which he attributes the words to Allah. Conversely, SUNNAH GHAYR TASHRI’E refers to the Sunnah of the
(b) HADITH MARFU is a hadith in which words, actions and approvals are Prophet (pbuh) such as his personal ways of dressing, walking and sitting, the
attributed to the Prophet. omission of which is not improper.
(c) HADITH MAWQUF is a hadith in which words, actions, and approvals are
attributed to the sahabi and not from the Prophet. *The distinction between Sunnah and the Qur’anic Verse are:
(d) HADITH MAQTU is a hadith in which words, actions and approvals are (a) The QUR’ANIC VERSE is a word of Allah, it is a divine order, a dictates of
attributed to the Taabi’i. Almighty; whereas SUNNAH is the Prophet’s words, actions or deeds who is a human
being.
*Conditions of Sunnah. (b) The QUR’AN is reported in its precise wording; while SUNNAH is not
(a) It should not contradict some other legal evidence found in the Qur’an or necessarily reported in its precise wording.
another tradition. (c) The QUR’AN is preserved and protected by Allah from any corruption; but
(b) If contradicted by another hadith, it can be reconciled. SUNNAH is subject to distortion as it is not protected against corruption.
(c) If it contradicts another hadith but is subsequent in time to it, it can be (d) The VERSE OF THE QUR’AN can be recited in prayer; however, the
said to have abrogated the previous hadith. SUNNAH cannot be recited in prayer.
(d) If it contradicts another hadith, it can be said that it is superior to it.
*The Six authentic (Sihha Sitta) collections of Ahadith are: (Bar 1987)
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
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*Questions on whether the Qur’an may be in conflict with Sunnah. (b) The consensus is made by and among the Mujtahid qualified to do so.
The Imams have different views on this question, to wit: (c) The Mujtahids are among the community (Ummah) of the Prophet
(a) Imam Malik and the followers of Imam Hanifa claim that it is possible on Muhammad.
the reason that they are both revelation from God. And they cited the (d) The consensus is made after the death of the Prophet.
example about the making of a will to an heir quoted in the Qur’an which (e) The rule of law agreed upon by them is Shariah value.
has been repealed by the hadith “no will to an heir”.
*The types of Ijma are:
(b) Imam Shafi’e and Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal reject the above views on the (a) IJMA AL SARIH or EXPLICIT IJMA or one which every Mujtahid manifestly
reason that the Sunnah is only a supplementary on the Qur’an. They agreed after having expressed his opinion either verbally or by action. It is positive
quoted the verse in the Qur’an that commands the Prophet to say that evidence that must be followed because it is binding.
he is not allowed to alter any verse of the Qur’an. They further argue (b) IJMA AL SUKUTI or TACIT IJMA or one which some of the Mujtahid of a
that the “making of will to an heir” verse is already abrogated by another particular age have expressed their opinions concerning an incident but the rest
verse which prescribes the legal shares of the heirs. remained silent; their silence would be construed as agreement with existing opinion.
23. IJMA literary means agreement or consensus. Technically, it refers to the *Who may participate in Constitution of Ijma?
consensus of the Muslim jurists of any particular period after the death of the Prophet (a) He must be a Muslim; and
Muhammad (pbuh) concerning a legal ruling. In its legal sense, it refers to those (b) He must be a Mujtahid or a jurist.
principles of law which are accepted unanimously. (c) He must be a man of sound mind.
(d) He must be of thorough judgment.
*JUSTIFICATION and BASIS: (Bar 1991,1993,1995,2001) (e) He must have the capability of making logical deductions.
The Qur’an states: “But whosoever shall sever from the Prophet after the
guidance hath been manifested to him and shall follow any other path than that of *The Classification of Ijma are:
the Faithful. We will turn over back on him as he has turned his back on Us and We (a) REGULAR IJMA refers to one that ensures certainty of belief and strictly in
shall cast him into Hell---an evil journey”. conformity with the requirements of law.
A hadith from the well-known saying of Abdullah Bin Mas’ud states: (b) IRREGULAR IJMA refers to one which has no absolute certainty.
“Whatever the Muslims deem to be good is good in the eyes of God”. (c) IJMA UMMAH refers to the Ijma of the Companions of the Prophet.
(d) IJMA AL MADINA refers to the Ijma expressed by the learned people in
*Effect of Ijma after its consensus: Madina.
The Shariah value of Ijma is obligatory to us. Once the unanimous declaration
is made, it is binding on every Muslim, including the Mujtahid who took part in it. EXAMPLES OF IJMA:
Hence, it is no longer open to anyone of them to express dissent. (a) The compilation of the Qur’an after the Battle of Yamama for the purpose
of public interest.
*The requisites or condition of a valid Ijma are: (Bar 1983) (b) The call of prayer during Friday congregation so that people would be
(a) The Ijma is an exertion among the Mujtahid formulating decisions based alarmed about the Friday prayer.
on the interpretation and application of the Islamic law.
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
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*Explain the rules on transmission of Ijma. (5) The collective advice or decision arrived by the principle of unanimity or
majority should be accepted without reservation.
The transmission of the Ijma starts once the Muslim scholars are called to
unite their opinions on the question raised. Once the unanimous declaration is made *Can the Muslim Filipinos of today make their own Ijma?
on the matter, it becomes binding on every Muslim, including the Mujtahid who took
part in it. Hence, it is no longer open to anyone of them to express dissent. Yes. Muslim Filipinos of today can make their own Ijma provided all the
requisites or a condition of a valid Ijma are complied with.
*Distinguish Ijma’ and Shura.
Ijma and Shura may be distinguished as follows: *Explain the doctrine of Quasi-abrogation as it relates to Ijma.
(1) Ijma is the legal tool for producing legal rules based on the concensus of
legal experts; while Shura is merely consultation with people who may or may not be Quasi-abrogation or Partial abrogation is form of abrogation whereby one
experts in law to derive their opinion to a particular question or affair; text is only partially abrogated by another, and the remaining part continue to be
(2) Ijma produces rules which must be followed; but the result of Shura does operative. As to its relation to Ijma, a subsequent Ijma may abrogate an existing Ijma
not always carry the mandatory effect of law; and when the former is founded on Maslaha Mursala, as when public interest ceases to
(3) Shura refers to the process of consultation among Mujtahid; then its exist.
product is known as Ijma’.
24. QIYAS or ANALOGY literary means measuring or judging by comparing a thing.
*The believers are described in the Glorious Qur’an as “whose affairs are a Technically, it refers to the application of new cases to the ruling of the original case
matter of counsel (shura)”. Since it is not feasible to consult everybody, it has to be when the law is silent on the matter. In its legal sense, it is the process of deducing a
taken by an assembly of trusted people’s representatives. Hence, Five (5) things are rule of law based on the Qur’an, tradition, or ijma in matters which have not been
necessary for its fulfillment. Enumerate all and discuss each briefly. (Bar 2016) provided by a text.
BASIS:
The following are the five (5) things necessary for the fulfilment of Shura, to Allah said: “Think deeply, O ye who are understanding” (Surah Al-
wit: Hashr 59:2). This verse asks those with eyes or intellect to consider things, compare
(1) Those whose rights and interests are involved should have full freedom of them, and ponder over them.
expression and should be informed about how affairs are being run. They should also
have the full right to protest and change their leaders appropriately if they see any *The essential elements of Qiyas are: (Bar 1983, 1991, 1993, 1995, 2001)
deficiency, negligence or error in the proper discharge of the duties of the leaders; (a) ASL or THE ORIGIN or THE FOUNDATION which is the original case on
(2) The person responsible for managing the collective affairs should be which a ruling is given in the text.
appointed with express approval of the people; (b) FAR is the branch to which the ruling is to be extended for want of a ruling
(3) The advisers of the head of the nation should also have full confidence of in the new case.
the people and should be worthy of it; (c) HUKM or THE RULE which is the Shariah value of the original case which is
(4) Those who give their counsel should do so in accordance with their to be extended to the new case.
knowledge and conscience in full freedom; and (d) ILA or THE EFFECTIVE CAUSE which is an attribute of the Asl found to be
common between the original case and the new case.
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
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(a) The law enunciated in the text to which analogy would be applied must
*Example: not be indicated to be restricted to a particular state of facts.
The explicit prohibition of the Qur’an on drinking liquor (khamr) because it (b) An analogical deduction may be based on the law of either the Qur’an or
excites enmity and hatred among people is extended by analogy to Tanduay. The hadith, provided such text are not repealed.
reason is that liquor is an intoxicant, and Tanduay, though not mention in the Qur’an (c) The analogy must be applied to the effective cause on which the law is
is another intoxicant. based, not to the vocabulary of the text.
The four elements of analogy are present in this example such that the Asl is (d) The law of the text must not be such as its raison deter cannot be
the khamr drinking, the far is the tanduay drinking, the Illa is the intoxicant effect, understood by human intelligence.
that is exciting enmity and hatred among people. Hence, the original hukm is the (e) The deduction contemplated must not lead in changing the law of the text
prohibition of khamr and the branch hukm is the prohibition of tanduay. itself.
(f) The rule of the analogy must not oppose the text of the Quran or the
*Is shabu (methamphetamine hydrochloride) haram? Explain your answer, Hadith.
stating the source/s or principles of Muslim law that you should use, the ground/s
upon which you should base your judgement and/or the procedure that you should *The following are the three forms of Qiyas according to some jurists:
apply to arrive at such a judgment. (Bar 2016) (a) QIYAS AL A’LA or ANALOGY OF SUPERIOR whereby the effective cause is
evident in the far or the new case than the asl or the original case.
Yes. Shabu is haram based on the application of the principle of Qiyas. The An example of this is the prohibition in the Quran of saying contemptuous words to
intoxicant effect of khamr (drinking liquor) is analogous to the intoxicant effect of parents or repelling them for they should be address ed with honor. By analogy, it may be
shabu. deduced that the prohibition of lashing or beating them is even more obvious than a verbal
The basis of the prohibition on khamr are as follows: abuse.
(1) Allah said “Oh you who believe! Intoxicants and gambling, (dedication) of (b) QIYAS AL MUSAWI or ANALOGY OF EQUALS whereby the illa is equally
stones, and (divination by) arrows, are abomination of Satan’s handiwork: eschew effective in both the new and the original case, and so is the ruling deduced by
such (abomination), that you may prosper. Satan’s plan is but to excite enmity and analogy.
An example of this is the verse in the Qur’an which states that devouring the orphan’s
hatred between you, with intoxicants and gambling, and hinder you from
property is forbidden. By analogy, all other forms of destruction and mismanagement which
remembrance of Allah, and from prayer; will you not abstain?” (Surah al-Maida
lead to the loss of such property are equally forbidden.
(5):90-91)
(2) The Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) said “All drinks that intoxicate are (c) QIYAS AL ADNA or ANALOGY OF INFERIOR whereby the effective cause is
unlawful (to drink). (Sahih Bukhari, Book 69, Number 491, Book of Drinks). clearly less effective in the new case than in the original case.
Applying the explicit prohibition on khamr by way of analogy to the instant An example of this is the prohibition by some Ulamas of Cali (less alcoholic drink)
case, the Asl is the khamr drinking; the far is the use of shabu; the Illa is the intoxicant because they believe that it can intoxicate but the effective cause is weaker than the khamr
effect, that is exciting enmity and hatred among people. Hence, the original hukm is which really intoxicates.
the prohibition of khamr and the branch hukm is the prohibition of shabu.
*However, the Hanafis divided Qiyas into two:
*The essential conditions of Qiyas are: (1995, 2003). (a) QIYAS JALLI or OBVIOUS ANALOGY whereby the equation between the Asl
and Far’ is obvious and the discrepancy between them is removed by clear evidence.
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
12
(b) QIYAS KHAFI or HIDDEN ANALOGY whereby the equation between the asl *Give three (3) examples of Istihsan and invoke its Qur’anic justification and
and far’ is hidden and the removal of discrepancy between the asl and far’ is by means explain.
of a probability.
Examples of Istihsan are provided as follows:
NOTE: nos.25-29 are the subsidiary sources of Islamic law.
25. ISTIHSAN or JURISTIC PREFERENCE literary means to approve or deem (a) “Allah desires you ease and good not hardship.” [2:185]
something preferable. Technically, it refers to the exercise of private judgment, not An example of which is the sale subject to future redemption which
on the basis of analogy, but on the public good or the interest of justice, or seeking was allowed because of necessity. In such an arrangement, the
the most just solution. prospective borrower sells his property to the lender on the condition
In its legal terminology, it is a method of exercising personal opinion in order that he shall have the property back when he repays the price and the
to avoid rigidity and unfairness that might result from the literal (meaning) lender gets the use of the property as a consideration.
enforcement of the existing law. The Hanafi school is the proponent of Istihsan which
resembles the doctrine of equity in English law. (b) “The distribution in all cases is after payment of bequests and debts.”
[4:11]
*Istihsan are of two kinds: The distribution of the estate of the decedent shall be made only
(a) ANALOGICAL ISTIHSAN which consists the departure from Qiyas Jalli to upon payment of the bequests and debts.
Qiyas Khafi.
(b) EXCEPTIONAL ISTIHSAN is stronger than analogical Istihsan because it (c) “And follow the best (Ahsan) of what has been sent down to you from
derived support from another source like Qur’an and Sunnah.
your Lord.” [Al-Zumar:55]
BASIS: Avoidance of hardship is a cardinal principle of religion which is The Qur’an distinguishes a superior course of conduct from a mere
enunciated in the Qur’an, “Allah intends every facility for you, and He does not want ordinary one. For instance, punishing the wrongdoer is the normal course
to put you in hardship.” 1 Hadith: The best of your religion is that which brings ease enjoined by the Shari’ah but forgiveness may at times be preferable and
to the people. would thus represent the course of conduct.
EXAMPLE: 26. ISTISLAH or PUBLIC GOOD literary means public welfare or interest. When it is
A man dedicates his property and lays down a condition that after him, his qualified as maslaha mursaha however, it refers to the unrestricted public interest in
son shall act as Mutawalli (trustee) of the property declared in waqf. He dies while his the sense of its not having been regulated by the Law giver in so far as no textual
son is a minor. authority can be found on its validity or otherwise. It is synonymous with Istislah.
According to Qiyas, the appointment of a minor is invalid, for the trustee must Technically, it is defined as consideration which is proper and harmonious to
be of the age of majority. But according to Istihsan, the minor is recognized as Trustee the objectives of the Law giver; it secures benefits and prevents harm and the Shariah
and the Qadi should appoint a competent perso to act as his guardian through whom provides no indication to its validity or otherwise. Imam Malik recognized Al Masalih
the minor shall administer the property till he attains the age puberty. Al Mursalah as a source of law.
non-existence had been proven in the past should be presumed to have remained as
BASIS: such for lack of establishing any change. This principle is introduced by Imam Shafi’e.
“Allah never intends to impose hardship upon you.” 2 Example: everything is presumed to be permissible unless the contrary is proved.
“Allah has not imposed difficulties on you in religion.” 3
Examples: The issuance of currency; the establishment of prisons; BASIS:
imposition of tax (kharaj) on agricultural lands in conquered territories by “It is He who created for you all things that are on earth.” 4
the Companions. “And He has subjected to you, as from Him, all that is on the heavens and
on earth.” 5
*The three Types of Maslaha are: *Legal maxim: “Certainty may not be disproved by doubt.” When a person
(a) The Dharuriyyat or Essential values such as the preservation of religion’ is known to be sane, he will be presumed as such until it is established that he has
life, intellect, lineage and property. An example of this is the prescribed severe become insane. The presumption can only be sets aside by certainty, not by a
punishment for the crime of murder and abortion for the purpose of preserving life. mere doubt. Certainty always prevails over doubt.
(b) The Hajiyyat or Complementary such as the interest which its neglect
creates difficulty in the life of the community although not to its total destruction. An Example:
example of this is the concession (rukhsa) that Allah has granted to the sick to break A man who had been absent and whose whereabouts are unknown is
their fast. considered as still living by the Shafi’e for all purposes of the law until he is proven
(c) The Tahsiniyyat or Embellishment which refers to the interest which its dead, so his estate cannot be distributed among his heirs, and he will be allotted his
realization leads to improvement and its attainment is desirable. An example of this share in the estate of the person from whom he can inherit who died during his
are the observance of cleanliness and moral virtues. absence.
EXAMPLES OF ISTISLAH: *The following are the various forms of Istishab: (Bar 2008)
(a) The imposition of Taxes on the rich in order to meet the cost of the army (a) Presumption of original freedom from liability.
and to protect the realm. (b) Presumption of generality until limitation is placed thereon.
(b) The punishment of the criminal by depriving him or his property if his (c) Continually regarding a text until it is repealed.
crime is perpetrated over that property or its equivalent. (d) The continuity of a legally established fact until the contrary is proved.
(c) If an infidels in a war should shield themselves by a Muslim prisoners, and (e) The reverse continuity or the projection of the present into the past.
the only way to defeat them and to protect the Muslim community is to
counter them even if it means killing the Muslim prisoners. EXAMPLES OF ISTISHAB:
(a) The legal presumption of innocence until the proof of guilt is
27. ISTISHAB or PRESUMPTION OF CONTINUITY literary means association, established.
escorting or companionship. Technically, it denotes that things which existence or (b) Things are presumed Halal in the absence of prohibition.
(c) Marriage is presumed to continue until its dissolution becomes known.
30. ADAT literary means repetition of recurrent practice which can be used both 31. SADD AL-DARAI is defined as blocking the means to an expected end which
by the individual and the community. is likely to materialize if the means towards it is not obstructed. Blocking means
*The following are the conditions for an Adat/Custom/Urf to be binding as implies blocking the means to evil and not something good.
Law: (Bar 1987, 2001, 2003).
(a) It must represent a common and recurrent phenomenon.
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
16
*Naskh and Mansukh Mu’adh Ibn Jabal narrated that when the Prophet (pbuh) sent him to Yemen,
Naskh and Mansukh are both derived from the root word ‘nasakha’ which he asked: What will you do if a matter is referred to you for judgment?
means ‘to abolish, to replace, to withdraw, and to abrogate’. Naskh (an active The Prophet (pbuh) asked: What if you find no solution in the Book of Allah?
participle) means ‘the abrogating’, while Mansukh (passive) means ‘the abrogated’. Mu’adh said: The I will jugde by the Sunnah of the Prophet.
Technically, these terms refer to certain parts of the Qur’anic revelation The Prophet (pbuh) asked: And what if you do not find it in the Sunnah of the
which have been ‘abrogated’ by others. Naturally, the abrogated passage is called Prophet?
‘mansukh, while the abrogating one is ‘naskh’. Mu’adh said: Then I will make Ijtihad to formulate my own judgement.
The Prophet patted Mu’adh’s chest and said “Praise be to Allah who has
*Importance of knowledge on Naskh and Mansukh guided the messenger of His Prophet to that which pleases Him and His Messenger.
Knowledge of Nask and Mansukh is important because it is concern with the
legal revelations on the correct and exact application of the laws of Allah, specifically: *The Modes of Exercising Ijtihad by a Mujtahid or Jurist are:
(1) It is one of the important pre-conditions for explanation (tafsir) of the (a) By confining himself to the literal meaning of the text.
Qur’an; (b) By using Qiyas or analogy.
(2) It is one of the important ore-conditions for understanding and application (c) By extending the spirit of the law to other cases.
of the Islamic law (hukm shar’i);
(3) It sheds light on the historical development of the Islamic legal code; 36. RA’Y literary means opinion. Technically, it is defined as an individual unguided
(4) It helps to understand the immediate meaning of the ayat concerned; and opinion of Muslim. Some jurists used Ra’y and Ijtihad synonymously in a sense that it
(5) Tafsir (explanation of the Qur’an) or legal ruling is not acceptable from a refers to the giving of opinion of a particular Muslim to an issue or circumstances they
person who does not have such knowledge. are facing.
*Three (3) ways of knowing about Al-Mansukh and Al-Naskh: (Bar 2016) *The Distinction between Ra’y and Fatwa are:
Some scholars say that there are three ways of knowing al-naskh wa al- (a) RA’Y is known defined as an individual unguided opinion of Muslim; while
mansukh, these are: FATWA means a qualified opinion which came from a Mufti or qualified person like
(1) Report from the Messenger (pbuh) or Companions; the jurist.
(2) Ijma’ (consensus of the Ummah upon what is naskh and what is Mansukh) (b) RA’Y refers to choosing the opinion which appears to be most appropriate
(3) Knowledge about which part of the Qur’an preceded another part in the to the given case in question; whereas, FATWA OF THE JURISTCONSULT has a
history of revelation. persuasive and advisory effect upon the Muslim community as a whole.
35. IJTIHAD literary means to exert oneself to the utmost or to the best of one’s 37. SHURA literary means “to gather honey from its hive and from other places”.
ability. Technically, it is defined as a jurist’s exerting of the faculties of his mind for Technically, it is defined as mutual consultation of the individual unguided opinion of
the purpose of formulating an opinion on any point of law. It is a method for making people who may or may not be expert in law. It doesn’t always carry the effect of law.
deductions in matters of law in cases to which no express text or rule is applicable.
38. TAQLID literary means an ornament tied around the neck like a necklace.
*Basis: Technically, it is defined as to follow the opinion of a person whose opinion is not a
proof of Islamic law without asking his proof. This refers to blind imitation.
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
17
(c) Mujtahid cannot be considered as Muqallid; whereas Faqih, although he An example of rukun is the essential elements of marriage which must be
is qualified jurist is still a Muqallid. complied with for its validity as follows:
*The Qualification of Mujtahid are: (a) Legal capacity of the contracting parties;
(a) He must be conversant with the science of Islamic law in both branches, (b) Mutual consent of the parties freely given;
such us Usul and Furu; (c) Offer (ijab) and acceptance (qabul) duly witnessed by at least two
(b) He must have thorough knowledge of the Qur’an and hadith; competent persons after the proper guardian in marriage (wali) has given his
(c) Above all, he must be conversant with the rules and methods of analogical consent; and
deduction. (d) Stipulation of customary dower (mahr) duly witnessed by two
competent persons.
* The kinds of Mujtahid are:
(a) MUJTAHID FI SHAR’ or FULL MUJTAHID is one who met all the On the other hand, an example of shart is the condition imposed upon the
requirements to exercise Ijtihad and is not restricted by the rules of particular mutual consent of the parties which must be freely given. The Muslim Code provides
Madhad. that a marriage contracted wherein the consent of either party has been vitiated by
(b) MUJTAHID FIL MADHAB or MUJTAHID WITHIN THE SCHOOL is one who violence, intimidation, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation shall be irregular from its
expounds the law within the boundaries of a particular Madhab and principles laid performance. The said irregular marriage may be made regular upon new contract of
down by his Imam. marriage by the parties after the causes for the vitiation have ceased. In such case,
(c) MUJTAHID FIL MASA’IL or MUJTAHID ON PARTICULAR ISSUE is one who the effect of the new contract of marriage shall retroact to the date of the celebration
applies law in particular cases which are not settled by the jurists of the first and of the irregular marriage.
second rank.
55. A brief historical background of the development of the four Sunni schools
53. FATWA OF A JURISCONSULT and HUKM OF A JUDGE of law.
(a) The Fatwa of a Jurisconsult has a persuasive effect upon the Muslim
community as a whole; while the decision of a Judge (Hukm al-qadhi) is binding upon The development of the Great Imams began on 750 C.E. when the number of
the parties in a given litigation; Madhabs decreased into four namely the Hanafi, the Maliki, the Shafi’i, and the
(b) Fatwa is not binding upon the Judge who sought it. He may or may not Hanbali Madhabs, due to the state’s preference for some schools over others.
adopt it; whereas judgment of a Judge is binding upon himself. He is bound to obey,
respect and implement his decision. The Hanafee Madh-hab
54. RUKN and SHART This Madh-hab is named after its founding scholar, Abu Haneefah, whose
Rukn is the essential elements of a given act which is considered as part of its actual name was Nu’maan ibn Thaabit. He was born in the year 702 CE, at Kuhah
essence. The absence of which totally nullifies the act. While Shart is a mere condition (Iraq). He began his earlier studies in the field of philosophy and dialectics known as
for the validity of an act which absence may not invalidate the act but merely renders ilm al-kalaam, and he also studied Fiqh and hadeeth. He chose as his main teacher,
it irregular or voidable. (Bar 1987). Hammaad ibn Zayd, who was among the greatest scholars of hadeeth of his time and
studied under him for eighteen years.
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
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Hadeeth, were among the great scholars of hadeeth who studied under Imaam
Ahmad. (D) Methods of Qiyas.
The followers of this Madh-hab are found in Palestine and Saudi Arabia. The secondary principle of Qiyas was generally accepted, but the rules
governing its deductive procedures varied among Imams resulting in a variation in
*Among the five (5) standard works of the four Sunni schools of law are: their rulings on similar issues.
(a) Hidayah of Nu’man ibn Thabit, also known as Imam Abu Hanifa; 57. ISLAMIC LEGAL MAXIMS
(b) Al-Muwatta (The Beaten Path) of Imam Malik ibn Anas ibn ‘Amir;
(c) Al-Umm (The Essence) of Muhammad ibn Idrees ash-Shafi’i; A) Necessities or Darurah make forbidden things canonically harmless. (Al
(d) Ar-Risalah of Muhammad ibn Idrees ash-Shafi’i; dharura attubihal mahzurat). This means that necessity renders prohibited things
(e) Al-Musnad Al-kabeer of Ahmad ibn Hanbal ash-Shaybane. permissible. Examples are eating flesh of pork when you’re starving and no food is
available other than pork; and drinking wine when it is for medicinal purposes.
56. Reasons for Conflicting Rulings of the Madhabs: This is based on the Quranic verse which states that “If one is forced by
necessity, without willful disobedience, not transgressing the limits, then he is
Although the Imams of the four major Madhabs were all agreed on the guiltless.
primacy of the four fundamental principles of Islamic law (the Qur’an, the Sunnah,
Ijma and Qiyas), certain differences have occurred and still exist among the rulings B) When confronted by two evils, choose the lesser evil. This implies that,
of their Madhabs. when you are confronted by two evils, choose the lesser one or when a state of
emergency, the less harmful act may be done to avoid a severe one. The examples
(A) Interpretation of word meanings and grammatical constructions; are to destroy a house to prevent fire from spreading and causing more destruction;
Varying rulings arose from differences in interpretation which were and to jettison some cargoes in order to lighten the vessel and prevent it from
themselves attributable to variations in word meanings (shared, literal, and capsizing in order to save lives.
figurative) and grammatical constructions (e.g. Qur’, Lams and elaa). This based on what the Quran says “ On no soul that God place a burden
greater than it can bear”.
(B) Narrations of Hadith (availability, authenticity, conditions for
acceptance, and interpretation of textual conflict); C) Hardship or mashaggah causes the giving of facility. (Almashaqqah
In the application of Hadiths, a variation of legal rulings occurred depending tujlab/tajlub altaysir). This means that difficulty mitigates liability. An example of this
on the degree of availability of the Hadiths, their authenticity, the conditions imposed is stealing fruits from an orchard because of hunger.
for their acceptance and the methods of resolving textual conflicts. This is based on what the Quran provides” God intended every facility for you.
He does not want to put you into difficulties”.
(C) Admissibility of certain principles (Ijma, customs of the Medinite,
Istihsan, and opinions of the Sahabah); and D) When receiving a thing is forbidden, the giving of it is also forbidden. An
Some Imams evolved certain secondary legal principles and made rulings example of this is receiving a bribe is forbidden, so the giving of it is also forbidden.
based on them. Both the principles and the rulings were rejected by other Imams (e.g.
Istihsan and Ijma of the Medinites).
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
21
G) A sharia’h rule based upon a cause survives or ceases with it. It means 59. Comparison between the civil law system and the Islamic law system.
that the rule based on Maslaha or custom applies so long as the maslaha or custom
The fundamental differences between Civil law and Islamic law as pointed
exists. However, when the custom changed or the maslaha ceased to exist, the rule
out by Mahmassani are:
also ceased or changed.
(a) In Civil law, women were under perpetual tutelage. They were not
H) Innocence is presumed to be the original state. (Al-aslu baraa’ah ad- empowered throughout their lives to deal with their property without the permission
dhimmah). It means that a person is free from liability till proven otherwise. of their guardians; The Shariah, on the other hand, recognizes in principle the
complete capacity of women to perform all kinds of lawful transactions.
(b) The dowry in Civil law was a payment to the husband by his wife or one of
I) Harm must be eliminated (ad-dararu yuzal). It means that all harmful
her family; while in Muslim law, the payment is to the wife by the husband.
should be forbidden or at least avoided. Anything that leads to harm can be avoided
(c) Adoption is an accepted institution in Civil law. However, Shariah does
too.
not recognize adoption.
(d) Formalism and compilation were evident in civil contracts and in Civil rules
58. Kind s of revelations of the Prophets sent prior to Prophet Muhammad saw
of procedures; In contrast, it is a maxim in the Shariah that effect is given to the
still applicable or binding upon us.
intention and the meaning and not to words and forms.
(f) The transfer of debt was illegal in Civil law; but in Islamic law it is
The Kinds of revelations of the Prophets sent prior to Prophet Muhammad
sanctioned by all schools of jurisprudence without exception.
saw that are still applicable or binding upon us are as follows:
(g) There are distinct differences between the two systems in questions of
inheritance and wills. In Civil law for example, wills were originally instituted for the
a) Rules that have been found repeated in the Qur’an or the Sunna and made
purpose of appointing the heirs; whereas In the Shariah, a bequest (in a will) to an
obligatory. These texts themselves provide the evidence about the binding nature of
heir which exceeds the disposable one-third is void, unless ratified by the existing
the laws and we do not have to refer to the earlier scriptures. These laws are binding
heirs of the decedent at the time of his death.
on us just as they were binding on the earlier nations. Example, fasting in the month
(h) The rules of pre-emption and family waqf (endowments) have no parallel
of Ramadan.
in Civil law.
b) Rules that have been described in the Qur’an or in the Sunna, but are
considered abrogated. Rules about carrion, blood, flesh of swine and the like.
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
22
60. Difference between God’s Law and Man’s Law. Yes, a cemetery constitute a communal. The Muslim Code provides that,
ancestral property shall comprehend hallowed ancestral plot, ancestral shrine, royal
(a) GOD’s LAW is divinely ordained; while MAN’s LAW is the product of the court, and similar properties constitutes communal property.
human mind. Cemetery is an ancestral shrine. Thus, it constitutes a communal property.
(b) The principles of law and its structure framed by GOD are to do complete
justice in a unanimous way with unified principles; whereas MAN’s LAW doesn’t have 62. a) For purposes of administration of P.D. 1083, who is considered a Muslim?
the unified principles as that of GOD’s LAW.
(c) GOD’s LAW embraces all human actions, which strictly is not law in the The Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines defines Muslim as a person
modern sense but might be regarded as guide to moral conduct; however, MAN’s who testifies to the oneness of God and the Prophethood of Muhammad and
LAW is confined and limited to acts and rights that have particularly legal implications professes Islam.
without regard to moral implications.
(d) GOD’s LAW rules encompass both human actions in this world and their b) Does the Code of Muslim Personal Law apply to all Muslims whether they
implications in the hereafter; In contrast, MAN’s LAW is confined to establishment of are by birth or by conversion?
law and order in this world.
(e) Both Laws have common goals such as the protection of religion, life, Yes. Muslim Personal Law applies to all Muslims. The Code does not make a
intellect, offspring and lineage, wealth or property, and honor. distinction on the application of the Code as to a Muslim by birth and a Muslim by
conversion.
61. M, a Muslim died leaving a property, which included a private cemetery. It However, in cases of marriage by Muslim male by birth with a non-Muslim
appears that his children converted the lot into a memorial park by permitting the female not solemnized in accordance with the Muslim Law, the governing law
bodies of strangers to be buried there for sale or lease of the graves. between them shall be the Civil Code of the Philippines. As to the marriage of the
Muslim converts which was solemnized not in accordance with Muslim Law, their
(A) Is it permissible according to Muslim jurisprudence to divide and conversion to Islam shall have the legal effect of ratifying their marriage as if the same
distribute incomes from such cemetery among the heirs? had been performed in accordance with the provisions of the Muslim Code, provided
Yes. It is permissible to divide and distribute incomes from such cemetery there is no legal impediment to the marriage under Muslim Law.
because though they converted it into a memorial park, it still constitutes as private
property. Thus, it will be among the estates of the deceased. c) What are the effects of the change of religion by non-Muslims to Islam
under P.D. 1083?
(B) Will it make any difference under Muslim jurisprudence given the fact
The following are the effects of the change of religion by a non-
that the property was formally appropriated as a waqf by M?
Muslim to Islam are as follows:
Yes, it makes difference because a Waqf is irrevocable, permanent and
(a) The registration of a person’s conversion to Islam shall constitute
inalienable. It is a property vestS in God. Hence, it cannot be converted by the heirs
of the deceased into other means that works on their personal benefit. a prima facie proof that he professes Islam and whoever dispute
this fact shall have the burden of proving the contrary; and
(C) Does the cemetery constitute a communal property under the provision (b) The conversion of non-Muslim spouses to Islam shall have the
of the P.D. 1083? legal effect of ratifying their marriage as if the same had been
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
23
performed in accordance with the provisions of the Muslim Code, c) What branches of Muslim laws are included within the scope of Muslim
provided there is no legal impediment to the marriage under Personal Laws?
Muslim Law.
Muslim Personal Law includes all laws relating to personal status, marriage and
divorce, matrimonial and family relations, succession and inheritance, and property
63. a) Enumerate the sources of the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the
relations between spouses, as provided for in this Code.
Philippines.
64. a) How is ‘adat proven as a source of Muslim law?
The sources of the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines are the
following: The Muslim code provides that Muslim law and ada not embodied in this code
shall be proven in evidence as a fact. No ada which is contrary to the Constitution of
a) The Qur’an; the Philippines, this Code, Muslim law, public order, public policy or public interest
b) The Sunna; shall be given any legal effect.
c) Ijma;
d) Qiyas;
b) What is the weight of authority of standard works on Muslim law before
e) Istihsan; our Shari’ah Courts?
f) Istislah;
g) Istidlal; Standard treatises and works on Muslim law shall be given persuasive weight
h) Istishab; in the interpretation of Muslim Law by the Shari’ah Courts.
i) Customary Law (Urf); and 65. A. Give the reasons and explain why the shares of one man are equal to the
j) The Constitution of the Philippines shares of two women in inheritance (Mirath).
b) State the “conflict of provisions” rule under P.D. 1083. Among the reasons are:
The rules on conflict of provisions are as follows: (a) Man has more responsibility than the woman. He is the one in charge to
guard his sister in the absence of their father;
(1) In case of conflict between any provisions of this Code and laws of general (b) Man is the one who will give mahr while woman is entitled to receive
application, the former shall prevail. mahr; and
(2) Should the conflict be between any provision of this Code and special (c) Man is obliged to support his sister in case she is already divorced or
laws or laws of local application, the latter shall be liberally construed in widowed in the absence of their father.
order to carry out the former.
(3) The provisions of this Code shall be applicable only to Muslims and
nothing herein shall be construed to operate to the prejudice of a non-
Muslim.
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
24
B. Give and explain the justifications why the decedent’s son is preferred
over the decedent’s father in a residual succession. 66. The Holy Qur’an contains 114 Chapters (Surah) and Muslim jurists have
classified or categorized them into five (5) categories or subject matters.
The reason behind preferring the son over the father in a residual succession
are: What are these five categories or subject matters? Discuss each briefly.
(a) The father is obliged to support his son. So, he must give more privilege to The orders or injunctions in the Qur’an can be classified in the following
his son than his father. groups:
(b) The son is the one responsible to his father in case the father grows old. A. Instructions regarding prayers and worship. There are about 140 ayats in the
Qur’an on devotional matters such as salah, zakat, siyam and hajj.
C) Explain the doctrines of ibaha (tolerance of the law-giver) as it relates
to the exercise of the principle of Al-Siyasa al-Shariyya. B. Fundamental principles regulating relations between (man and man) men
which according to some scholars are stated, in about 500 verses of legal
The original principle in Islamic law and jurisprudence is permissibility which, injunctions grouped as under:
states that everything is permissible unless legal evidence prohibits it. This principle
1) Laws relating to the protection of Islamic faith such as
implies that whatever is not mentioned expressly in the text of the Qur’an and the
Sunna, and which cannot be dealt with through analogy is permissible, that is, it Jihad, etc.;
belongs to the category of Mubah. 2) Laws dealing with family life such as marriage,
polygamy, dower, maintenance, rights and obligations
D. Give five (5) instances wherein polygamy is justified under Islamic law of spouses, divorce and various modes of dissolution of
and jurisprudence, and/or considered lawful within the scope of its marriage, iddah, fosterage, paternity, inheritance, etc.,
interpretation? they are laid down in about 70 injunctions;
Among the instances that gives justification wherein polygamy is considered 3) Laws of transactions such as contracts, sales, loans,
lawful under Islamic law are the following: deposit, weights and measurements, etc., also laid
down in 70 injunctions;
a) Wife is barren or cannot bear an heir;
b) Wife is incurably ill or suffers incurable disease; 4) Penal laws laid down in about 30 injunctions; justice and
c) There is mutual consent of wife and husband; equity, jurisdiction and procedure in 13, human rights
d) In case of war resulting in more orphans and widows, or more women than and constitutional law in 10, international relations in
man; and 25, and law of war and peace, and economic and social
e) In case the husband will fall into committing illicit sexual relationship if not order in 10.
permitted to marry subsequently.
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
25
67. a) Who were the four (4) rightly Guided Caliphs? Discuss briefly their 68. Explain the following terms:
respective contribution in the propagation of Islam.
a) Kharidjites
The four rightly guided Caliphs are (1) Abu Bakr “Al-Siddiq” ibn Uthman, (2)
The word “Kharaju”, from which the kharaji is derived, means “to withdraw”
Umar ibn Al-Khattab, (3) Uthman “Al-Nurayn” ibn Affan, and (4) Ali ibn Abu Talib.
and therefore Kharidjites were seceders who believe in active dissent or rebellion
against a state of affairs they considered to be gravely impious. They believed that a
The righteous caliphs are known for relying heavily on decisions by Ijma as
person or a group who committed a grave error or sin and did not sincerely repent
well as Ijtihad in dealing with numerous new problems after the death of the Prophet
ceased to be Muslim. They also believed that any Muslim, regardless of ethnic
(pbuh), on matters which specific provisions cannot not be found in the Shariah. In background or social status could become ruler, provided he or she satisfied the
the course of their extensive use of Ijma and Ijtihad, these caliphs established conditions of piety.
procedures which later became the basis for legislation in Islam, the Fiqh.
b) Murijites
Moreover, Caliph Abu Bakr is believed to be the first to establish prisons for
the malefactors; while Caliph Umar initiated the appointment of the first Qadi, set up Murijites were the other dissenters who were also called outside the limits.
a formal Baitul mal and introduced the Hijra calendar. The standardization of the They are the followers of the early Islamic school Murji’ah. They advocated the idea
Qur’an is considered one of the most important services of Caliph Uthman to Islam of deferred judgment of people’s belief. They hold that only God has the authority to
and the Muslim; and Caliph Ali systematically defined the powers and jurisdiction of judge who is a Muslim and who is not, and that Muslims should consider all other
Qadis, for the first time. Muslims as part of the community. They believed Muslims committing grave sins
would remain Muslim and be eligible to paradise if they remained faithful. They
b) Who among the four (4) rightly Guided Caliphs had memorized the Holy declared that no Muslim would enter the hellfire no matter what his sins are.
Qur’an? Cite historical fact in support of your answer.
c) Mutazilites
All four rightly Guided Caliphs have memorized the Qur’an. The texts of the
Mutazilites, literally means those who stand apart, they are philosophical
Holy Qur’an during the lifetime of the Prophet had been preserved either in memories
school of thought commonly called rationalism, as they associated themselves from
of the companions, or by being inscribed on bones, date leaves and tablets of stone. extreme views of faith and infidelity. Mutazilites called themselves “champion of
The 4 rightly guided Caliphs are among his principal companions of the God’s unity and justice”. Among its more notable principles were the beliefs that
Prophet (pbuh) and they are among the scribes. Hence, it is believed that all of them Allah was everywhere, the belief that the Qur’an was created and only its meaning
have memorized the Qur’an. were divine, that Allah would not be seen by the people of Paradise, that man has
free will without divine interference, and the one who commits a major sin enters a
One of the signs for Abubakr RA was during the prayer with Prophet
state between belief and disbelief.
Muhammad saw wherein it was said that he was the one rectifying the Prophet
(pbuh) whenever the Prophet failed to recall. d) Shi’ites
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-
26
Shi’ites or Shi’a, whose name was drawn from Shi’at Ali (partisans of Ali), Muslim Law are forbidden and demand unconditional punishment were to remain
literally means sect as the word Shii conveys a sense of a sectarian, believed that in prohibited;
political succession the family of the Prophet should be given priority over any other
Muslim. They argued that Ali, the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law, should have been c) Where the provisions of the law on certain subjects were too complicated
his immediate political successor. Thus, All political leadership of the community for a code, only the fundamental principles were to be stated and the details left to
should have remained within the Prophet’s family (Ahlul Bait). Among the doctrine of the judges for proper implementation;
Shi’ites is that their Imam (political and spiritual leader) is infallible and he has the
ability to know the Ilmul ghaib (hidden knowledge). d) No percept, fundamental though it might be, was to be incorporated inthe
code where it appeared to be contrary to the principles of the constitution of the
e) Sunnaties Philippines; and
Sunnaties or Sunni is a broad term derived from Sunna, means “habit” or e) No percept was to be included unless it was based on the principles of
“usual practice”. The Muslim usage of this term refers to the sayings and living habits Islamic law, as expounded by the four orthodox school.
of Muhammad. In its full form, this branch of Islam is referred to as Ahl al-Sunna wa
Jama’ah which literally means the “People of the Sunna and the Community”. People
claiming to follow the Sunna, who can demonstrate that they have no action or belief
against the Prophetic Sunna, can consider themselves to be Sunni Muslims. They
believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor to lead the Muslim Ummah
before his death. Sunni Muslims regard the first four caliphs as the rightly guided
caliphs.
*Give the five (5) principles adopted by the Philippine Muslim code commission
in the codification of the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines (P.D.
1083).
The five (5) principles adopted by the Philippine Muslim code commission in
the codification of the ode of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines (P.D. 1083) are
as follows:
b) Of the personal laws, those relative to acts the practice of which are
absolute duties under Muslim law were to be included and those which according to
“It is Allah’s mercy that HE made you a Muslim. Prove that you are worthy of HIS Jannah”.
-Chrysanthemum-