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Optimization of distribution and

characterization of sand reservoir by using
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Conference Paper in AIP Conference Proceedings · July 2017

DOI: 10.1063/1.4991294

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Optimization of distribution and characterization of sand reservoir by using extended
elastic impedance method in “G” old field
G. D. Pranata, M. S. Rosid, and D. Martian

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1862, 030190 (2017);

View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4991294
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1862/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics

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 Optimization of Distribution and Characterization of Sand
Reservoir by Using Extended Elastic Impedance Method in
“G” Old Field
G. D. Pranata1, M. S. Rosid1, a), and D. Martian2
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMIPA),
Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
2
P.T. Pertamina Hulu Energi Offshore North West Java, Jakarta Indonesia
a)
Corresponding author: syamsu.rosid@gmail.com

Abstract. To characterize the hydrocarbon reservoir, we need to consider the reservoir's physical parameter. The
conventional seismic method could not display all physical parameters in volume data as vertically displayed on well log
data. As geophysical method was improved the physical parameters that existing in well log data can be displayed in
volume data by using Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) method. In the proven field, we apply EEI method to enhance
fluid distribution and reservoir characterization of the field. EEI method is resulting volume data that representing both
lithology distribution and fluid distribution. Lithology distribution is represented by volume data of mu-rho, porosity and
gamma ray whereas fluid distribution is represented by volume data of lambda-rho, Vp/Vs ratio, density, water saturation
and resistivity. Both lithology and fluid distribution are displayed in sliced volume data. In the result of the study, EEI
method produces a considerably good quality of volume data which has EEI spectrum correlation as minimum as 0.50.
Also, each of obtained χ angles of physical parameters is well distributed according to projection categories that were
introduced by Connolly and most obtained χ angles have only slightly different, if not exactly same, with χ angle values
that were obtained by others previous researchers. In general, all used physical parameters clearly show that the
hydrocarbon reservoir exists around some structural traps. Most of the reservoirs have fluid content of oil-gas mixing and
gas dominated. Additionally, due to un-existing of shear-wave data in the old field, we use shear-wave synthetic data that
is derived or generated from other well log data by using a genetic algorithm.

INTRODUCTION
EEI method is one of the advanced methods that is formulated in impedance domain for non-normal incidence
angle. EEI method was first introduced by Whitcombe et al. [1] as improvement of Elastic Impedance (EI) method.
They demonstrated that EEI method provides angle of rotation projection in AIGI log domain which presented the
best correlation between EEI log and well log. The using of projection in AIGI log domain shows that EEI method is
further analyzing of Intercept and Gradient of Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO) method.
Recently, oil and gas become more difficult to explore. That condition is caused by the high complexity of
unexplored reservoirs such as tightened zone of sand reservoir, heterogenic and un-isotropic carbonate reservoir, thin
layer reservoir, and other unusual geological conditions of the reservoir. From the science perspective, the ideal way
to identify the oil and gas reservoir is by knowing and interpreting the physical parameter which indicates the existing
of hydrocarbon and structure of geological condition. That capability of EEI method considers it to become one of the
most leading methods to resolve modern or present exploration issues.
The study of EEI method is actually not something new. Some researcher had done before for one or some specific
physical parameters. But rather than specific, this study is an application of EEI method that more general for some
physical parameter such as lambda-rho, mu-rho, Vp/Vs ratio, porosity, density, water saturation, resistivity and gamma
ray. For the information references, the earlier study resulting and using angle for each parameter as listed below:

International Symposium on Current Progress in Mathematics and Sciences 2016 (ISCPMS 2016)
AIP Conf. Proc. 1862, 030190-1–030190-6; doi: 10.1063/1.4991294
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1536-2/$30.00

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 - Lambda-Rho: χ = 22 [2].
- Mu-Rho: χ = -48 [2].
- Gamma Ray: χ = 70 [1].
- Density: χ = 15 and χ = 17 [3].
- Vp/Vs Ratio: χ = 7 [4].
- Water Saturation: χ = 35 [1].
Physical parameters which are generated by EEI method represent both fluid distribution and lithology distribution.
According to Connolly [4], positive value and negative value of angle are representing the physical parameter of
fluid projection and physical parameter of lithology projection, respectively (Fig. 1). The information from some
physical parameters of subsurface data acts as a fundamental guidance to make a much better decision in the
exploration of hydrocarbon. By cautiously interpreting them, EEI method is capable of characterizing the reservoir
type which is stratigraphically trapped or structurally trapped and also identifying the fluid that is saturated in the
reservoir that commonly hydrocarbon is indicated by low lambda-rho, low Vp/Vs ratio, low density, low water
saturation, high resistivity parameters and vice versa for water.
Beside the existence of Pre-Stack Time Migration (PSTM) of seismic data, one of the biggest challenges to perform
EEI method is that EEI method depends too much on shear-wave velocity (Vs) data. Vs data is an undeniable factor
to discriminate fluid and lithology that is shown when compared to other well log data. As we have no Vs data from
the field, this study used Genetic Algorithm (GA) method to predict Vs data based some wells that owned Vs data.
In the case of study, as an example, a set of data provided are pre-stack seismic data, 8 on-site wells, and 3 Vs data
as for prediction reference from the neighbor field. Stratigraphically, the field is a sand reservoir dominant and the
targeted subsurface to analyze is a mostly sand layer with some fault existed.
Generally, EEI method is working by extending well log data into 3D volume view. As long as the requirement to
apply an EEI method is fulfilled, EEI method can be applied instantly and effectively to show a more accurate result
in hydrocarbon exploration.

METHODS
To apply EEI method, to show seismic data in impedance domain, we need to do a seismic inversion. However,
since EEI method is preceded by AVO method, AVO analysis is a mandatory step which previously must be taken in
order to obtain a proper maximum of angle gather used, and more importantly to obtain the Intercept (A) and Gradient
(B).
Each of step to apply the method are defining log model or EEI log spectrum, create EEI reflectivity, 3D model
(EEI model), defining each of EEI wavelets, and 3D post-stack inversion (EEI Inversion).

EEI log Spectrum

EEI log spectrum is required for P-wave, S-wave, and density log data as defined by EEI equation that derived by
Whitcombe et al. [1] as shown in Equation 1. Since the on-site well did not provide Vs data, we used GA method to
generate the Vs log data from the neighbor wells.

EEI (χ ) = V P(cos χ + sin χ ) V S(−8 K sin χ ) ρ (cos χ − 4 K sin χ ) (1)

FIGURE 1. angle projection based on AIGI [4]

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 EEI log spectrum is a sequence of log that consists of χ angles within -90 to 90 for each of the log (Fig. 2).
Fundamentally, it is the log model that would represent well log data in EEI domain. Each parameter from well log
data is represented in the EEI domain by the best-correlated EEI log spectrum at specific χ angle.

EEI Reflectivity
The reflectivity is constructed from A and B by using two-term scaled Aki-Richard Equation 2 below,

Rs = A cos χ + B sin χ (2)

There is some reflectivity that would stand for every specific or best χ angle from each physical parameter used.
For χ angle that the best correlation is negative, the constructed EEI reflectivity is timed to -1.

EEI 3D Model
The construction of this model is similar to the construction of conventional seismic model. The only difference is
on the input, to build the EEI model is required an EEI log spectrum at specific χ angle (depend on each physical
parameter) and the seismic reflectivity in EEI domain (EEI reflectivity). To get more detail model, the high-frequency
cut used is 60/70 Hz.

EEI Wavelet
EEI wavelet is obtained from EEI reflectivity, instead of regular seismic data. The objection of obtaining wavelet
is the requirement to apply inversion step. Since the EEI reflectivity is one of the requirements to do inversion step,
EEI wavelet is required regarding EEI reflectivity.

EEI Inversion
The inversion step is constructed with EEI reflectivity and EEI model as input. Since the EEI reflectivity is a post-
stack seismic data, EEI inversion is applied by using post-stack inversion process.
When EEI inversion has done, to characterize and interpret, we sliced the data in a time-sliced domain with the
window of 5ms.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As mentioned before, the results are represented in time-sliced data of the inversion result (Fig. 3). The inversion
results are representing both lithology and fluid distribution. Physical parameters that consist of mu-rho, porosity, and
gamma ray represent lithology distribution whereas lambda-rho, Vp/Vs ratio, density, water saturation and resistivity
represent fluid distribution (Table 1).
Generally, using χ angle obtained as result, the correlation between EEI log data (EEI spectrum at specific χ angle,
depend on the physical parameter) and well log data (as a physical parameter used) is well correlated with a minimum
average correlation of 0.50. So, all physical parameters used are considered to apply EEI method. The descending
order of correlation average value is also indicating the order of our priority in the data confidence.

Lithology Distribution
Lithology distribution which potentially becomes the reservoir is represented by a relatively anomalous value of
mu-rho, high value of porosity, and the lower value of gamma ray (Fig. 4 to Fig. 6).
Since mu-rho is consist of mu parameter which the value is affected by rigidity and rho parameter, the parameter
of mu-rho could be both relatively higher or lower value depend on which parameter has the dominant value.
Regarding the other physical parameter, the relatively lower value of mu-rho is more affected by density.
The higher the porosity, the larger volume to accommodate the fluid, includes the hydrocarbon. The good reservoir
is represented by the higher porosity value.

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 The parameter of gamma ray has an objection to discriminate whether the lithology is shale (higher value) or non-
shale (lower value). So, the sand reservoir (one of non-shale lithology) is likely represented by relatively lower value.

Fluid Distribution
Fluid distribution which potentially contains the hydrocarbon is represented by a relatively low value of lambda-
rho, a low value of Vp/Vs ratio, a low value of density, and low value of water saturation (Fig. 7 to Fig. 10).
The relatively low value of lambda-rho is affected by lower incompressibility of hydrocarbon rather than water in
particular subsurface layer. Since lambda-rho has rho (density) component, the relative density value is also a lower
value. Both lambda-rho and density are mutually confirming each other but with slightly different resolution.

FIGURE 3. Time sliced seismic data and the position of

FIGURE 2. EEI log spectrum for some χ angles [1]
wells (blue dot)

TABLE 1. The correlation of EEI data and comparison to the literature (earlier study).
Paramater Range of χ χ literatur χ Correlation
Lambda-Rho 19 ≤ χ ≤ 24 22 22 100
Mu-Rho -55 ≤ χ ≤ -30 -48 -45 0.95-1.00
Vp/Vs Ratio 65 ≤ χ ≤ 70 57 68 0.95-1.00
Porosity -82 ≤ χ ≤ -26 - -62 0.80-0.95
Density 7 ≤ χ ≤ 23 15 & 17 18 0.60-0.90 (0.80)
Water Saturation 39 ≤ χ ≤ 57 35 51 2.3-0.90 (0.70)
Resistivity -59 ≤ χ ≤ -26 - 75 0.15-0.80 (0.55)
Gamma Ray 51 ≤ χ ≤ 6 70 54 0.20-0.75 (0.50)

FIGURE 4. The parameter of mu-rho in time-sliced FIGURE 5. The parameter of porosity in time-sliced

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 FIGURE 6. The parameter of gamma rays in time-sliced

FIGURE 7. The parameter of lambda-rho in time-sliced FIGURE 8. The parameter of Vp/Vs ratio in time-sliced

FIGURE 9. The parameter of density in time-sliced FIGURE 10. The parameter of water saturation in time-sliced

The parameter of Vp/Vs ratio actually could represent both fluid and lithology distribution. Vp value is affected by
incompressibility which sensitive to fluid type, whereas Vs is more affected by the rigidity of rocks which sensitive to
lithological type. By fluid distribution perspective, the lower value of Vp/Vs ratio must be affected by the lower value
of Vp which hydrocarbon has the lower Vp value than water. While by the perspective of lithology distribution, the
lower value of Vp/Vs ratio is more affected by the higher value of Vs (more rigid) which likely is tightened zone in
the faulty area.
By identifying the parameter of water saturation, we will know whether the area is saturated with water or not. The
unsaturated area could rise up the possibility of hydrocarbon existence. The value of resistivity parameter is affected
by the resistance property of an object. As the hydrocarbon is relatively more resistive than water, the potential of
hydrocarbon distribution is also displayed by the higher value of resistivity parameter.

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 CONCLUSIONS
This study found that the field is relatively homogenous sand as displayed by gamma ray value. The faulty area
(Northern area) is highly suspected as tightened zone.
As in the geological interpretation which the area shows some structural trap as anticlinal (Western area) and three-
way closure trap (Southern and Eastern area), the lithology distribution showed that the area with the large
approximately up to 16 km2 is potentially to become a good reservoir and the fluid distribution which indicating
potential area of hydrocarbon also shows the high possibility of hydrocarbon existence.

REFERENCES
1. D. N. Whitcombe, P. A. Connolly, R. L. Reagan, and T. C. Redshaw, Geophysics 67, 63-67 (2002).
2. T. Ishiyama, H. Ikawa, and K. Belaid, First Break 28, 93-100 (2010).
3. G. Shahri, Application of Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) to Improve Reservoir Characterization, Master
Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 2013.
4. P. Connolly, The Leading Edge 18, 438-452 (1999).

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