Escuela Politécnica Nacional

Facultad de Ingenierı́a Mecánica

Turbomachinery Slides

Dr. Esteban Valencia, PhD, MSc, Eng

Semester 2016-A

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) AXIAL-FLOW TURBINES: MEAN-LINE ANALYSIS AND

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Outline of the lecture

Velocity diagrams, design parameters and application of

thermodynamic laws.
Losses, efficiencies and preliminary axial turbine design.
Effect of reaction on efficiency and correlation of Smith
Efficient design points turbines
Stresses in the rotor, cooling of the vanes and turbine flow
characteristic
Homework(DIFFUSION WITHIN BLADE ROWS,TURBINE BLADE
COOLING)

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INTRODUCTION

Figure 1. Gas Turbin

Gas Turbin (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dc00xYsXgTQ)

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 The modern axial-flow turbine developed from a long line of
inventions stretching back in time

In 1891 developed a multi-stage (15 stages) axial-flow steam

turbine, which had a power output of 100 kW at 4800 rpm.

By 1920 General Electric was supplying turbines rated at 40 MW

for generating electricity. Now achieved 1000 MW

Thesimplest approach to their analysis is to assume that the flow

conditions at a mean radius, called the pitchline

When ratio is large, as in the final stages of an aircraft or a steam

turbine, a more elaborate three-dimensional analysis is necessary

Combustor can be at temperatures of around 16000 C or more whilst

the material used to make turbine blades melt at about 12500 C
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VELOCITY DIAGRAMS

The axial turbine stage comprises a row of fixed guide vanes or

nozzles (often called a stator row) and a row of moving blades or
buckets (a rotor row)
The sign convention is such that angles and velocities as drawn in
next Figure will be taken as positive throughout this chapter.
When drawing the velocity triangles it is always worth sketching the
nozzle and rotor rows beside them
within an axial turbine, the levels of turning are very high
flow is turned through the axial direction in both the rotors and
nozzles

ρ1 Ax1 cx1 = ρ2 Ax2 cx2 = ρ3 Ax3 cx3 continuity uniform equation

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VELOCITY DIAGRAMS

Figure 1. Turbine Stage Velocity Diagrams

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TURBINE STAGE DESIGN PARAMETERS

Key non-dimensional parameters related with veolocity triangle

These are used in fixing the preliminary design

DESIGN FLOW COEFFICIENT

φ = cm /U

But in a purely axial flow machine is φ = cx /U

-A stage with a low value of φ implies highly staggered blades

-Relative flow angles close to tangential

-The mass flow through the turbine increases with increasing φ.

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TURBINE STAGE DESIGN PARAMETERS

STAGE LOADING COEFFICIENT

∆h0
ψ= ; ∆h0 Stagnattion Enthalpy
U2

∆cθ
In adiabatic turbine ∆h0 = U∆cθ ⇒ ψ=
U
-High stage loading implies large flow turning and leads to highly
“skewed” velocity triangles

-A high stage loading is desirable because it means fewer stages are

needed to produce a required work output

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TURBINE STAGE DESIGN PARAMETERS

STAGE REACTION

R = (h2 − h3 ) / (h1 − h3 ) ≈ (p2 − p3 )/(p1 − p3 )

R ≈ (p2 − p3 )/(p1 − p3 )

-The reaction is a statement of the blade geometries

-The reaction is more significant since it describes the asymmetry of

the velocity triangles

-50 % turbine implies velocity triangles that are symmetrical and

zero reaction turbine stage implies little pressure change through
the rotor
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THERMODYNAMICS OF THE AXIAL-TURBINE STAGE

Figure 1. Mollier Diagram for a Turbine Stage

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THERMODYNAMICS OF THE AXIAL-TURBINE STAGE

Ẇ
∆W = = h01 − h03 = U (cθ2 + cθ3 ) Rotor Work
ṁ

In Nozzle no work is done; h01 = h02

In axial turbin radial velocity is neligible;

1 2 2

1 2 2


h02 − h03 = (h2 − h3 ) + cθ2 − cθ3 + cx2 − cx3 = U (cθ2 + cθ3 )
2 2

1 1
h2 + w22 = h3 + w32 or h02,real = h03,real
2 2

1 1 1 1
h2 + w22 − U22 = h3 + w32 − U32 or I2 = I3 ; radial considered
2 2 2 2
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REPEATING STAGE TURBINES

-Applications require turbines with high power output and high

efficiency

-To allow for the reduction in fluid density that arises as the flow
expands through the turbine

-The blade height must be continuously increasing between blade

rows
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REPEATING STAGE TURBINES

Requirements for a repeating stage

cx = Constant, r = constant, α1 = α1

Starting with the definition of reaction

R = (h2 − h3 ) / (h1 − h3 ) = 1 − (h1 − h2 ) / (h01 − h03 )

Development:

φ2
tan2 α2 − tan2 α1


R =1− If α1 = α3 or If α1 6= α3
2ψ

φ
R= (tan β3 − tan β2 ) If α1 = α3
2

-The choice of (φ, ψ, and R) are largely determined by best practice and previous experience

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STAGE LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY
The total-to-total efficiency is
actual work output
ηtt =
ideal work output when operate to same back pressure

ηtt = (h01 − h03 ) / (h01 − h03ss )

For turbines operating with a fairly low pressure ratio

ηtt = (h1 −h3 ) / (h1 −h3ss ) = (h1 −h3 ) / [(h1 −h3 ) + (h3 −h3s ) + (h3s −h3ss )]

For a finite change of enthaply in a constant pressure process

h3s − h3ss ∼
= T3 (s3s − s3ss )

h2 − h2s ∼
= T2 (s2 − s2s )

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STAGE LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY
Loss coeficients of energy can be defined:
1
h2 − h2s = c22 ζN ; Nozzle Row
2
1
h3 − h3s = w32 ζR ; Rotor Row
2
Combining Equations
#−1
ζR w32 + ζN c22 T
"
3
T2
ηtt = 1 +
2 (h1 − h3 )
When the exit velocity is not recovered,totalto-static efficiency for
the stage is:
" T3
#−1
ζR w32 + ζN c22 T 2
+ c12
ηts = (h01 − h03 ) / (h01 − h3ss ) = 1 +
2 (h1 − h3 )

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STAGE LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY

Cosidering the static temperature drop through the rotor is not

large, T3 = T2
−1
ζR w32 + ζN c22

ηtt = 1 +
2 (h1 − h3 )

−1
ζR w32 + ζN c22 + c12

ηts = 1 +
2 (h1 − h3 )

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STAGE LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY

Remembered that loss coefficients in cascade testing is on two

dimensional, however three effects are significant when can contribute
more than 50 % of total losses
So these estimates can be made of the efficiency of a proposed
turbine by Semi-empirical methods such us: Soderberg(1949),
Horlock(1966) and Mathieson(1951)
Although CFD can often accurately predict trends in efficiency
CFD can be applied only once, detailed turbine rotor and stator
geometries have been created
For a design use preliminary design methods before carrying out the
final design refinements using computational fluid dynamics.

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PRELIMINARY AXIAL TURBINE DESIGN
Either fix the shapes of the velocity triangles or choosing values for
the three dimensionless design parameters, φ, ψ , and R

Number of Stages:
Ẇ
nsttage ≥
˙ 2
mψU
Blade Height and Mean Radius:
Given that the axial velocity remains constant throughout each stage.
ρ1 Ax1 = ρ2 Ax2 = ρ3 Ax3 = constant

ṁ
Ax = ≈ 2π × rm H; m = mean
ρφU
h i
Ax = π × rt2 1 − (rh /rt )2 ; h = hub and t = tip

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PRELIMINARY AXIAL TURBINE DESIGN
Using a know blade speed rm = U/Ω

ṁ
rt − rh = H ≈
ρφU2π × rm
Axial Mach Number may be known:
p
ṁ cp T01
= Q (M1 )
Ax cos α1
Development equations:
ηp γ/(γ−1)
ψU 2 p03

T03 T03
=1− , =
T01 cp T01 p01 T01

γ − 1 2 −1/2
 
c3 p
p = M3 γ−1 1+ M3
Cp T03 2

Number of Aerofoils and Axial Chord

Number Aeorofoils = s/b andAxial Chord = H/b

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STYLES OF TURBINE
Zero Reaction Turbine

Figure 5. Velocity Diagram and Mollier Diagram for a Zero Reaction Turbine Stage

φ
R= (tan β3 − tan β2 ) =⇒ β2 = β3 ; If R=0 and h 2 = h3
2

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STYLES OF TURBINE
50 % Reaction Turbine

Figure 6. Velocity Diagram and Mollier Diagram for a 50 % Reaction Turbine Stage

 
φ 1
R =1− (tan α2 − tan α1 ) =⇒ 1 = φ tan β2 + − tan α1 ⇒ β2 = α1 = α3
2 φ

Check Example 4.1, Dixon; Six Edition

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EFFECT OF REACTION ON EFFICIENCY
To more than preliminary parameters is considered, Reaction is consideres like a preliminary
dessign parameter:

Figure 7. Velocity Diagram and Mollier Diagram for a 50 % Reaction Turbine Stage

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) AXIAL-FLOW TURBINES: MEAN-LINE ANALYSIS AND

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THE EFFICIENCY CORRELATION OF SMITH (1965)

(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL)Figure 8. Smith Chart

AXIAL-FLOW for Turbine
TURBINES: Stage Efficiency.
MEAN-LINE ANALYSIS AND
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THE EFFICIENCY CORRELATION OF SMITH
Dimensionless Velocity Triangles for a 50 % Reaction Turbine Stage:

∆h0 /U 2
fs = ∆h0 / c12 + c22 =


c12 /U 2 + c22 /U 2

Solving Velocities Triangle:

ψ 2Ψ
fs = 2 2 =
4φ2 + ψ 2 + 1
 
ψ+1 ψ−1
φ2 + 2
+ φ2 + 2

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 Dimensionless Velocity Triangles for a 50 % Reaction Turbine Stage:

∆h0 /U 2
fs = ∆h0 / c12 + c22 =


c12 /U 2 + c22 /U 2

Solving Velocities Triangle:

ψ 2Ψ
fs = 2 2 =
4φ2 + ψ 2 + 1
 
ψ+1 ψ−1
φ2 + 2
+ φ2 + 2

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 THE EFFICIENCY CORRELATION OF SMITH

Figure 8. Smith’s Kinetic Energy Coefficient fs and the Optimum Stage Loading

For optimum stage:

2 4φ2 − ψ 2 + 1


∂fs
=
∂ψ (4φ2 + ψ 2 + 1)
p
ψopt = 4φ2 + 1
p
ψopt.exp = 0,65 4φ2 + 1
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STRESSES IN TURBINE ROTOR BLADES
Centrifugal Stresses

Figure 9.
(ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA NACIONAL) Centrifugal Forces
AXIAL-FLOW Acting MEAN-LINE
TURBINES: on Rotor Blade Element AND
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STRESSES IN TURBINE ROTOR BLADES

Figure 11. Effect of Tapering on Centrifugal Stress at Blade Root

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