TASK 1

SI – 5123 PERILAKU TANAH

8.8 The pressure versus void ratio data determined from a consolidation test on an undisturbed clay
specimen are as follows:

Pressure (kPa) Void Ratio Pressure (kPa) Void Ratio

20 0.864 1280 0.602
40 0.853 320 0.628
80 0.843 80 0.663
160 0.830 20 0.704
320 0.785 0 0.801
640 0.696

(a) Plot the pressure versus void ratio curve on both arithmetic and semilogarithmic graphs
(b) Determine the equations for the virgin compression curve and for the rebound curve for unloading
starting at 1280 kPa
(c) What are the corresponding modified compression and recompression indices for this soil?
(d) Estimate the stress to which this clay has been preconsolidated (After A Casagrande)

Solution

(a) Arithmetic graph and Semilogarithmic graph

1 1

0.8 0.8
Void Ratio

Void Ratio

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
0 500 1000 1500 1 10 100 1000 10000
Pressure (kPa) Pressure (kPa)

Arithmetic graph Semilogarithmic graph

(b)

Compression Index (Cc) Recompression Index (Cr)

1 0.72
0.7
0.8
0.68
Void Ratio

Void Ratio

0.6 y = -0.132ln(x) + 1.5473 0.66

0.4 0.64
0.62
0.2
0.6 y = -0.025ln(x) + 0.7741
0 0.58
1 10 100 1000 10000 1 10 100 1000 10000
Pressure (kPa) Pressure (kPa)
 - Compression Index
e1 = 0.785 σ1 = 320 kPa
e2 = 0.602 σ2 = 1280 kPa

𝑒1 − 𝑒2 0.785 − 0.602
Cc = = = 0.304
𝜎′ 1280
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 320
𝜎′1
- Recompression Index
e1 = 0.602 σ1 = 1280 kPa
e2 = 0.704 σ2 = 20 kPa

𝑒1 − 𝑒2 0.602 − 0.704
Cr = = = 0.056
𝜎′2 20
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝜎′1 1280

(c)
- Modified Compression Index
𝐶𝑐 0.304
𝐶𝑐𝜀 = = = 0.163
1 + 𝑒𝑜 1 + 0.864

- Modified Recompression Index

𝐶𝑟 0.056
𝐶𝑟𝜀 = = = 0.03
1 + 𝑒𝑜 1 + 0.864

(d) Preconsolidation Pressure from the semilogarithmic plot 𝜎′𝑐 = 280 kPa
Void Ratio

Pressure (kPa)
8.9 A building is to be constructed on a stratum of the clay 7 m thick for which consolidation data are given
in Problem 8.8. The average existing effective overburden pressure on this clay stratum is 126 kPa.
The average applied pressure on th clay after construction of the building is 285 kPa.
(a) Estimate the decrease in the thickness of the clay stratum caused by full consolidation under the
building load.
(b) Estimate the decrease in thickhness due to the building load if the clay had never been
preconsolidation under a load greater than the existing overburden
(c) Show on the e versus log plot of Problem 8.8 the values of e used for making the estimates in parts
(a) and (b). (After A, Casagrande)

Solution

(a) Diketahui
σ’vo = 126 kPa
σ’p = 280 kPa
∆σ = 285 kPa
𝜎′ 280𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑂𝐶𝑅 = 𝜎′ 𝑃 = 126 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 2.2 > 1 Over Consolidation
𝑣𝑜

σ’vo + ∆σ > σ’p OC – NC, maka:

𝐻𝑜 𝜎′𝑃 𝐻𝑜 𝜎′𝑣𝑜 + ∆𝜎
𝑆𝑐 = 𝐶𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝐶𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝜎′𝑉𝑂 1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝜎′𝑝

7 280 7 126 + 285

𝑆𝑐 = 0.056 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 0.304 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1 + 0.864 126 1 + 0.864 280
𝑆𝑐 = 0.0723 + 0.184
𝑆𝑐 = 0.257 𝑚
(b) Diketahui
σ’vo = 126 kPa
σ’p = 126 kPa (asumsi)
∆σ = 285 kPa
𝜎′ 126𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑂𝐶𝑅 = 𝜎′ 𝑃 = 126 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 1 Normally Consolidation
𝑣𝑜

𝐻𝑜 𝜎′𝑣𝑜 + ∆𝜎
𝑆𝑐 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝜎′𝑝

7 126 + 285
𝑆𝑐 = 0.304 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1 + 0.864 126
𝑆𝑐 = 0.586 𝑚
(c) Over Consolidation – Normally Consolidation

∆e1
Void Ratio ∆e2

Pressure (kPa)

- Dari grafik didapat ∆e1 = 0.02 dan ∆e2 = 0.05

- Dari perhitungan:

∆e
= 0.010 ∆e1 = (1+0.864) × 0.010 = 0.019
1+e0
∆e
= 0.027 ∆e2 = (1+0.864) × 0.027 = 0.050
1+e0

Normally Consolidation
- Dari perhitungan:

∆e
= 0.0837 ∆e = (1+0.0837) × 0.0837 = 0.091
1+e0
8.12 The following consolidation test data were obtained from undisturbed San Francisco Bay mud. For
this clay, LL = 85, PL = 38, s = 2.70 Mg/m3, and n = 105.7%. Initially, the specimen height was 2.54
cm and its volume was 75.14 cm3. Plot the data as percent consolidation versus log pressure.
Evaluate the preconsolidation pressure and the modified virgin compression index.

Stress (kPa) Dial Reading (mm) Void Ratio

0 12.700 2.765
5 12.352 2.712
10 12.294 2.703
20 12.131 2.679
40 11.224 2.541
80 9.053 2.211
160 6.665 1.849
320 4.272 1.486
640 2.548 1.224
160 2.951 1.285
40 3.533 1.374
5 4.350 1.499

Solution

Stress Dial Reading

Void Ratio Strain 1 Strain 2 %Strain
(kPa) (mm)
0 12.7 2.765 0 0 0.000
5 12.352 2.712 0.014 0.014 1.389
10 12.294 2.703 0.016 0.016 1.623
20 12.131 2.679 0.023 0.022 2.262
40 11.224 2.541 0.059 0.058 5.880
80 9.053 2.211 0.147 0.144 14.536
160 6.665 1.849 0.243 0.238 24.045
320 4.272 1.486 0.340 0.332 33.576
640 2.548 1.224 0.409 0.400 40.449
160 2.951 1.285 0.393 0.384 38.846
40 3.533 1.374 0.369 0.361 36.518
5 4.35 1.499 0.336 0.329 33.250
 Ccε

𝜎′𝑐

- Strain 1
∆𝒆 𝒆𝟎 − 𝒆𝒊
𝜺= =
𝟏 + 𝒆𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒆𝟎
Example:
∆e e0 − ei 2.765 − 2.712
ε= = = = 0.014
1 + e0 1 + e0 1 + 2.765

- Strain 2
𝑹𝟎 − 𝑹𝒊
𝜺=
𝟐𝟓. 𝟒 𝒎𝒎
Example :
R0 − Ri 12.700 − 12.352
ε= = = 0.014
25.4 mm 25.4 mm

- % Strain
𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝟐
%𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 = ( ) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝟐
Example :
strain 1 − strain 2 0.14 − 0.14
%Strain = ( ) × 100% = ( ) × 100% = 1.39
2 2

- Modified Compression Index

𝜀2 − 𝜀1 0.4045 − 0.0588
𝐶𝑐𝜀 = 𝜎 = = 0.287
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝜎′2 640
𝑙𝑜𝑔
′1 40
- Compression Index
𝐶𝑐 = (1 + 𝑒0 )𝐶𝑐𝜀 = (1 + 2.765) × 0.287 = 1.08
- Preconsolidation Pressure from the semilogarithmic plot 𝜎′𝑐 ≈ 36 kPa
 -
8.13 Plot the data of Problem 8.12, on a void ratio versus log pressure graph. Evaluate the
preconsolidation pressure and the virgin compression index. Do these values agree with what you
found in Problem 8.12? Comments?

Solution
Void Ratio

Pressure (kPa)

- Compression Index
e1 = 2.541 σ1 = 40 kPa
e2 = 1.224 σ2 = 640 kPa

𝑒1 − 𝑒2 2.541 − 1.224
Cc = = = 1.09
𝜎′ 640
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔
40
𝜎′1

- Preconsolidation Pressure from the semilogarithmic plot 𝜎′𝑐 ≈ 38 kPa