ONSHORE SYSTEM

SL. NO. Onshore PIPELINE Onshore PIPING

1 Design Codes

 ASME B31.4 : Pipeline Transportation Systems  ASME B31.3 : Process Piping

for Liquids and Slurries

 ASME B31.8 : Gas Transmission and Distribution

Piping Systems

2 Scope

Outside plant boundary Within plant boundary

Cross-country (i.e. villages, fields, river, canal, railway, (upto all nozzles/ equipment terminal points)
highway, cities, deserts, forests, hills, ghats etc.)

3 Type of pipe

Line pipes as per following code: Assorted pipes as per following code:

 API Spec 5L: Specification for Line pipes  ASTMs

 BS
 API 5L

4 Valves
 Valves are procured as per following code:
 API 6D: Specification for Pipeline and Piping
Valves
Full Bore (FB) Ball Valves are used for smooth passage
of pigs.
5 Welding
Welding code:
 API Std. 1104: Welding of Pipelines and Related
Facilities
Type of welding:
Automatic / Semi-Automatic/ Manual
6 Weld joint inspection (NDT requirements)
100% by Automatic UT or RT (by using X-Ray)
7 Analyses
- Wall Thickness Analysis
- Elastic Bend Radius Analysis
- Stability Analysis for Water Bodies/ Marshy Areas
- Horizontal directional drilling design analysis
- Railroad/ Highway Crossing Analysis
Valves are procured as per following code:
 BS
 API Standard
Full bore (FB) and Reduced bore (RB) both types of
valves are used as per respective valve standards. There is
no requirement for pigging.
Welding code:
 ASME Sec. IX: Standard for Welding and
Brazing Procedures, Welders, Brazers and
Welding and Brazing Operators
Type of welding:
Manual (mostly)
5% to 100% (mostly by using gamma ray source)
- Piping wall thickness calculation [as input to Piping
Material Specification (PMS)]
- Piping Stress Analysis (by Caesar II). Following
analyses are performed on CAESAR II
 - Casing Pipe Analysis for Crossings
- Seismic Analysis  Static Analysis
 Dynamic Analysis
 Wind Analysis
 Flange Leakage Analysis
 Seismic Analysis

8 Installation

Buried (mostly) Above ground/ On rack/ slippers/ T-postal etc.

9 Special Installations

Across rivers Special fabrication methods:

 Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) method  Modular installations

 Micro-tunneling method  Finning
 Studding
Across road/ rail/ highway  Jacketing
 Spooling inside warehouse
 Auger boring/ jacking boring method  U/G piping for cooling water
 Shallow HDD

Ghats/ Hills – Special equipments used

10 Special Equipments

 Sectionalizing Valves (Remote operated)  Expansion Joints

 Insulating Joints  Motor Operator Valves (MOV)
 Scraper Launcher/ Receiver  Cryogenic Valves
 Stem Extended Valves (for buried valves)  Springs
 Flow Tee
 Long Radius bends (R=6D)
  Cold field bends (R = 30D or 40D)

11 Survey

 Topographical Survey (all along  Wind profile from meteorology

the pipeline route)  Seismic study of plot
 Geotechnical investigation (all along
the pipelineroute)
 Soil resistivity survey (all along
the pipeline route)
 Hydrological Survey for water bodies (for scour
depth calculation)
 Cadastral Survey (for RoU acquisition)

12 Corrosion Protection Coating

 Painting

 Three Layer Polyethylene (3LPE) coating

 Three Layer Polypropylene (3LPP) coating
 Fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) coating
 Coal tar enamel (CTE) Coating

13 Cathodic Protection System

 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP)  Not applicable

system
 Sacrificial Anode (limited locations)

14 Hydrostatic testing
 Gauge Plate run of 95% of ID of highest thickness of No gauge plate run is done. Generally card-board blasting
pipes is done to clean the piping.

Test Pressure Test Pressure

Minimum: Minimum:

 1.25 times of Design Pressure (for  1.5 × Design Pressure × Temperature Factor
liquid pipelines)
 1.25 to 1.5 times of Design Pressure (for Maximum:
gas pipelines)

Maximum:  based on line schedule

Hold period: 2 - 6 hours

 Pressure equivalent to Hoop stress of 95% of
SMYS of pipe material

Hold period: 24 hours (generally)

Selection of hydrostatic test section based on elevation

difference of ground profile

15 Preservation

Preservation of pipeline with corrosion inhibited water or Not applicable

by filling of inert gas (N2)

16 Communication System

Telecom/ SCADA Not applicable

17 Pigging
 Intelligent Pigging Not applicable

18 Machines/ Equipments required for installation

 Trencher  Crane/ Hydra

 Backhoe/ Excavator
 Side Boom
 Cold field bending machine
 Holiday Detection Machines
 Pneumatic/ Hydraulic Internal Clamps

OFFSHORE SYSTEM
SL. NO. Offshore PIPELINE Offshore PIPING

1 Design Codes

 DNV-OS-F101 : Submarine Pipeline System  ASME B31.3 : Process Piping

 API RP 1111 : Design, Construction, Operation
and Maintenance of Offshore Hydrocarbon
Pipelines (Limit state design)

2 Installation

Subsea (in water on seabed or buried in seabed) Deck Platform Piping (similar to plant)

3 Survey (Subsea)
  Geophysical survey/ Bathymetric Survey by using Not Applicable
side scan sonar, sub-bottom profiler and echo-
sounder
 Met-Ocean data collection
 Geo-technical data of the pipeline route

4 Pipes

Line pipes are utilized as per following specs: Assorted Pipes are utilized as per following specs:

 API Spec 5L : Specification for Line pipes  ASTM Standards

 DNV-OS-F101 : Submarine Pipeline Systems

5 Valves

Full bore Valves for smooth passage of intelligent pigs Reduced bore valves are utilised (as there is no
are utilized as per spec: requirement for pigging) as per spec:

 API 6D SS : Specification on Subsea Pipeline  BS/API standards

Valves

6 Analyses

 Wall thickness Analysis  Deck piping stress analysis using CAESAR II

 On-bottom Stability
 Span Analysis
 Global Buckling – Lateral and Upheaval
 Pipeline Expansion Analysis
  Riser Design (Span , Stress & Flexibility
Analysis)
 Riser Clamp Design
 Pipeline Crossing Design and Analysis
 Installation Analyses such as :- Pipelay Analyses
in OFFPIPE, Shore approach installation design
& Analyses, Riser/ Expansion Spool installation
analyses, Hoses lifting & installation analyses

7 Environmental Loads (Met-ocean Parameters)

Wave, current and external pressure and buoyancy Wind load

8 Corrosion Protection Coating

Coatings such as:– Painting

 Coal Tar Enamel Coating (CTE)

 Three layer polyethylene coating (3LPE)
 Three layer poly-propylene coating (3LPP)
 Double layer fusion bonded epoxy coating
(DLFBE)

9 Cathodic Protection System

Sacrificial Anodic Cathodic Protection (SACP) system Not Applicable

10 Welding
 Welding is performed as per specification: Welding is performed as per specification:

 API Std. 1104 : Welding of Pipelines and Related  ASME Sec. IX : Standard for Welding and
Facilities Brazing Procedures, Welders, Brazers and
Welding and Brazing Operators
Mostly automatic welding on pipelay barge.
Manual welding at fabrication yard.

11 Weld joint inspection (NDT requirements)

100% by Automatic UT Mostly by using gamma ray source.

12 Special Equipments

 Subsea Isolation Valve (SSIV) Not Applicable

 LR Bends
 Flow tee
 Pipeline End Manifold (PLEM)
 Single Point Mooring (SPM) system
 Submarine hoses
 Floating hoses
 Cables and umbilical installation
 Piggy-back pipelines

13 Installation Equipment

 Pipelay Barge  Pre-fabricated deck piping

 Derrick Barge
 Diving support vessel
 Dynamic Positioning (DP) barge (for deepwater)
14 Installation Methods

 S-lay Method (for shallow water installation)  Along with deck structure
 J-Lay Method (for deep water installation)
 Shore pull/ barge pull near Land Fall Point (LFP)

15 Hydrostatic testing

Gauge Plate run of 95% of ID of highest thickness No gauging is done.

of pipeline. Test Pressure
Test Pressure
 Maximum : As per line schedule
 Minimum : 1.25 times x Design Pressure
Hold period
Hold period
 2 hours
 24 hours

16 NDT requirements

100% weld joints by RT or AUT Varies from 10% to 100% depending upon service.

17 Intelligent Pigging

Compliant Not applicable