Sedimentary Rock Notes - 1 + Sedimentary rocks cover_ MOST _ of the outer surface of the Earth + Sedimentary rocks form from_COnSplidation of materia weothered + Pieces of preexisting racks Wearuenins + Whenever rock is exposed at Earth's surface, itis continuously being__ Jo rove down _by weathering, . Sediments; small pieces of rock that are moved and deposited by water wing, _sjaciers (ice). and gravity. + When sediments become_ Qlued. together, they form sedimentary rocks + Weathering produces rock fragments (sediments) + Sediments range in___ Si Z@_ from huge boulders to microscopic particles 1. Chemical Weathering: minerals in a rock are dissolved or otherwise Chemical changes 2. Physeal Weathering: Minerals remain chemicaly._unchangp 2 + Breakin, rock into smaller pieces + No change in Compostharw EROSION + Erosion:the__ Temaovel and trans port _ ofsediment Four main agents of erosion: 1 Movil Waser + Fastmovihg water can transport_]OraQ@. _particles__beser” than slow-moving water + As water slows down, largest particles settle out__ test 2 Wind + Can only move__ Sma grains 3. Glaciers dee) + Move all materials with equal ease + Dumps materials in__ Un So. cted piles as the glacier melts *+ Deposits similar to landslides 4 Grauitg+ Grinding away sharp edges and corners during transport . Ang Lou irregular, sharp shape grains «_ Sock : Soe Si20 by transporting agent (speed) + Assortment starts off __Poorly , then becomes well assorted after process of transportations op *° Pe tess fac Fow ok ©\@e ee/60) 1 9/8 0/9.6/¢6) ‘Angular Subanguar | Subroundes | “Rounded Deposition: + Transported sediments are dogged + Sediments in nature are deposited when transport__S40 9S. + Particles will settle out forming _JOU@c-S _ with the large s+ grains atthe__bo trav _ LiruiricaTio + As sediment is deposited, the bottom layers are subjected to increasing_PreSSu re and __ temper astyee causing lithfication + _Litniftcosion the physical and chemical processes that transform sediments into sedimentary rocks * Lithify: Greek word lithos meaning stone 1, Compaction + The weight of overlying sediments forces the sediment grains__C1OS@.~ together + _ Water Oi and_naducah gas is ‘sully found in the pore space 2. Cementation + Occurs when mineral grausth_ sues sediment grains together into solid rock * Usually calcite or iron oxideSeoimen any Fearunes: A. Bedding + Sedimentis deposited in harizontal _tayering + Oldest beds onthe oo tom. youngest on. we + Horizontal in nature because thing will settle to the lowest position 1. Graded Bedding + Progressive changein__ AYQin Size from bottom to top (coarse on bottom, fine grains on top) small arains large grains 2. Cross-Bedding + Formas Flow WWIOHEC or Oe move sand grains, i B. Ripple Marks + From as WwW Ocbe or pass over the top of loose sand or silt + Happens whenever a current is occurring C. Fossils preserved in rock * Hard parts (shells, bones) more__ £08 ¢ 4 Z preserved as fossilsSedimentary Rocks Notes ‘TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 1. Clastic (Detrital: Form Som cemented sediment grains {pre-existi roc! 2 Chemical: Form wy Precipitation of ywinevals From selubens 3. Biochemical (Organic): OLCUMUIAKE From remains oF erganiSmS CCuasmic (DETRITAL) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS = Most common sedimentary rock ~ Classified according tothe__SiZe¢ _ oftheir__part. 1 Qyravel _:2mm Conglomerate or breccia 2. _$QNd__:1/16 to 2mm like sandpaper) Sandstone 3. SiH 1/256 to 1/16 mm (gritty on teeth) Siltstone a, Clas up to 1/256mm (slick on teeth) Shale/Claystone Breccia: OnQUIa grains ~ Conglomerate: rounded Qrains CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ~ During Weatheci “§ minerals can be__igsatved and carried into lakes and oceans. As water__€vQPorates the dissolved minerals are ~ Crystal grains precipitate out of solution and SeqHe ‘on the bottom, As a result, layers of Chemical __ sedimentary rocks form, most which are called_@ Vapor 425 " Evaporites: crystals form from tvaporasing water Examples: rock gypsum and rock saltBIOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS - Formed from the remains of _On£€ — ng organisms ~ Limestone: = Only formed in the_ TO pi are. - Coal: = Rapid plant growth and deposition in water * Rapid_louria * Only occurs where you have a lot of plants + Usually form in_ SWwoumnpy _Orees Uses oF SeoimenTaRY ROCKS 1.Ceramies + claystone , SHAE 2,Building Material + Virmestone + Sandstone 3.Fossil fuels = Coot " Petroleum