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The software described in this manual is furnished under license and may
only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of the license.
Written by, Nancy Whitehead and Chris Musselman. Please send comments
or questions to info@geosoft.com
Geosoft Incorporated
8th Floor
85 Richmond St. W.
Toronto, Ontario
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Canada
Tel: (416) 369-0111
Fax: (416) 369-9599
Preparing Grids 8
Specifying Filter 8
Creating a Project 10
MAGMAP Filters 55
Filter Examples 73
Susceptibility Map 73
Processing Option 75
Selection 75
Result 75
References 76
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The montaj MAGMAP Filtering system provides three filtering methods designed
to help you meet your data filtering requirements:
• MAGMAP 1-step filtering
• Step-By-Step filtering
• Interactive filtering
The Interactive filtering method enables you to select one of the spectral filters
(Bandpass, Butterworth, Cosine Roll-off, and Gaussian Regional/Residual) and
interactively select the parameters (using sliders), while seeing the effect on the
current power spectrum.
The montaj MAGMAP Filtering menu provides access to the MAGMAP functions.
When you select a menu option, the system runs a corresponding Geosoft eXecutable
Chapter 1: System Capabilities and Concepts 7
(GX) – a programmed process that records your input values and implements a
specific processing, analysis, or visualization task. The following shows the
MAGMAP menu options and the corresponding GXs:
MAGMAP1 GX
FFT2PREP GX
FFT2IN GX
FFT2CON GX
FFT2FLT GX
FFT2PREP GX
FFT2IN GX
FFT2RSPC GX
FFT2SPCFLT GX
FFT2FLT GX
FFT2RSPC GX
FFT2SMAP GX
FFT2PSPC GX
GRIDASIG GX
TILTDRV GX
For the sake of mathematical convenience and speed, montaj MAGMAP Filtering
applies filters in the wavenumber or Fourier domain. This requires a number of steps,
each of which is the responsibility of a separate program in the montaj MAGMAP
system.
Pre-processing steps involve preparation of the original space domain grid for
filtering, after which filters are applied. Post-processing involves returning the
filtered data to the same size and shape as the original grid, and replacement of a
regional trend. Following are descriptions of each of the processing steps.
Note: You can carry out each of these steps individually, using the MAGMAP
menus. The MAGMAP One-step filtering menu option can take you through
the entire sequence in one step. This approach will produce adequate results in
most situations. However, if you experience ringing problems, edge effects, or
any other undesirable side effects that appear to be caused by the pre-
8 Chapter 1: System Capabilities and Concepts
processing steps, you must run the pre-processing steps separately and set
parameters to address this issue.
Preparing Grids
1. A first-order trend is removed from the data. This is not always necessary, but is
recommended.
2. The grid is expanded to be square, with dimensions that are acceptable to the Fast
Fourier Transform (FFT) used in the MAGMAP system. The system pads the
edges of the grid with dummy values.
3. The dummy areas are replaced by reasonably interpolated values so that the grid
becomes smoothly periodic. If you think of the grid as a single square tile where
copies of the tiles are laid out edge to edge, the grid pattern should smoothly flow
from tile to tile (see sample below).
If the matches are not smooth, an effective 'step' function is introduced at the edge
of each grid. This can cause serious side effects in the data when filters are
applied in the wavenumber domain.
4. The square and periodic space domain grid is transformed to the wavenumber
domain by the application of FFT. A radially averaged spectrum of the data is
also produced for reference and analysis.
Specifying Filter
1. The required filters are specified for the wavenumber grid.
Chapter 1: System Capabilities and Concepts 9
2. Using the Interactive filtering menu option, filter parameters can be visualized
and selected interactively.
The system enables you to access files anywhere. However, it is a good strategy to
carefully organize your data (project information and files) before carrying out any
processing.
To start this tutorial, create a working directory called C:\Tutorial. A general rule to
follow when working with Geosoft applications is to avoid working in the Geosoft
directory. In these tutorials, you follow this rule by keeping all the working data,
found in C:\Program Files\Geosoft\Oasis montaj\data\magmap, in your working
directory C:\Tutorial.
Creating a Project
Work in Oasis montaj requires an open project. An Oasis montaj "project"
encompasses every item in your working directory: the data files in your project
(databases, maps, and grids), tools used (including auxiliary tools such as histograms,
scatter plots, etc.), and the project setup including the menus you have loaded, map or
profile as a processed entity, and the state in which you left this entity the last time
you used it.
The project also controls your working directory. Projects are saved as (*.gpf) files. If
you open an existing project from a directory, the system assumes that all your
project files are located in the same directory. To streamline your work, as well as to
keep it organized, make sure that your project file is in the same directory as the other
files you want to use. We recommend that each project you work on have its own
project (*.gpf) file. If you use a number of applications or add-on tools in Oasis
montaj that have different menus, you can use the project to display only the menus
you require.
The Project Explorer tool enables you to browse and open project items. The Project
Explorer pane has two tabbed sections. The Data section displays all data files
included in the project, and the Tools section organizes and maintains the project
tools. To access the Tools section, you click the Tools bar at the bottom of the Project
Explorer pane. To return to the Data pane, you click the Data bar at the top of the
Project Explorer pane.
Chapter 2: Before You Begin 11
TO CREATE A PROJECT :
Note: Oasis montaj assumes that your data are in the directory containing this
project (C:\Tutorial).
3. Specify a name and directory for the project. For example, name the project
Magmap and place it in the working directory C:\Tutorial.
4. Click [Save].
The system saves the project and indicates that it is open by adding menus to the
menu bar, adding buttons to the toolbar, and by displaying the Project Explorer
pane. These are visual clues indicating that you are ready to start working with
the system.
1. From the GX menu, select Load Menu or click the Load Menu icon ( ) on the
toolbar.
The Load Menu dialog is displayed.
2. From the list of files, select “magmap.omn” and click the [Open] button.
The system displays the MAGMAP menu on the main Oasis montaj menu bar.
Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials 13
TO DISPLAY A GRID :
1. From the Grid menu, select Display Grid > Colour-Shaded Grid.
3. Accept the default values for the rest of the parameters, and click the [New Map]
button.
Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials 15
The system creates a colour-shaded image from the mag_in.grd file, and places
that image in a new map window called mag_in.map.
The above grid, especially in its central and upper parts, displays “noisy” magnetic
field, which is typically produced by shallow sources. The goal of the filtering
process for this grid is minimizing the effects of these shallow magnetic sources to
enhance the signature of deeper objects.
Basic grid preparation steps include trend removal, grid expansion (to make grid
smoothly periodic), and grid filling (to replace all the dummy values with
interpolated values).
1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Step-By-Step Filtering > Prepare Grid.
2. Using the […] button, enter the Name of Input (Original) Grid File as
“mag_in.grd”.
3. Using the […] button, enter a name for the pre-processed grid in the Name of
Output (Pre-processed) Grid File field as “prep_in”.
4. Leaving the intelligent default values for the rest of the parameters, as shown
above, click the [Start] button.
Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials 17
The system prepares the grid and displays it in your current project as a temporary
map file.
The above grid has new dimensions that are acceptable to FFT, includes NO
dummy values, and is periodic on its edges.
1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Step-By-Step Filtering > Forward FFT.
2. Using the […] button, enter the Name of Input Pre-processed Grid File as
“prep_in.grd”. Note that this should be the default value.
3. Click the [OK] button.
For the purpose of this tutorial, we will apply the Butterworth and Upward
Continuation filters. For a complete description of each of these filters, refer to
Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters.
1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Step-By-Step Filtering > Define Filters.
2. You can specify a new control file name. For this tutorial, accept the default
control file name “magmap.con”. Click the [OK] button.
Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials 19
3. From the First filter to apply drop-down list, select “Butterworth Filter”.
4. From the 2nd filter (optional) drop-down list, “Upward Continuation”.
that filter. If you selected more than one filter, multiple dialogs are displayed.
You must set the parameters for all the selected filters.
The system sets the filter parameters. You are now ready to apply the filter and
inverse transform to obtain an output grid.
In this tutorial, you select a filtered grid with post-processing. This option applies the
grid logic to restore the original grid dimensions, and also replaces the trend that was
removed in the initial grid preparation stage.
1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Step-By-Step Filtering > Apply Filter.
2. Using the […] button, enter “prep_in_trn.grd” as a value for the Name of Input
Transform (*_trn.grd) File field.
3. Using the […] button, enter “mag_out” as a value for the Name of Output Grid
File field.
4. Using the […] button, enter “magmap.con” as a value for the Name of Filter
Control File field.
5. Using the […] button, enter “mag_in.grd” as a value for the Name of Reference
(Original) Grid File field.
6. Click the [OK] button to select the post-processing option.
TO DISPLAY GRIDS :
1. Display the original mag_in and the newly created mag_out as colour-shaded
grids on temporary maps.
22 Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials
2. Use the right-click pop-up menu to zoom and pan the maps until you are satisfied
with the size and location of each map.
At this point, your maps should look similar to the following:
1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Spectrum Calculation and Display >Radial
average spectrum.
The FFTRSPC dialog is displayed.
2. Using the [Browse] button, enter the Name of Input Transform (grid) File as
“prep_in_trn.grd”.
3. Using the [Browse] button, enter the Name of Output Spectrum File as “radial”.
1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Spectrum Calculation and Display >Display
Spectrum.
The Create a spectrum map dialog is displayed.
2. Using the […] button, enter the Input spectrum file name as “radial.SPC”.
1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Spectrum Calculation and Display > 2-D
Power Spectrum.
Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials 25
2. Using the […] button, enter the Name of Input Transform (grid) File as
“prep_in_trn.grd”.
3. Using the […] button, enter the Name of Output 2D Spectrum (grid) File as
“FFT_power”.
4. Click the [OK] button.
The system computes the spectrum grid and displays it in a temporary map file.
26 Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials
The Interactive Spectral Filter dialog includes a profile window, a filter selection
drop-down list, and filter-specific parameter fields. The profile pane displays:
• The radially averaged power spectrum profile from the original input spectrum
file, in black
• The filter profile in blue
• The resultant (filtered) profile in red
The values of the filter parameter fields can be entered interactively, by moving the
associated slider, or by typing in the field boxes.
Interactive spectrum filtering can be used when working with the following filters:
Bandpass, Butterworth, Cosine Roll-off, Gaussian Regional/Residual, Upward
Continuation, Downward Continuation, Derivative in the Z Direction, and Vertical
Integration. For more information on these filters, see Chapter 6: Specifying FFT
Filters page 54.
1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Interactive Filtering > Prepare Grid.
Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials 27
2. Using the […] button, enter the Name of Input (Original) Grid File as
“mag_in.grd”.
3. Using the […] button, enter the Name of Output (Pre-processed) Grid File as
“Interactive_prep_grid”.
4. Leaving the the intelligent default values for the rest of the parameters, as shown
above, click the [Start] button.
28 Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials
The system prepares the grid and displays it in your current project in a temporary
map file.
1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Interactive Filtering > Forward FFT.
2. Using the […] button, enter the Name of Input Pre-processed Grid File as
“Interactive_prep_grid.grd”. This should be the default value.
3. Click the [OK] button.
1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Interactive Filtering > Radial Average
Spectrum.
Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials 29
2. Using the […] button, enter the Name of Input Transform (grid) File as
“Interactive_prep_grid_trn.grd”.
3. Using the […] button, enter the Name of Output Spectrum File as
“Interactive_Radial”.
4. Click the [OK] button.
1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Interactive Filtering > Interactive Spectrum
Filters.
The Interactive FFT2 radially averaged power spectrum filter dialog is displayed.
2. Using the […] button, enter the Spectrum File Name as “Interactive_Radial.SPC”.
5. Select the spectral filter from the Filter Name drop-down list.
Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials 31
The selected filter parameters are displayed in the Filters section. For example,
for the Butterworth filter, the Filters section looks as follows:
6. Modify the filter parameters by moving the parameter sliders or by typing values
in fields and then pressing [Enter] on the keyboard.
The filter profile and filtered spectrum profile are updated and re-displayed
accordingly.
7. Optionally, to preview the impact of filtering on your grid, click the [Preview]
button.
32 Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials
The Original Grid image shows the unfiltered grid. The Filtered Grid image
shows the grid filtered with the currently selected filter parameters. The Filtered
Grid image changes in real time when you change the filter parameters in the
Filters section.
8. When satisfied with the filtered spectrum, click the [OK] button to save the
selected filter along with its parameter values to the output control file
(Interactive_magmap.con).
TO APPLY FILTERS AND INVERSE FFT:
1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Interactive Filtering > Apply Filter.
Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials 33
2. Using the […] button, enter the Name of Input Transform (*_trn.grd) File as
“Interactive_prep_grid_trn.grd”.
3. Using the […] button, enter the Name of Output Grid File as
“Interactive_mag_out”.
4. Using the […] button, enter the Name of Filter Control file as
“Interactive_magmap.con”.
5. Using the […] button, enter the Name of Reference (Original) Grid File as
“mag_in.grd”.
Note: Depending on the post-processing option you would like to apply to your
data, you can click the [Flt-Inv Only], [Filter Only], or the [OK] button. For
more information on these options, see the Applying the Inverse FFT chapter.
6. Click the [OK] button to choose the post-processing option.
34 Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials
The analytic signal is useful in locating the edges of magnetic source bodies,
particularly where remanence and/or low magnetic latitude complicate interpretation.
The default Z-derivative method is FFT. However, for very large grids (over 4000 x
4000 cells), using the Convolution method saves a lot of processing memory and
time.
2. Use the […] button next to the Input grid field to select an input grid.
3. In the Output analytic signal grid field, enter an output grid name.
4. From the Z-derivative method drop-down list, select “FFT” or “Convolution”.
5. From the Retain derivative grids drop-down list, select:
• Yes – To keep the intermediate derivative grids (dx.grd, dy.grd, and dz.grd)
• No – To delete the intermediate derivative grids on exit
6. Click [OK].
36 Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials
The analytic signal grid is created at the defined location. The following
screenshots show the input grid and the output grid, respectively.
Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials 37
The default Z-derivative method is FFT. However, for very large grids (over 4000 x
4000 cells), using the Convolution method saves a lot of processing memory and
time.
where VDR and THDR are the first vertical and total horizontal derivatives,
respectively, of the total magnetic intensity T
VDR = dT/dz
2. Use the […] button next to the Input grid field to select an input grid.
3. In the Output tilt derivative grid (TDR) field, enter an output grid name.
4. Optionally, to create the horizontal derivative grid, in the Output horiz. deriv. of
TDR grid (HD_TDR) field, enter a grid name. If you leave this field blank, the
HD TDR grid will not be created.
5. From the Z-derivative method drop-down list, select “FFT” or “Convolution”.
6. Click [OK].
Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials 39
The tilt derivative grid (and, optionally, horizontal derivative grid) is (are) created
at the defined location(s), and is (are) displayed in the workspace.
40 Chapter 3: montaj MAGMAP Filtering Tutorials
For information about exporting data, refer to the Exporting and Archiving topic in
the Oasis montaj Online Help system, or to the relevant chapter of the Oasis montaj
Tutorial.
Oasis montaj uses your installed Windows system drivers to create printer or plotter
output. For information about plotting maps, refer to the Oasis montaj Online Help
system, or to the relevant chapter of the Oasis montaj Tutorial.
42 Chapter 4: 2D Fast Fourier Transform and MAGMAP Theory
Mathematically, the Fourier transform of a space domain function f(x,y) is defined as:
∞ ∞
f ( μ, ν ) = ∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) ⋅ e
− i ( μx +νy )
dxdy
−∞ −∞
f ( x, y ) = ∫ ∫ f ( μ,ν ) ⋅ e
i ( μx + νy )
1
4π 2
dμ dν
−∞−∞
A grid (in the space domain) is transformed to and from the wavenumber domain
using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The equivalent data set in the wavenumber
domain is commonly called “Transform”. A Transform of a grid is composed of
wavenumbers, which have units of cycles/metre, and have a real and imaginary
component. Just as a grid samples a space domain function at even distance
increments, the Transform samples the Fourier domain function at even increments of
1/(grid size) (cycles/metre) between 0 and the Nyquist wavenumber (1/[2*cell size]).
A given potential field function in the space domain has a single and unique
wavenumber domain function, and vice versa. The addition of two functions
(anomalies) in the space domain is equivalent to the addition of their Transforms.
The Fourier transform of the potential field produced by a prismatic body has a broad
spectrum whose peak location is a function of the depth to the prism’s top and bottom
surfaces, and whose magnitude is determined by the prism’s density or
magnetization. The peak wavenumber (ω') can be determined by the following
expression:
Chapter 4: 2D Fast Fourier Transform and MAGMAP Theory 43
ln (hb ht )
ω′ =
hb − ht
where:
The spectrum of a bottomless prism peaks at the zero wavenumber according to the
following expression (Bhatacharia, 1966):
f ( μ , ν ) = e − hr
r= μ2 + ν 2
The spectrum for a prism with top and bottom surfaces is:
f ( μ ,ν ) = e − ht r − e − hb r
where ht and hb are the depths to the top and bottom surfaces, respectively. As the
prism bottom is brought up, the peak moves to higher wavenumbers as illustrated in
the following figure.
1
no bottom
top = 4
bottom depth
36
20
12
0
0 1
wavenumber
44 Chapter 4: 2D Fast Fourier Transform and MAGMAP Theory
Considering the spectrum of a fixed-size prism, as the prism depth is increased, the
peak of the spectrum is shifted to lower wavenumbers (the anomaly becomes
broader), and the magnitude of the spectrum is reduced.
1
thickness = 4
top = 4
16
0
0 1
wavenumber
An important fact to note in the above figure is that the spectrum of a deep prism does
not exceed the magnitude of the same prism at a lesser depth at any wavenumber –
only the peak is shifted to lower wavenumbers. Because of this, there is no way to
separate the effect of deep sources from shallow sources of the same type using
wavenumber filters. This is only possible if the deep sources are of stronger
magnitude, or if the shallow sources have a lesser depth extent.
When considering a grid that is large enough to include many sources, the log
spectrum of this data can be interpreted to determine the statistical depth to the tops
of the sources using the following relationship:
log E ( r ) = 4πhr
The following figure illustrates the division of an energy spectrum into these three
components.
d
N
w
MAGMAP is commonly used to enhance information of interest in a given 2D data
set, either by removing features considered as “noise”, or by enhancing the features
of interest. For example, if you are interested in shallow features in a magnetic map,
you might apply a first or second vertical derivative filter to the data in order to
enhance shallow features at the expense of anomalies caused by deeper sources.
MAGMAP takes advantage of the fact that potential field data, by its nature, is very
“broad-band”, so that a single measurement includes the effects due to all the
physical (geological) sources. Resolution of the different sources depends on the
noise level of the measuring system, and the ability to resolve overlapping signals.
The system creates a Fourier domain grid, which is called a Transform. It has the
same name as the input grid, but with the .TRN extension. The transform grid
contains a folded discrete Fourier transform of the input grid.
46 Chapter 4: 2D Fast Fourier Transform and MAGMAP Theory
The size of the transform grid element is 4 bytes; each pair of elements represents the
real and imaginary component of a complex number. The transform is stored in the
same way as the input grid, so that each transform vector (row) represents a vector in
the storage direction of the input grid (X for kx=1, Y for kx=-1). The following table
illustrates the logical storage of the transform:
V (n) -(1/nv) r ir ir i• r i
V (n-1)-(2/nv) r ir ir i• r i
• • • •
• • • •
V (3) 2/nv r ir ir i• r i
V (2) 1/nv r ir ir i• r i
V (1) 0 r ir ir i• r i
where:
The transform element separation (1/ne) and vector separation (1/nv) is 1 / (grid
dimension) cycles/metre. Since both the grid and the grid cell are square, 1/ne = 1/nv.
The Nyquist wavenumber is the largest wavenumber that has been sampled by the
grid, and is defined as one over twice the grid cell size (1/2e and 1/2v, which are also
equal).
Looking at the above table, you can note that each transform vector (row) represents
a discrete Fourier row in the direction of the input grid vectors. The Fourier elements
within each row start at 0 cycles/metre and extend to the Nyquist wavenumber in 1/ne
increments.
Chapter 4: 2D Fast Fourier Transform and MAGMAP Theory 47
As a result, the transform grid has (n/2 + 1) elements per vector, where n is the
number of elements per vector in the original grid. The transform is folded at the
Nyquist wavenumber in the direction of the grid vectors, so the transform grid has n
vectors.
The radially averaged energy listed in the third column represents the spectral density
(energy) averaged for all grid elements at the wavenumber in the first column. The
second column indicates the number of elements that were used to determine the
average. The energy is normalized by subtracting the log of the average spectral
density.
The 3-DEPTH and 5-DEPTH columns are ensemble magnetic depth estimates based
on 3 and 5 point averages of the slope of the energy spectrum (Spector and Grant,
1970). The depth to a statistical ensemble of sources is determined by the following
expression:
48 Chapter 4: 2D Fast Fourier Transform and MAGMAP Theory
h = -s/ 4π
where:
h is depth
s is the slope of the log (energy) spectrum
The above estimates can be used as a rough guide to the depth of magnetic source
populations.
The system enables you to create and view a radially averaged spectrum
automatically. The plot format is shown below.
The above plot illustrates the typical reduction in energy with increasing
wavenumber. The depth estimate is a plot of the 5-point depth data from the spectrum
file.
Chapter 5: Preparing Grids for the FFT Processing 49
If a significant trend is left in the data, the expansion and filling processes are forced
to introduce a large step function in order to make the data periodic. In the Fourier
domain, this step function predominates, and might cause ringing problems.
The trend surface is (by default) calculated using the edge points of the data, so that
no strong anomalies within the grid affect the trend. The trend coefficients (first order
only) are stored in the grid file header and, during filtering, anything applied to the
zero wavenumber of the data is also applied to the trend coefficients.
50 Chapter 5: Preparing Grids for the FFT Processing
The system allows you to specify a minimum percentage for expansion. The default is
10%, after which the next largest acceptable dimension is selected.
In most cases, the default size is acceptable. However, if the wavelength of the
anomalies of interest is more than approximately two times the default padded size,
you must increase the expanded size by increasing the expansion percentage. If the
expansion is too small, any step in the expanded area can adversely affect the
anomalies within the data.
Ringing can be identified as a wave pattern that extends away from, or around, a
strong anomaly. The wavelength of the pattern is normally near the size of the strong
feature in the data. Because the system interpolates data beyond the edges of the grid,
it can introduce step functions that cause ringing to spread into a filtered grid.
expansion, and filling parameters, see the Setting Trend Removal, Grid Expansion,
and Filling Parameters section at the end of this chapter.
If required, you can use Maximum Entropy Prediction (MEP) to interpolate the data.
MEP samples the original data near the grid edges to determine its spectral content. It
then predicts a data function that would have the same spectral signature as the
original data. This means that if the original data is smooth, the predicted data is
smooth, and if the original data is noisy, the predicted data is noisy.
As a result, the predicted data will not significantly alter the energy spectrum that
would result from the original data alone. Also, this method allows noisy data on one
edge of a grid to be gradually interpolated into smooth data on the opposite edge of a
grid.
Sometimes, the prediction function can produce large ridges that extend away from
the edges of the data. If you suspect ringing caused by an edge effect, look at the pre-
processed grid to see if edge filling has produced strong ridges in the filled areas.
This typically happens in the originally rectangular grids for which a large expansion
is required in one direction in order to make the grid square.
If you suspect such an edge problem, you can set the distance at which to roll the data
to zero. Ensure that the roll to zero distance is at least as large as the longest
anomalies of interest along the edges of the data, otherwise the edge anomalies may
be distorted.
Very strong anomalies that are truncated at the edge of a grid can cause problems in
filling because their magnitude is extended into the filled borders of the grid. Step
functions parallel to the grid edges result, and ringing can manifest itself as a streak in
a filtered grid that extends away from the strong anomaly, or appears on the opposite
side of the grid (remember that the grid is considered periodic, so an anomaly on one
edge can effect the opposite edge of the grid).
If required, you can smoothly limit the magnitude of strong anomalies within a
certain distance of the edge of a grid. You can specify the maximum edge magnitude
and distance. All anomalies of greater magnitude than the edge limit will be smoothly
attenuated starting at half the magnitude limit.
the Fourier processing. However, this method produces a pronounced edge ring
around most data grids, which is usually unacceptable.
Very strong anomalies within the original data area of a grid can also cause ringing
problems in filtered maps. For example, iron formation anomalies in magnetic data
can be many orders of magnitude greater than the surrounding anomalies. The
magnitude of these anomalies is so great that they dominate the Fourier spectrum, and
even small changes to the spectrum result in ringing. Such ringing appears as waves
that surround the large anomaly.
If required, you can smoothly limit any anomalies that exceed a specified magnitude.
Data less than half the limiting magnitude is not changed. Above half the limiting
magnitude, data is smoothly attenuated so that it does not exceed the limit.
If limited anomalies are wide, this can cause the attenuated anomalies to have flat
tops, a fact that you should be aware of when interpreting the resulting filtered maps.
If flat-topped anomalies are not wanted, another option is to clip high magnitude
anomalies using Geosoft's Grid Windowing GX (for more information, contact your
Geosoft representative). Clipped areas must be set to dummy values, and the resulting
processed grids will have holes where the anomalies have been clipped.
Type of trend surface to Select order of trend to remove (the default is the first order). Options
remove are: remove mean, first order, second order, third order.
trend based on Select or type either 'edge points' or 'all points'. The trend surface to
remove can be calculated either by using all the valid points in the grid,
or by using only the points along the valid edge of the grid. Using the
edge points is often better, especially if there are any large-magnitude
anomalies within the grid.
Chapter 5: Preparing Grids for the FFT Processing 53
% expansion Type the expansion size (grid is expanded in size by at least this
distance as a percentage of the smallest grid dimension). The expansion
must be about half the size of the broadest features of interest in the
grid. If you are tapering the data to 0, the expansion need not be larger
than the taper distance.
Square or rectangular Select or type either 'square' or 'rectangular'. If the grid is small, or if
expansion the wavenumbers of interest approaches the size of the grid, we
recommend square expansion because it minimises side effects that
result from having different wavenumber samples in the X and Y
directions. Rectangular grids can save significant processing time and
disk space when working with large grids.
grid fill method Select or type a fill method. When filling the dummy areas, the new
values are determined by extrapolation from the nearest valid parts of
the grid. This extrapolation may be based on inverse distance
weighting or maximum entropy prediction. Maximum entropy is
slower but it creates a filled area more similar in character to the actual
data.
roll-off to 0 at a Specify the number of cells beyond the valid area at which to roll off to
distance of (cells) zero. By default, no roll-off is applied. For some grids, the prediction
function can become unreasonable at large distances from the valid
parts of the grid. In these cases, the data can be forced to zero at a
specified distance. This option should only be used on trend-removed
grids.
limit all magnitudes to High-magnitude anomalies can cause problems in filtering systems
be less than such as MAGMAP. With this option, anomalies that exceed half the
specified limit are smoothly attenuated. The attenuation is started at
half the limit, with no values allowed to exceed the limit. This option
must be used only on trend-removed grids.
edge magnitude limit High-magnitude anomalies on the edges of the valid area can produce
oscillations in the extrapolated areas. With this option, a limit may be
placed on anomalies along the edges of the grid.
54 Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters
Once a Fourier transform has been created, the application of filters is quite
straightforward. When using the Step-By-Step method, you select the Define Filters
menu option to either create a new control file or select an existing control file. With
the Interactive filtering method, you select the Interactive Spectrum Filters menu
option to create a control file. When you are ready to proceed, you select the Apply
Filters menu option to apply filters according to instructions defined in your new or
existing MAGMAP control file.
line 2: The nominal height of the magnetic sensor above the ground (normally, the flying
height), or above the level of magnetic sources. This information is used as the default
height for some of the filters, and is not always necessary or relevant.
line 3: The magnetic inclination (negative in the Southern hemisphere). The inclination is only
used by the reduction to the pole (REDP), reduction to the equator (REDE),
susceptibility (SUSC), and Weiner optimum (OPTM) filters.
Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters 55
line 4: The magnetic declination in degrees of azimuth relative to true North. The inclination is
only used by the reduction to the pole (REDP), reduction to the equator (REDE),
susceptibility (SUSC) and Weiner optimum (OPTM) filters. Note that grid files contain
the direction of the grid’s Y axis in the grid header as the rotation parameter. Filter takes
this direction into account so that the Line 4 parameter can be the true declination. The
grid header must be correct. Very often, the grid rotation is reported as 0 in the grid
header, in which case the declination specified here must be the declination of magnetic
North relative to the grid’s Y axis.
line 5: The nominal total magnetic field strength in nano-Tesla (gammas). This value is only
used by the apparent susceptibility map filter (SUSC) in order to derive susceptibility
from magnetization.
line 6+ One or more lines specifying the filters to be applied and their parameters. The following
section documents the available filters.
The forward slash character (/) must terminate a line (with the exception of the title
line), and user comments may follow the slash. After the fifth line, all lines must start
either with a forward slash or a filter name.
Each filter option occupies one or more lines and consists of a four-letter mnemonic
followed by the optional parameter settings. Parameters (if provided) must be
separated by a space. Any number of filters may be applied in a single filtering run.
However, only one output transform is produced. Note that because multiplication is
commutative, the order in which filters are applied is not relevant.
MAGMAP Filters
This section describes the available filters. In each filter-specific subsection, filter
options are listed in alphabetical order. Each description shows the mathematical
expression of the filter followed by a figure if appropriate, then the control file
parameters, and usage notes. The filter expressions use the following basic
expressions:
r = μ2 + ν2 Wavenumber (radians/ground_unit)
The horizontal axis of the figures represents wavenumbers between 0 and the Nyquist
frequency. All distance references are multiples of the grid cell size. For example,
referring to the filter response drawing for upward continuation (CNUP) filter, if the
56 Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters
L( k ) = 0, for k < k 0
L( k ) = 1, for k 0 ≤ k ≤ k1
L( k ) = 0, for k > k1
1.0
L(k) 0.5
reject pass reject
0.0
k0 k1
0/1 If 1, pass the defined band; if 0, reject the defined band. The default is
to pass the band.
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.). If
your “ground units” are in metre, the low and high wavelength cutoff
is in cycles/metre.
BPAS can be used to pass or reject a range of wavenumbers from the data. Applying
such a simple cut-off filter to an energy spectrum almost invariably introduces a
significant amount of ringing (otherwise known as Gibb's Phenomena). We
recommend that you use a smoother filter, such as the Butterworth filter (BTWR).
Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters 57
1
L(k ) =
⎡ ⎛ k ⎞n ⎤
⎢1 + ⎜ k ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 0⎠ ⎦
1.0
16
4 8
n =2
0.5
L(k)
0.0
0 N
ko
Wavenumber (cycles/ ground_unit)
Parameters:
0/1 A flag (0 or 1). Specifies if a residual (0) high pass or a regional (1)
low pass is required. By default, a regional filter is applied.
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.). If
your “ground units” are in metre, the low and high wavelength cutoff
is in cycles/metre.
The Butterworth filter is excellent for applying straight forward high-pass and low-
pass filters to data because you can easily control the degree of filter roll-off while
leaving the central wavenumber fixed. If ringing is observed, the degree can be
reduced until the result acceptable. A common but more complicated alternative is the
Cosine filter (COSN).
58 Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters
L( r ) = e hr
20.0
h = 16
h=8
L(r)
h=4
h=2
1.0
0 N
Wavenumber (radians/ground_unit)
Parameters:
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.).
Downward continuation is used to enhance the responses from sources at a depth by
effectively bringing the plane of measurement closer to the sources. Note that it is not
theoretically possible to continue through a potential field source. Since short-
wavelength signal can appear to be from shallow sources, it must be removed to
prevent high magnitude and short wavelength noise in the processed data. To do this,
you usually apply some type of low-pass filter, such as the Butterworth or Weiner
Optimum filter. You should use a low-pass filter to remove the short wavelength
noise (as determined by the radially averaged energy spectrum) before applying the
downward continuation filter. The energy spectrum is also a good guide for
determining the depth to which the data can be continued downward.
L( r ) = e − hr
1.0
h=2
L(r)
h=4
h=8
h = 16
0.0
0 N
Wavenumber (radians/ground_unit)
Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters 59
Parameters:
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.).
Upward continuation is considered a “clean” filter because it produces almost no side
effects that may require application of other filters or processes to correct. Because of
this, this filter is often used to remove or minimize the effects of shallow sources and
noise in grids.
Also, upward continued data may be interpreted numerically and with modeling
programs. This is not the case for many other filter processes.
L( k ) = 1, for k < k 0
⎡π ⎛ k − k0 ⎞ ⎤
L( k ) = cos n ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥, for k 0 ≤ k ≤ k1
⎣ 2 ⎝ k1 − k 0 ⎠ ⎦
L( k ) = 0, for k > k1
1.0
0.5
n=2 1 0.5
L(k)
0.0
0 N
k0 k1
Parameters:
k1 High wavenumber end point of the filter (start of roll off for high pass
or cut-off wavenumber for low pass.
60 Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters
0/1 0 for residual (high-pass) filter; 1 for regional (low-pass) filter. The
default is a low-pass filter.
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.).
Because this filter has a smooth shape, and it does not alter the energy spectrum
below the start of roll off (or after the end of roll off in high-pass mode), it is
commonly used for simple high-pass or low-pass operations. To reduce ringing, the
separation between r1 and r0 can be increased.
1.0
0.5
1
n=2
L( θ ) 0.5
0.0
α−π/2 α α+π/2
θ (direction)
Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters 61
n=2
n=1
α = 70
N 1 N 1
L (u,ν) L (u,ν)
0 0
N N
ν 0 ν 0
0 0
u u
-N -N
-N -N
n = 0.5
N 1
L (u,ν)
0
N
ν 0
0
u
-N
-N
Parameters:
0/1 If 1, apply the filter to pass the specified direction; if 0, apply the filter to
reject the specified direction. By default, the direction is rejected.
The directional cosine filter is very good for removing directional features from a
grid. The cosine function makes the filter smooth, so directional ringing effects are
usually not a problem. The rejection (or pass) notch can be narrowed or widened by
setting the degree of the cosine function, so that highly directional features can be
isolated. De-corrugation of poorly levelled magnetic data is a common application for
this filter (see examples).
r
L( r ) =
2π G(1- e -tr )
where:
G Gravitational constant.
62 Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters
Parameters:
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.).
The data must also be downward continued using the CNDN filter to be close to the
top surface of the source model. Apparent density mapping assumes that an observed
gravity field can be explained by a simple model layer of fixed thickness and varying
density. This is a poor model in most cases.
θ 1 = 70
N 1
L (u,ν)
0
N
ν 0
0
u
-N
-N
Parameters:
0/1 If 1, pass the defined band; if 0, reject the defined band. The default is to pass
the band.
As with the band-pass filter, the directional-pass often suffers from Gibb's
Phenomena (ringing) because the spectrum is cut quite abruptly. We recommend
using the directional cosine filter (DCOS) instead.
Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters 63
L ( μ ) = ( μi )
n
Parameter:
n Order of differentiation.
i i= −1
The horizontal derivative can be used for creating shaded images, and is required for
some modeling algorithms, such as Euler de-convolution.
L(ν ) = (νi )n
Parameter:
n Order of differentiation.
i i= −1
The horizontal derivative can be used for creating shaded images, and is required for
some modeling algorithms, such as Euler de-convolution.
L( r ) = r n
Parameter:
n Order of differentiation.
The vertical derivative is commonly applied to total magnetic field data to enhance
the shallowest geologic sources in the data. As with other filters that enhance the
high-wavenumber components of the spectrum, you must often also apply low-pass
filters to remove high-wavenumber noise.
64 Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters
(e − rz 1 − e − rz 2 )
L(r ) = 2πG
r
When r=0:
L(r ) = 2πG( z 2 − z 1 )
Where:
G Gravitational constant
Parameters:
z1 Depth to the top of the density layer, in ground units. Must be positive for
layers above calculation level.
z2 Depth to the bottom of the density layer, in ground units. Must be positive for
layers above calculation level.
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.).
−k 2
L (k ) = 1 − e 2 k02
1.0
L(k) 0.5
0.0
0 N
K0 2K 0 3K 0
Wavenumber (cycles/ ground_unit)
Parameters:
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.).
The Gaussian filter is another smooth filter that is often used for low-pass or high-
pass applications.
L( 0) = l0
L( dk ) = l1
L( 2dk ) = l2
M
L( n ⋅ dk ) = l n
L( k ) = l n , for ( k ≥ n ⋅ dk )
Parameters:
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.).
The general filter is used when a special-purpose filter must be applied to the data.
Normally, filter coefficients are between 0 and 1.
For example, the following defines a low-pass filter that starts at a wavenumber of
0.003 and rolls off to remove all wavenumbers above 0.007:
L(0) = 1
L(0.001) = 1
L(0.002) = 1
L(0.003) = 1
L(0.004) = 0.8
L(0.005) = 0.5
L(0.006) = 0.2
L(0.007) = 0
To define this filter in a control file, you would type”
gnrl 0.001 1. 1. 1. 1. .8 .5 .2 0
66 Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters
G∗d / J
L(θ ) = < I =I
[sin(I a )+ i cos(I )∗ cos (D− θ )] 2∗ r , if ( | Ia | |I |), a
Where:
I Geomagnetic inclination
Ia Inclination for magnitude correction (never less than I). The default is ± 20
degrees. If |Ia| is specified to be less than |I|, it is set to I.
J Magnetization in Gauss.
D Geomagnetic declination.
Parameters:
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.).
Output of Pseudo-Gravity is in mgal if ground_unit is metre, or in 0.3mgal if
groud_unit is foot.
Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters 67
L( k ) = 0 , for k < k0
L( k ) = 1 , for k ≥ k0
1.0
reject pass
L(k) 0.5
0.0
k0
Wavenumber (cycles/ground_unit)
Parameters:
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.).
As with the band-pass filter, the high-pass filter is seldom used because the results
usually suffer from Gibb's Phenomena (ringing).
L(r) = r -1
Parameters:
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.).
This filter calculates the vertical integral of the input transform. This is the inverse of
the vertical derivative. The zero wavenumber is set to 0.
68 Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters
L(k) = 1, for k ≤ k0
1.0
pass reject
L(k) 0.5
0.0
k0
Wavenumber (cycles/ground_unit)
Parameters:
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.).
As with the band-pass filter, the low-pass filter is seldom used because the results
usually suffer from Gibb's Phenomena (ringing).
The Weiner optimum filter is intended to remove the effect of white noise from the
magnetic data. White noise is high-wavenumber background noise present in the data.
Because magnetic signal is stronger in the direction of the inducing field, the signal-
to-noise ratio varies as a function of both inclination and declination. The Weiner
optimum filter takes the variation of signal-to-noise ratio into account when applying
the filter.
⎡ φ s (k ,θ ) ⎤
L(k ,θ ) = ⎢ ⎥ , for k < k 0
⎣φ s (k ,θ ) + φ 0 ⎦
⎡ φ s (k ,θ ) ⎤ 2 π ⎛ k − k0 ⎞
L(k ,θ ) = ⎢ ⎥ ⋅ cos ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , for k 0 ≤ k ≤ k1
φ
⎣ s (k , θ ) + φ 0 ⎦ 2 k
⎝ 1 − k 0 ⎠
φ s (k ,θ ) =
[sin I + cos 2 I ⋅ cos 2 (D + θ )
2
]2
⋅ (φ k − φ 0 )
sin 4 I + sin 2 I ⋅ cos 2 I + 0.375 cos 4 I
Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters 69
Where:
I Geomagnetic inclination
D Geomagnetic declination
Parameters:
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.).
The optimum filter is most often used to remove the theoretical effect of all sources
that lie above a specified depth. The filter parameters can be specified or calculated
automatically based on analysis of the energy spectrum.
Although this filter can calculate the parameters of the filter, we recommend that you
confirm that the calculated parameters are reasonable. When the energy spectrum is
not smooth, the filter can choose the wrong point at which to start the noise
calculation. Most often, this point is chosen to be too low, and the resulting maps
appear too smooth.
70 Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters
The optimum filter can be quite complex to use and understand. A good alternative is
using the Butterworth filter as a low-pass filter. Determine the wavenumber at which
sources appear too shallow by interpreting the depth estimate in the energy-spectrum
plot.
L (θ ) =
[sin( I ) − i ⋅ cos( I ) ⋅ cos( D − θ )]2 × (− cos 2 ( D − θ ))
[sin 2
] [
( Ia ) + cos 2 ( Ia ) ⋅ cos 2 ( D − θ ) × sin 2 ( I ) + cos 2 ( I ) ⋅ cos 2 ( D − θ ) ] , if (| Ia |<| I |), Ia = I
where:
I Geomagnetic inclination
D Geomagnetic declination
No parameters.
Reduction to the equator is used in low magnetic latitudes to centre the peaks of
magnetic anomalies over their sources. This can make the data easier to interpret
while not losing any geophysical meaning. Reducing the data to the pole (REDP)
does much the same thing, but at low latitudes. A separate magnitude correction is
usually required to prevent North-South signal in the data from dominating the
results. As a result, reduced to the pole data may present a less “honest” view of the
data
L(θ ) =
[sin( I ) − i ⋅ cos( I ) ⋅ cos( D − θ )]2
[sin 2
][
( Ia ) + cos 2 ( Ia ) ⋅ cos 2 ( D − θ ) ⋅ sin 2 ( I ) + cos 2 ( I ) ⋅ cos 2 ( D − θ ) ], if (| Ia |<| I |), Ia = I
where:
I Geomagnetic inclination
D Geomagnetic declination
Parameters:
Reduction to the pole has a magnitude component (the sin(I) term) and a phase
component (the i cos(I) cos(D-θ) term). When reducing to the pole from equatorial
latitudes, North-South features can be exaggerated due to the strong magnitude
correction (the sin(I) component) that is applied when (D-θ) is π/2 (i.e., a magnetic
East-West wavenumber). By specifying higher latitude for the magnitude correction
alone, this problem can be reduced or eliminated at the expense of under-correcting
the magnitudes of North-South features.
The susceptibility filter is, in fact, a compound filter that performs a reduction to the
pole, downward continuation to the source depth, correction for the geometric effect
of a vertical square-ended prism, and division by the total magnetic field to yield
susceptibility.
1
L(r ,θ ) =
2πF ⋅ Η (r )⋅ Γ(θ )⋅ Κ (r ,θ )
Η (r ) = e − hr
Γ(θ ) = [sin Ia + i cos I ⋅ cos ( D − θ
)] 2
⎛ sin ( ar cosθ ) ⋅ sin( ar sin θ) ⎞
Κ (r ,θ ) = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ar cos θ ⋅ ar sin θ ⎠
where:
I Geomagnetic inclination
D Geomagnetic declination
Parameters:
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.).
The susceptibility filter calculates the apparent magnetic susceptibility of the
magnetic sources using the following assumptions:
• The IGRF is removed from the magnetic field .
• There is no remnant magnetization
• All magnetic responses are caused by a collection of vertical, square-ended
prisms of infinite depth extent
• The result is in the e.m.u. units
The validity of the results depends on how well the actual observed field conforms to
these assumptions.
TXYZ converts from the total field (T) or vertical field (Z) component of the
magnetic field to any other (X,Y, Z, or T) component.
The following table gives the filter expressions for all possible component field
conversions,
To X To Y To Z To T
From X 1
v/u r / iu P / iu
From Y u/v
1 r / iv P / iv
From Z iu / r
iv / r 1 P/r
From T iu / P
iv / P r/P 1
Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters 73
Where:
I Geomagnetic inclination in degrees from the horizon.
i
−1
u The X wavenumber
v The Y wavenumber
r
The radial wavenumber = u 2 +v 2
α Directional cosine of the Total magnetic field of X axis.
P i ∗ (α ∗ u + β ∗ v) + γ ∗ r
Theoretically, any one directional component can be used to calculate any other
component. In reality, only the T and Z fields work well as inputs for this conversion
because the formulas for conversion from X or Y contain singularities, i.e., u can go
to zero while v is large, or vice versa, causing the filter coefficient to become infinite.
Filter Examples
This section provides examples of filter application.
Susceptibility Map
The following control file (susc.con) applies an optimum depth filter and creates a
magnetic susceptibility map calculated at a depth of 200 metres below the survey
elevation.
susceptibility map
120 /sensor elevation
72 /magnetic inclination
-12 /magnetic declination
55000 /total field strength
SUSC 200 /susceptibility map
OPTM /optimum depth filter
The susceptibility map filter includes a downward continuation to the source depth.
Because a downward continuation filter magnitude increases with wavenumber, it
tends to also amplify high-wavenumber noise in the data. To prevent this noise from
entering the final map, you often need to remove high wavenumbers that are
considered noise in the data. This is the function of the Weiner Optimum filter
applied by the OPTM option.
74 Chapter 6: Specifying FFT Filters
De-corrugation
Given a grid surveyed with a nominal line spacing of 150 metres, which has a line-to-
line levelling problem, the following control file produces a grid that contains the
levelling error only. Following a rule of thumb, the Butterworth high-pass filter is set
to four times the line separation in order to only pass frequencies on the order of the
line separation. The directional cosine filter is set to pass wavelengths only in the
direction of the lines (note that North-South line levelling error produces
wavenumbers in the East-West direction, hence DCOS 90). Because levelling error is
very directional, you can tighten the directional cosine function to an energy value of
0.5.
de-corr., 150m line separation, N-S lines
120 /sensor elevation
72 /magnetic inclination
-12 /magnetic declination
55000 /total field strength
BTWR .00167 8 0 /high-pass butterworth
DCOS 90 0.5 1 /directional cosine.
The resulting grid can be subtracted from the original grid to remove the levelling
error.
Some tuning of both the center wavenumber of the Butterworth filter and the energy
of the directional cosine may be required. To remove the more directional signal,
increase the energy of the cosine filter. To remove wider features, decrease the
Butterworth cut-off point. If you see ringing in the data, decrease the order of the
Butterworth filter.
Chapter 7: Applying the Inverse FFT 75
The three options for controlling the final results you obtain following the Apply
Filters option are detailed below:
1 Filtered grid with [OK] Filtered, space-domain GRD file with original
post-processing grid dimensions and trend information restored
(i.e., post-processing is added to output file).
2 Filtered grid with no [Flt-Inv Only]. Filtered, space-domain GRD file as output file
post-processing with grid-filled dimensions and trend information
NOT restored (i.e., no post-processing is added to
output file).
3 Filter only – no [Filter Only] Filtered transform (*.TRN) file as output file.
inverse transform
When you select the first processing option ([OK]) the transform grid is filtered, the
Inverse FFT is applied (returning the transform file from the wavenumber domain
back to the space domain) and then post-processing restores the square and periodic
grid to its original dimensions and restores the trend information.
When you select the second processing option ([Flt-Inv Only]) the transform grid is
filtered and the Inverse FFT is applied (returning the transform file from the
wavenumber domain back to the space domain). No post-processing is applied.
When you select the third processing option ([Filter Only]) the transform grid is
filtered. The Inverse FFT and post-processing is not applied.
76 References
References
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Burg, J. P., 1975, Maximum Entropy Special Analysis. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
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