Electrostatic

𝑄𝑞
𝐹=𝑘
𝑟2
F = electrostatic force, N
E = Electric field intensity / strength , NC-1 , Vm-1
Q = Charges , C q = Charges , C
r = distance / displacement , m
V = potential difference, V , JC-1
U = Electric potential energy , J ‘’can be assume as work done also’
ɛ0 = 8.85 x 10-12 F m-1
k = 1/4πɛ0 = 9 x 109 C-2 N m2
𝑄
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀0 =
𝐴
 = Charge Density , C m-2
Gauss Law

A = area , m2 Φ =Electric flux, N m2 C-1 , V m

Capacitor

𝑄 𝜀0 𝐴 ɛ𝐴
𝐶= = =
𝑉 𝑑 𝑑
C = capacitance , F , C V-1

In air / vacuum / no dielectric 𝜀0 = 8.85 x 10-12 F m-1

In the medium / have dielectric ɛ = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 , 𝐹 𝑚−1

𝜀
𝜀𝑟 =
𝜀0
ɛr = dielectric constant , has no unit.
d = distance between plate

R= resistance, Ohm , C = Capacitance , Farad

e is exponent (log / ln / exp) calculator!!
Current
𝑑𝑄
𝐼= = nAve , Ampere
𝑑𝑡
𝑁
𝑛= , N = no of charge , V= volume
𝑉

v = drift velocity , ms-1

𝜋𝑑2
A = area , for wire 𝐴 = , d =diameter
4

total charge Q = Ne , e = 1.6 x 10-19 C

𝐼 𝐸
Current Density (A m-2) , 𝐽 = = 𝑛𝑒𝑣 = = 𝜎𝐸
𝐴 𝜌

E = electric field strength , NC-1 , Vm-1

 = resistivity , Ω m ,  = conductivity , Ω-1 m-1
𝑅𝐴 1
𝜌= =
𝑙 𝜎
R = resistance , Ω
𝑛𝑒 2 𝑡
𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 , 𝜎 = ,
𝑚𝑒

t = time collision , s . Me = mass of electron

D.C current
𝑉𝑡 = 𝜀 − 𝐼𝑟
𝜀 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟)
Vt = terminal potential difference / voltage , volt , ɛ = e.m.f , volt , r = internal
resistance , Ohm.
R = resistance of resistor , Ohm , I = current , A

* travel is the loop u draw, look at the terminal and the direction of current to
determine the sign
Potential divider

0r
If Resistor change to wire .. R = L (length of wire)
Wheatstone brigde

Potentiometer
Magnetic Force
F on moving charge , 𝐹 = 𝐵𝑞𝑣 sin 𝜃𝑣𝐵
F on carrying conductor (wire) 𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿 sin 𝜃𝐼𝐵
ɵvb = angle between v and B
ɵIB = angle between I and B
q = charge, Coulomb , v = velocity of charge, ms-1 ,
B = magnetic flux density , Tesla , L = length of conductor, m
𝜇0 𝐼
Magnetic flux density on straight wire, 𝐵 =
2𝜋𝑟
𝜇0 𝐼
Magnetic flux density on circular shape wire, 𝐵 =
2𝑅
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
Magnetic flux density on solenoid, 𝐵 = = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
𝑙

µ0 = 4π x 10-7 H m-1 , I = current , l = length , N=no of turns

n = N/l =Turns per unit length , r =R =radius
𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐿
F on two wires, = , d = distance between 2 wires
2𝜋𝑑

𝐸
Velocity of equilibrium charge in E.Field , M.Field 𝑣 =
𝐵

2𝐾
Velocity of charge between 2 plates 𝑣 = √
𝑚

𝑞 𝐸 𝑒 𝐸2
e / m determination = , =
𝑚 𝑟𝐵 2 𝑚 2𝑉𝐵 2

K = kinetic energy in eV, 1 eV =1.6 x 10-19 Joule

m = mass of charge / electron
V = potential different, volt , B = magnetic flux density ,
E =electric field strength , r = radius
Hall effect

Electromagnetic
𝑑∅
𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑓, 𝜀 = 𝐼𝑅 = −
𝑑𝑡
∅ = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 , 𝑤𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑊𝑏)
electric flux ,Φ ≠ magnetic flux ∅ (different unt)
magnetic flux linkage (solenoid) = N∅ , N= no of turns
emf in linear conductor 𝜀 = 𝐵𝐿𝑣 sin 𝜃
Rotating coil , ∅ = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡 , ɵ=ωt
Emf rotating coil, 𝜀 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 , 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝜀 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔
Self inductance
𝐿𝐼
∅=
𝑁
L = self inductor, Henry (H) , I = current , N = no of turns
𝑑𝐼
𝜀 = −𝐿
𝑑𝑡

Mutual inductance

Energy Stored in inductor

U = ½ LI2
Alternating Current

Z = impedance
Power in resistor

Power in inductor ,capacitor P=0

Capacitive reactance

f= frequency , C =capacitance , F
Inductive reactance

L =induction , H

Phase difference
10. a. hypothesis : zinc dipped in sodium chloride solution can
produce electric current.
b. i) aim :to study two different metals dipped in electrolyte solution
produce electric current.
ii. manipulated variable : The type of metal
responding variable : the reading of voltmeter or production of
electric current
constant variable ;the volume of sodium chloride solution
iii. materials and apparatus :zinc plate, copper plate, iron plate,
sodium chloride solution, beaker, voltmeter, crocodile clips , wires
iv procedure : 1. Apparatus is set up as shown above.
2. result recorded and tabulated.
v . tabulation :
MV (type of metal) RV the reading of voltmeter
Zinc + copper
Iron + copper

Page 69
Statement : Melting points of atomic subtances and molecular
subtances are different

Hypothesis :( MV RV) Lead powder and sulphur powder have

different melting point.
Aim : to study the melting point of lead powder and sulphur powder
Manipulated variable : the type of subtances (lead powder and
sulphur powder).
Responding variable : The melting point of substance (lead powder &
sulphur powder)The reading of thermometer
Constant variable: the volume of substance, The mass of substance ,
the amount of substance
Materials and apparatus : lead and sulphur powder, crucible, tripod
stand, thermometer, bunsen burner.
Procedure : 1. The apparatus is set as shown above/below
2. the result is recorded and tabulated
Tabulation
MV the type substance RV melting point OC
Lead powder
Sulphur powder