Reviewers (2nd Day)
based on land territory)
Araling Panlipunan
vv CHINESE DYNASTIES vv
• Hsia/Xia (pronounced Shi-Ha)
- legendary dynasty (di sure kung
nangyari o myth lang)
- founded by Yu
- knew Agriculture
- recorded a solar eclipse
- writing was invented by Ts'ang Chieh
• Shang
- founded by Ch'eng Tang
- Anyang was the capital
- used oracle bones (to talk to the
dead/ancestors)
- calligraphy was invented
- Bronze Age Culture (used bronze)
- Lipunang alipin (pag namatay ang amo
ay linilibing ng buhay ang mga servants
para sa afterlife ay may magsisilbi sa
kanila)
- Filial Piety (paggalang sa
matatanda/parents)
- believed in the afterlife
- Chopsticks
• Zhou (pronounced Joe)
- founded by Wu Wang
- longest dynasty (900 years)
- though longest, it was not the most
prosperous
- China's Feudal Age (your power is
- Golden Age of Chinese Philosophy
(Confucius: Golden Rule "Do not do to
others what you do not want to be to
you", Mencius, and Lao Tzu were some
of the most famous philosophers)
• Ch'in/Qin (pronounced Chin/Kin,
hence the name "China")
- founded by Shih Huang Ti (Sher
Hwang Di) (a past feudal lord, translates
to "first great emperor/unang magaling
na emperador") He was also known as
Prince Sian (See-ann)
- United China into a strong empire
- weights and measurements were
standardized
- centralized form of government United
China into a strong empire.
- Great Wall of China was started
(forced labor of ten years: many died
that's why there are random corpses
hidden in the wall) (made for protection
against barbarians or non-Chinese)
- Shih Huang Ti ordered to make 16,000
terra cotta warriors and 1,400 chariots
w/ horses (made of clay, all having
unique faces) to protect him in the
afterlife (duwag kasi siya sa mga
namatay sa Great Wall 😂😂)
- Burnt books to create new history
• Han
- founded by Liu Pang "Kao Tzu"
(pronounced Cow Tsu) He removed
violent laws
- ruled for 400 years
- China's Warrior Dynasty
- Ming Ti started the Silk Road/Route
for trading with Europe
- Wu Ti, “Warrior Conqueror” extended
China’s territory
- started Civil Service Exams (teachings
of Confucius) to see who are loyal and
good for the government
- removed harsh laws from previous
dynasty
IMPORTANT PEOPLE OF HAN
DYNASTY
- Wu Ti: Warrior Conqueror
- Tsai Lun: invented paper
- P'an Chan: greatest female writer
- Ssuma Chien: father of Chinese
history
• Sui (Su-wee)
- Yang Chien/Sui Wen Ti (founder) and
Yang Ti were the only emperors
- Grand Canal (connecting Yang Tze
(northern river) and Huang Ho (southern
river) for easier transport
- Great Wall was rebuilt/continued
- heavy taxes, and A LOT of forced
labor. Basically brought back Qin
dynasty’s harsh laws.
• T'ang
- founded by Li Yuan
- greatest empire (dynasty)/ Golden Age
- Golden Age of Chinese Poetry
- rise of gentry
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
- Li Shih Min/T'ai Tsung: donated land
for farmers. Excellent warrior, scholar,
administrator, and implemented small
taxes to farmers
- Empress Wu Hou/Zetian: warrior
empress that conquered Korea and
Mongolia
- Tu Fu: god of poetry, focused on
"sorrow"
- Li Po: poet that focused on love and
nature
- Li Yian: poetess
IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS
- Peking Gazette: first newspaper
- Diamond Sutra: first book
- Printing block
- gunpowder
• Song (Southern Song)
- founded by Chao Kwang Yin
- Genghis Khan "Ruler Genghis" (Khan
= ruler) or Temujūn (a metal bender)
started invading China, so Chinese
capital moved south. (Mongol Empire
was the largest Asian Empire)
- tradition of foot binding began (hence
lotus feet)
- Xenophobia became popular (fear of
strangers becas of Mongolians trynna
invade)
• Yuan
- founded by Kublai Khan (Genghis'
grand child)
- first dynasty that strangers reigned (but - Cheng Ho: led expeditions
capital was in China, not Mongolia)
• Manchu
- restricted the Chinese to low
- founded by some Manchu guy
government positions
- Law of Avoidance (Manchurians can't
- China was opened for trade
marry Chinese for the sake of
(merchants)
preserving blood of the Manchu)
-- aka Marco Polo
- Queue (yung front bald haircut) was
this guy was important to this dynasty the hairstyle
because he helped Kublai Khan so
- 1800-1900's was when the British
much. (pm me for more info)
traded with the Manchu
- in 1274, sent 900 ships and 25,000
- Opium was so popular that 8/10
soldiers to Japan, but failed because of
Chinese were addicted to it. Lead to
storm
Opium War
- in 1280, sent 200,000 soldiers, again,
- Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi. Dowager
but it stormed again
means widow. Supported rebellion
"Kamikaze" = divine wind of the against western countries but failed.
Japanese
- Next emperor was a three year old boy
• Ming that is the nephew of Tzu Hsi named
Hsuan Tung. His father acted as a
- founded by Chua Yuan Chang (Hung
regent in 1908 but in 1912 they gave up
Wu) lead rebellion
the throne and Tzu changed his name to
- goal was to restore Chinese culture Henry Pu Yi.

- brought most of Asia into Tributary

systems (tributes for the Chinese
vv RELIGIONS/PHILOSOPHIES vv
emperor)
• Philosophy - focuses on morality and
- Chu Ti (Yung Lo) was the most famous
conduct
emperor
• Religion - there is a divine being
(Yongle Dadran = encyclopedia w/ 500
pages) • Confucianism
- Temple of Heaven and Forbidden city - founded by Confucius (Kung Fu-Tzu)
(10,000 rooms) were both built
- confucian classics: compiled teachings
- China became the "Mistress of the of Confucius
Oriental Seas" because they were ship
- laid down moral and ethical principles
builders and navigators (Junks). They
to promote peace and order to preserve
had sea power
one's dignity
a) social obligation
- obligations towards family and society,
"preserve the family, for it is the
foundation of the nation"
b) morality in government
- introduced moral merit as quality for
leadership (aka blueprint ng civil service
exams in China)
- a ruler should set a good example
- emphasized the need for educated
leaders
• Taoism
- founded by Lao Tzu
- Tao Te Ching: teachings of Lao Tzu
- derived from "Tao" meaning "the way":
natural forced that is sensed
- originally, individuals lived in harmony
with nature, free of rules, untroubled by
knowledge and the purpose of life was
to regain that naturally by discovering
"Tao"
- principle of "wu wei": to do nothing is to
do everything
- balance of yin and yang
• Mencius (hindi reli/phil pero part siya
so yeah)
- aka Meng Tzu; greatest pupil of
Confucius because he applied
Confucius' teachings into his life
- argued that humans were naturally
good
- defended the people's right to
overthrow the ruler
• Legalism
- Hsun Tzu: felt that humans were
selfish and evil
- main task was to strengthen the state
- ruler had absolute power (ehem Shih
Huang Ti)
- those who help the state are rewarded,
those who don't are punished
• Shintoism
- way of the gods; kami - spirits
- no definite teachings
- cleansing of the interior and exterior
- shrines: torii
• Hinduism
- founded by Aryans when they
sabotaged the Indus civilization
- Vedas is the holy book
- polytheistic religion (god/dess/es:
Brahman, Vishnu, Shiva, etc)
- 3 paths: mystic, work, loving devotion
- Ahimsa: non-violence
- Dharma: duty
- Reincarnation: new life after death
- Moksha: freedom from
reincarnation//no more reincarnation
- Nirvana: being with the divine
CASTE SYSTEM
- Brahmin: priests, teachers
- Kshatriya: royals, rulers and their
relatives
- Vaishya: merchants, farmers
- Shudra: slaves, laborers
- Untouchables: outcasts
• Buddhism
- founded by Siddharta Gautama (aka
Buddha) who was a son of a Kshatriya
and was kept away from the truths of
the world
- witnessed four signs: elder, dying
person, one w/ terminal illness, and an
ascetic (one living a simple life)
- left the palace to be an ascetic
- meditated under the Bodhi tree and
after 49 he was enlightened
- nirvana in Buddhism: enlightenment
- skandas or components: physical
body, emotion, thinking, predisposition,
consciousness)
4 Noble Truths:
1. Life is full of suffering
2. Suffering is caused by desire
3. Suffering will stop is desires are
stopped
4. Desire is only bad when it’s selfish
8-Fold Path:
Tamang Pagsasalita, Intensyon, Pag-
iisip, pananaw, pag-unawa,
konsentrasyon,hanapbuhay, effort
TWO KINDS OF BUDDHISM
• Mahayana (popular in east Asia and
Vietnam)
- Buddha is god/saviour
- boddhisattvas will help you reach
nirvana
• HINAYANA/THERAVADA (popular in
Cambodia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,
Laos, Thailand)
- Buddha is but a teacher
- own effort to reach nirvana
• Zen Buddhism
- Ch'an Buddhism of China (brought by
Bodhidharma)
- brought to Japan by a monk who
traveled to China
- Enlightenment by meditation and living
a simple life
• Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism)
- theocracy
- Lamas: superior
- Avalokitesvara: forgiving/merciful
Buddha
- Mantra: banal na salita
- Dalai Lama: spiritual leaders
- Tenzin Gyatso (aka Kundun/ "Jetsun
Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe
Tenzin Gyatso) is the current and 14th
Dalai Lama. He won a Nobel peace
prize in 1989.
- Civillians can be monks or shit
something like that.
• Jainism
- founded by Mahavira: Great Hero, he
was a Kshatriya, but left home when he
was 28. He mediated under the Sala
tree.
- practices fasting, veganism, ahimsa
- cares about living beings so they wear
a mask and are barefoot
- Kevala: is their nirvana
- Lahat ay sagrado, everything with life
are equal
- 5 Promises: Non-violence, Telling the
truth, acceptance of what is voluntary,
celibacy, Aparigraba
• Sikhism
- founded by Guru Nanak (born in 1469,
Talvandi, India) he lived an ascetic life
and traveled through the India
- practices meditation, charity and
obedience to Guru's teachings
- their god is nirankar (shapeless) and
akal (endless)
- 5 Cardinal Vices: lust, anger, greed,
desire of worldly things, pride
• Islam
- translates into "obedience
to/resignation to God's will"
- Qur'an (114 surahs/chapters) is the
holy book
- monotheistic religion
- Mosque is the place of worship, Mecca
is the holy land
- "all are equal in the eyes of Allah"
IMPORTANT TERMS
• Hijira/Hegira: Muhammed's flee from
Mecca to Medina
• Ramadan: fasting to commemorate the
first revelation of the Qur'an to
Muhammad according to Islamic belief.
-- FIVE PILLARS --
• Shahāda - "There is no god but Allah,
and Muhammed is the messenger of
Allah."
• Zakat - giving 2.5% of their income as
obligatory alms.
• Sawm - fasting during Ramadan
• Salat - prayer (5 times a day)
• Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca
• Zoroastrianism
- founded by Zoroaster
(Zarathustra/Zarathost) in 600 BC
- Zend Avesta is the holy book
- dualistic religion: Ahura Mazda (wise
lord, supreme god) & Ahriman (evil
spirit, darkness)
- "to get back on evil, you need to do
good.
- There is a good and evil force
- heaven and hell is a state of mind
• Judaism
- religions of the Jews
- Torah is the holy book: composed of
the first five books of the bible; Genesis,
Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and
Deuteronomy
- Yahweh is the god
- practices the Ten Commandments
(Jewish version)
vv Japan vv
- Nipon: Originating from the sun
Legandary Beginning:
- Divine Origin: God and Goddess are
Izanagi and Izanami. Earth was full of
water so he thrusted his spear into it
and the droplets from the said spear
turned into the islands of Japan.
- Ametarasu was the sun goddess and
her grandson was Prince Ninigi which
was also a god. He went to Japan
packed with three things, a jewel, a
sword and a mirror. He had a human
wife and had a demigod son named
Jimmu Tenno. Jimmu was the first
human emperor and found the state of
Yamato.
- Divine Right: It states that if an
emperor has god/goddess roots he/she
has the right to rule.
Onto actual Japanese Shit:
- Ainus: Original settlers in Japan
- Contributions of Prince Shotoku Taishi:
- 17th article constitution: first set of
laws in japan
- Buddhism as state religion
- Accepted Confucianism
- Sent Japanese scholars to China
and vice-versa
- “Father of Japanese
Culture/Civilization
Nara Period:
- Nara was the first permanent capital
- Kojiki and Nihonji were compiled
(these are books about Japan’s History)
- Buddhism
- Chinese teachers, artists and writers
were imported and Japanese scholars
were sent to China for studying.
Heian Period
- Capital moved to Heian-Kyo
- Golden age of Buddhism in Japan
- Noted for its literature
- First book was the Tale of Genji
- Military Clan:
- Minamoto Yoritomo: Founded
the shogunate which is the
military government of Japan.
- Shogun: means general or head
of state
- Bakufu another term
- Shogun has complete command
of army. The shogun rules and
the emperor reigns.
- Feudal Lords: Daimyo
- Samurai are Japanese warriors
which means “those who serve.”
Bushido is their code of conduct.
Seppuku is belly-slitting while
Harakiri is ritual/honorable
suicide. It was done in honor or
like not letting the enemies or
something like that.
- Ashikaga Shogunate: Rise of powerful
Daimyos all around the country. Trade
with western countries prospered and
Christianity entered Japan.
- Tokugawa Shogunate: Final period of
Traditional Japan. A time of internal
peace, and economic growth under the
shogunate.
- Soga Clan: Ang kanilang pag-angkat
ng kultara at gobyerno ng Japan ay
nakaimpluwensya rin sa mga Tsino at
Koreano.
- Fujiwara Clan: They arranged
marriages for their daughters so they
can have connections and like sulsul to
the emperors.
CHRISTIANISM IN JAPAN:
- It is believed to have been originated
when a missionary lead by Francis
Xavier whom is a Jesuit
- Shimabara/ “Sameshit but add revolt
as the second word”: It was done in
favor of the Japanese Roman Catholics
as they were retained and the Christian
Movement was stopped.
SOME OTHER JAPAN SHIT/PEOPLE
YOU NEED TO KNOW (three major
daimyos/great unifiers)
- Oda Nabunaga: He overthrew the
Ashikaga Shogunate and ended a long
period of feudal lords by unifying half of
Japan under his rule.
- Toyotomi Hideyoshi: Oda unified only
half under his rule, but he finished he
unification of the whole Japan in the 16th
Century.
- Tokugawa Iyeyasu: The founder of the
last shogunate ever.
- Sakoku: The isolation of Japan from
other countries to preserve its culture
and keep its government intact.
vv KOREA vv
- Korea was important in terms of trade
to Japan and China because of its
nearness to both countries. It served as
the trading bridge because of its
strategic placement in the globe.
DYNASTIES
- Gojoseon: Noong 2333 B.C.E, itinatag
ni Tangun Wanggeom ang kaharian ng
Gojoseon. During 109 B.C.E, China
sacked Gojoseon
- Three Kingdoms:These three
prospered, Baekje sa in the Southwest,
Silla in Southeast and Goguryeo in the
South
- Pinag-isang Silla: Silla conquered
Baekje and sacking Goguryeo then
followed. Chinese culture spread in this
period as having a centralized
government, following Confucianism
and Buddhism together with having a
system of writing similar to the chinese’s
happened.
- Balhae: Was established by Dae
Joeyong. It can be found in the North of
Korea and extended to Manchuria. The
culture at this period is T’ang China
culture merged with Goguryeo’s culture.
- Goryeo/Koryo: During the 10th century
B.C.E, Wang Geon/Kien became
powerful, He was declared as king and
the name of his dynasty is where
“Korea” was derived, Under his rule, he
united the whole Korea and that’s why
he was said to be the “The Great Unifier
of Korea”. In terms of arts, Goryeo
developed a way of modifying porcelain
called celadon. It is really shiny and has
a blue or green color. During the 1231
C.E, Korea was sacked and was
temporarily under the Mongol Empire of
Kublai Khan. After the fall of the Yuan
Dynasty, power over Korea vanished.
- Joseon/Yi: Established by Yi
Taijo/Seong-gye. It was the
pinakamababa and the last dynasty in
Korea. The capital was moved to
Hanseong/Seoul. Schools were opened
to study Confucianism. During the time
of King Sejong “Ang Dakila”, Joseon
reached the peak of prosperity. He was
the grandson of the founder.
- Joseon/Yi: There was a revolution in
the fields of agriculture, technology and
astronomy. The system of writing called
“Hangul” which was made of 14
consonants and 10 vowels was created
and symbolized sounds that were used
in Korea. They were tried to be
conquered by Japan but they got help
from China and so Japan failed. The
contribution Admiral Yi Sunsin, one of
the great warriors of Korea, was also
deemed important.
- Joseon/Yi: The creation of the
geobukseon/turtle ship or ship covered
in metal helped them to win. It stopped
the importing of supplies and additional
soldiers of Japan. In the death of
Hideyoshi during 1598, Japanese left
Korea completely.
- Joseon/Yi: During 1627 and 1636,
Korea once again faced threats of
colonization from foreigners when
Manchu made sugod to Korea. After the
back to back attempts, Joseon never
fell.
Vv COLONIZATIONS AND SHIT Vv
(Terms and other shittnesszes)
- Imperialism: Imperialism is an action
that involves a country extending its
power by the acquisition of territories. It
may also include the exploitation of
these territories, an action that is linked
to colonialism.
- Colonialism: The policy or practice of
acquiring full or partial political control over
another country, occupying it with settlers,
and exploiting it economically.
- Mercantilism: Mercantilism is a
national economic policy designed to
maximize the trade of a nation and,
historically, to maximize the
accumulation of gold and silver.
Mercantilism was dominant in
modernized parts of Europe from the
16th to the 18th centuries.
- Concession: In international law, a
concession is a territory within a country
that is administered by an entity other
than the state which holds sovereignty
over it.
- Crusade: A medieval military
expedition, one of a series made by
Europeans to recover the Holy Land
from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and
13th centuries.
- Protectorate: A state that is controlled
and protected by another.
REASONS AND SHIT
- Fall of Constantinople: Dahil masakop
ng Ottoman Turks yung place, sinara
nila yung Constantinople tapos Italians
lang pinayagan makipag trade. Dahil
dun yumaman yung Italy and ayaw ng
westerns yun kaya naghanap sila ng
bagong trade route para mapantayan
yaman ng Italy. Basically competition
- Merkantalismo: Dahil nga kapag mas mayaman mas bansa mo mas makapangyarihan
ka, ang ginawa nila dito nagcolonize para makaexploit ng riches of other countries.
- Aklat ni Marco Polo: Dahil sa mga adventures written sa book niya and information
about sa asia nahikayat sila pumunta rin.
- Krusada: Dahil sa krusada nadiscover nila yung Asian products at nagustuhan nila
kaya gusto nilang magkaroon rin non kaya ayun naglakbay sila papunta sa asia.
- Renaissance: Para sa trade routes at dahil sa teknolohiya tulad ng astrobe at
compass napadali ang navigation and it lead to more expeditions.
ICT TEST QUESTIONS
 Equation

Two expressions set equal to each other

Linear Equation

An equation that can be written in the form

ax + b = c
where a, b, and c are constants

Note that the exponent (definition found in Tutorial 4: Operations on Real

Numbers) on the variable of a linear equation is always 1.

The following is an example of a linear equation: 3x - 4 = 5

Solution

A value, such that, when you replace the variable with it,
it makes the equation true.

(the left side comes out equal to the right side)

Solution Set

Set of all solutions

Example 1: Determine if any of the following values for x are

solutions to the given equation.
3x - 4 = 5 ; x = 3, 5.

Checking 3 Checking 5
3x - 4 = 5 3x - 4 = 5
3(3) - 4 = 5 3(5) - 4 = 5
9-4=5 15 - 4 = 5
5=5 11 = 5
True 3 is a solution False 5 is not a solution
 Solving a Linear Equation
in General

Get the variable you are solving for alone on one side
and everything else on the other side using INVERSE
operations.
The following will give us the tools that we need to solve linear equations.

Addition and Subtraction Properties of Equality

If a = b, then a + c = b + c

If a = b, then a - c = b - c

In other words, if two expressions are equal to each other and you add or
subtract the exact same thing to both sides, the two sides will remain
equal.

Note that addition and subtraction are inverse operations of each other. For example, if you have a
number that is being added that you need to move to the other side of the equation, then you would
subtract it from both sides of that equation.

Example 2: Solve for the variable. x - 5 = 2.

x-5=2
x-5+5=2+5 *Inverse of sub. 5 is add. 5
x=7

Note that if you put 7 back in for x in the original problem you will see
that 7 is the solution to our problem.

Example 3: Solve for the variable. y + 4 = -7.

y + 4 = -7
y + 4 - 4 = -7 - 4 *Inverse of add. 4 is sub. 4
y = -11
 Note that if you put -11 back in for y in the original problem you will
see that -11 is the solution we are looking for.

Multiplication and Division Properties of Equality

If a = b, then a(c) = b(c)

If a = b, then a/c = b/c where c is not equal to 0.

In other words, if two expressions are equal to each other and you multiply
or divide (except for 0) the exact same constant to both sides, the two
sides will remain equal.

Note that multiplication and division are inverse operations of each other. For example, if you
have a number that is being multiplied that you need to move to the other side of the equation,
then you would divide it from both sides of that equation.

Note, for multiplication and division, it is not guaranteed that if you multiply by the variable you are solving
for that the two sides are going to be equal. But is guaranteed that the two sides are going to be equal if
you are multiplying or dividing by a constant or another variable that you are not solving for. We will talk
more about this in a later tutorial. For this tutorial just note you can use this property with constants and
variables you are not solving for.

Example 4: Solve for the variable. x/2 = 5.

*Inverse of div. by 2 is mult. by 2

If you put 10 back in for x in the original problem, you will see that 10
is the solution we are looking for.
 Example 5: Solve for the variable. 5x = 7.

*Inverse of mult. by 5 is div. by 5

If you put 7/5 back in for x in the original problem, you will see that 7/5
is the solution we are looking for.

The examples above were using only one property at a time to help you
understand the different properties that we use to solve
equations. However, most times, we have to use several properties to
get the job done. The following is a strategy that you can use to help you
solve linear equations that are a little bit more involved.

Strategy for Solving a Linear Equation

Note that your teacher or the book you are using may have worded these
steps a little differently than I do, but it all boils down to the same
concept - get your variable on one side and everything else on the other
using inverse operations.
Step 1: Simplify each side, if needed.
This would involve things like removing ( ), removing fractions,
adding like terms, etc.

To remove ( ): Just use the distributive property found in Tutorial 5: Properties

of Real Numbers.

To remove fractions: Since fractions are another way to write division, and the
inverse of divide is to multiply, you remove fractions by multiplying both sides by the
LCD of all of your fractions.
Step 2: Use Add./Sub. Properties to move the variable term to
one side and all other terms to the other side.

Step 3: Use Mult./Div. Properties to remove any values that are

in front of the variable.

Step 4: Check your answer.

I find this is the quickest and easiest way to approach linear equations.

Example 6: Solve for the variable. 10 - 3x = 7.

*Inverse of add. 10 is sub. 10

*Inverse of mult. by -3 is div. by -3

Be careful going from line 4 to line 5. Yes, there is a negative

sign. But, the operation between the -3 and x is multiplication not
subtraction. So if you were to add 3 to both sides you would have
ended up with -3x + 3 instead of the desired x.

If you put 1 back in for x in the original problem you will see that 1 is the solution we are
looking for.
 Example 7: Solve for the variable. 2(x + 5) - 7 = 3(x - 2).

*Remove ( ) by using dist. prop.

*Get all x terms on one side

*Inverse of add. 3 is sub. 3

*Inverse of mult. by -1 is div. by -1

If you put 9 back in for x in the original problem you will see that 9 is
the solution we are looking for.

Example 8: Solve for the variable: .

 *To get rid of the fractions,
mult. both sides by the LCD of 4

*Get all the x terms on one side

*Inverse of add. 2 is sub. 2

*Inverse of mult. by -3 is div. by -3

If you put 4/3 back in for x in the original problem you will see that 4/3
is the solution we are looking for.

Contradiction

A contradiction is an equation with one variable that has

no solution.

Example 9: Solve for the variable. 4x - 1 = 4(x + 3).

*Remove ( ) by using dist. prop.

*Get all the x terms on one side

Where did our variable, x, go??? It disappeared on us. Also note
how we ended up with a FALSE statement, -1 is not equal to 12. This
does not mean that x = 12 or x = -1.

Whenever your variable drops out AND you end up with a false statement, then after all
of your hard work, there is NO SOLUTION.

So, the answer is no solution.

Identity

An identity is an equation with one variable

that has all real numbers as a solution.

Example 10: Solve for the variable. 5x + 10 = 5(x + 2).

*Remove ( ) by using dist. prop.

*Get all the x terms on one side

This time when our variable dropped out, we ended up with a

TRUE statement. Whenever that happens your answer is ALL
REAL NUMBERS.

So, the answer is all real numbers.

Practice Problems
These are practice problems to help bring you to the next level. It will allow
you to check and see if you have an understanding of these types of
problems. Math works just like anything else, if you want to get good at it,
then you need to practice it. Even the best athletes and musicians had
help along the way and lots of practice, practice, practice, to get good at
their sport or instrument. In fact there is no such thing as too much practice.

To get the most out of these, you should work the problem out on your own and then check your
answer by clicking on the link for the answer/discussion for that problem. At the link you will find
the answer as well as any steps that went into finding that answer.

Practice Problems 1a - 1e: Solve for the variable.

1a. 1b.
(answer/discussion to 1a) (answer/discussion to 1b)

1c.
(answer/discussion to 1c) 1d.
(answer/discussion to 1d)

1e. 7(x - 3) = 7x + 2
(answer/discussion to 1e)
Properties of Equality
The following are the properties of equality for real numbers . Some textbooks list
just a few of them, others list them all. These are the logical rules which allow you to
balance, manipulate, and solve equations.

PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY

For all real numbers

Reflexive x, x = x.
Property A number equals
itself.

For all real numbers

x and y,
Symmetric if x = y, then y = x.
Property These three properties
Order of equality
define an equivalence
does not matter.
relation
For all real numbers
x, y, and z.
if x = y and y = z,
Transitive then x = z.
Property Two numbers equal
to the same number
are equal to each
other.

For all real numbers

Addition x, y, and z
Property if x = y, then x+z =
y+z.
For all real numbers These properties allow
Subtraction x, y, and z. you to balance and solve
Property if x = y, then x−z = equations involving real
y−z numbers

For all real numbers

Multiplication x, y, and z.
Property if x = y, then xz =
yz.
 For all real numbers
Division x, y, and z.
Property if x = y, and z ≠ 0,
then xz = yz.
For all real numbers
x and y,
Substitution if x = y, then yy can
Property be substituted
for xx in any
expression.
For all real numbers For more, see the section
Distributive
x, y, and z on the distributive
Property
x (y+z) = xy+xz property