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0.1
Exp.
Ajust.
0.01
8 9 10 11 12
Frequency, Hz
(b)
Shaker
Figure 4. (a) Jindo cable-stayed bridge; (b) physical model on shake table
(EERC, Univ. Bristol); (c) physical model on shake table (ISMES).
° Freq. = 920 Hz
+ Freq. = 9.50 Hz
PP method
sities (ANPSDs) and ambient response transfer functions in- EFDD).This leads to free vibration responses from which power
volving all the measurement points. This allowed the devel- spectral densities can be evaluated using the FFT algorithm,26
opment of software for modal identification and visualization thus reducing noise effects (methods RD-PP, RD-FDD and RD-
used at UBC and EMPA.13 The frequency domain approach was EFDD). These methods, schematically represented in Figure 12,
subsequently improved14,15 by performing a single-value de- have been recently implemented, applied, and compared by
composition of the matrix of response spectra to obtain power Rodrigues.8 Figure 12 also indicates the five different types of
spectral densities of a set of SDOF systems. This method, fre- numerical techniques employed in their development (FFT,
quency domain decomposition (FDD), was implemented by SVD, LS, EVD and QR).
Brincker, et al., 16 and subsequently enhanced 17 to extract A new operational polymax parameter estimation method
modal damping factor estimates. In this last approach (EFDD), was recently introduced by LMS.27 It operates on spectra or half
these estimates are obtained through inspection of the decay spectra (i.e. the Fourier transforms of the positive time lags of
of auto-correlation functions evaluated by performing the in- the correlation functions), and its main advantage consists in
verse Fourier transform of the SDOF systems’ power spectral yielding extremely clear stabilization diagrams, making an
densities. automation of the parameter identification process rather
The time-domain parametric methods involve the choice of straightforward and possibly enabling continuous monitoring
an appropriate mathematical model to idealize the dynamic of structural dynamic properties.
structural behavior (usually time-discrete, state-space stochas- Examples of Ambient Vibration Tests. Ambient vibration
tic models, ARMAV or ARV) and the identification of the val- tests have been performed with great success in large buildings,
ues of the modal parameters so the model fits the experimen- bridges, and other structures. High-quality experimental data-
tal data as well as possible following some appropriate bases have been used to compare the performance of different
criterion. These methods can be directly applied to discrete output-only modal identification methods. A benchmark test
response time series or, alternatively, to response correlation concerning the modal identification of the Heritage Court
functions. The evaluation of these functions can be made based Tower (Vancouver, Canada) was organized at IMAC-XVIII by
on their definition using the FFT algorithm 18 or applying the Ventura.28 This example considered a combination of measured
random decrement method (RD). 19 A peculiar aspect of output- signals (half-sum and half-difference signals along two orthogo-
only modal identification based on the fitting of response cor- nal directions at two different points at each floor). This em-
relation functions is the possibility to use methods that stem phasized contributions from bending or torsion, as well as high-
from classical input-output identification methods based on frequency resolution to separate contributions from close
impulse response functions. Some of these methods are the modes when using the classical PP method.29 Applying FDD
Ibrahim time domain (ITD) 20, the multiple reference Ibrahim and SSI methods permitted a more automatic identification
time domain (MRITD) 21, the least-squares complex exponen- procedure for distinguishing close modes and extracting modal
tial (LSCE) 22, the polyreference complex exponential (PRCE),23 damping estimates (see Figure 13).
or the covariance-driven stochastic subspace identification In the case of bridges, complete ambient vibration tests were
(SSI-COV).24 developed along about 5 km of the Vasco da Gama Bridge by
An alternative method that allows direct application to the FEUP. Regarding the main cable-stayed bridge (Figure 14), the
response time series is the data-driven stochastic subspace ambient structural response was measured during periods of
identification (SSI-DATA). 25 Note that the random decrement 16 minutes at 58 points along the deck and towers (upstream
technique usually associated with the application of time-do- and downstream) using a wireless system based on six triaxial,
main methods like Ibrahim’s can also be the base for the ap- 16-bit seismographs synchronized by a laptop computer. The
plication of frequency domain methods (like PP, FDD or identification of a significant number of lateral, vertical, and
(a)
20
Mode 1
dB | 1.0 / Hz
-20
-40
-60
0 0.3 0 .6 0.9 1.2
Frequency, Hz
(b)
83
73
(c)
1.0 68
Half-sum
Half-diff.
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2
Frequency, Hz
ANPSD, N-S
Amplitude
S5 - v=9m/s
S6 - v=9m/s
S7 - v=14m/s
1x10-6
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65
Frequency, Hz
(c)
0.01
Amplitude
(d)
0.01
Amplitude
Figure 16. Identified modes: (a) first bending; (b) second bending; (c)
first torsional; (d) second torsional.
the Madeira airport extension 35 where a mass of 60.8 tons wind - 2 m/s wind - 10 m/s wind - 14 m/s
(Figure18b and 18c) was suspended from the deck. The sud- 1x10-7
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0
den release of the mass was achieved via detonation of a fus- Frequency, Hz
ible element incorporated in the suspension device.
The aeroeleastic stability of the cable roof of the new Braga Figure 17. (a) Guadiana cable-stayed bridge; (b, c) PSD functions of half-
sum vertical; lateral (d) acceleration at reference section as function
Stadium (EURO’2004, Figure 19) was proven by different ex-
of mean wind speed.
perimental tests on physical models. The modal damping iden-
tification was essentially required to study possible resonance in terms of identified and calculated natural frequencies and
effects that could affect long-term structural integrity and du- by corresponding mode shapes using correlation coefficients
rability. Sinusoidal excitations were applied at different points or MAC (modal analysis criteria) values. Beyond that, modal
by a mechanical vibrator connected to the cable roof. By stop- damping estimates can be also compared with the values as-
ping the vibrator suddenly, it was possible to measure modal- sumed for numerical modelling. This type of analysis has al-
free vibration responses as plotted in Figure 19. The exponen- ready been developed for the Vasco da Gama and Luiz I bridges
tial fitting of the free vibration envelopes led to very accurate with excellent results7,37 and has recently been applied at two
estimates of modal damping factors for different levels of os- Portuguese bridges over Douro River (Figure 20). The New
cillation. 36 Hintze Ribeiro Bridge is a six span composite bridge that re-
placed the centenary bridge that collapsed in 2001 and the
Finite-Element Correlation and Updating Pinhão Bridge (a three-span simply-supported metallic bridge
Finite-Element Correlation. The modal identification of with a concrete slab at the deck) is presently under rehabilita-
bridges and other civil structures is required for validation of tion.
finite-element models used to predict static and dynamic struc- In the first case (Figure 20a), good correlation between iden-
tural behavior either at the design stage or at rehabilitation. tified and calculated modal parameters was achieved for the
After appropriate experimental validation, finite-element mod- vertical bending modes. Regarding the lateral response of the
els can provide essential baseline information that can subse- bridge, identified frequencies were higher than calculated val-
quently be compared with information captured by long-term ues even though good correlation of modal shapes had been ob-
monitoring systems to detect structural damage. tained. 38 Such a discrepancy stems from the difficulty in nu-
The correlation of modal parameters can be analyzed both merically simulating the real characteristics of soil-structure