DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

TABLE 1. INVERTIBRATES VS. VERTIBRATES

CRITERIA INVERTIBRATES VERTIBRATES

Examples used

EARTHWORM (Lumbricina) FROG (Anura)

obtain food by eating through and taking

Characteristics
nutrients from soil

 Food is captured by a sticky tongue &

taken into the mouth
 It is then swallowed & moves through
the pharynx & elastic esophagus to the
stomach
 Once in the stomach, gastric digestive
juices are secreted by glands that line
the stomach
 A muscle at the base of the stomach
opens & allows the food to move into
the first section of the intestines: the
duodenum
 From the duodenum it moves to the
ileum where the nutrients released
 Mouth
from the food is absorbed into the
 Pharynx
bloodstream
 Esophagus
 The duodenum and the ileum make up
 Crop: storage compartment.
Process the small intestine
 Gizzard: soil ground up and churned
 The indigestible parts of the food move
 Intestine: digestion and absorption
into the large intestine where any extra
occur
water is reabsorbed & the leftover
 Anus: Undigested material is voided waste is pushed into the cloaca & out
through the vent
 The intestines are held in place by a
thin but strong membrane called the
mesentery

The frog has many accessory glands like

humans that aid the digestion process
 Liver - produces bile which breaks
down fat
 Gallbladder - bile is stored here
until it is needed
 Pancreas - secretes enzymes that
help further digest the food
TABLE 2. NON-VASCULAR VS. VASCULAR PLANTS

CRITERIA NON-VASCULAR VASCULAR

Examples Used

JAVA MOSS (Veiscularia dubyana) REDWOOD TREE (Sequoioideae)

In this sense non-vascular plants
are like vascular plants in that
they obtain energy through
photosynthesis. They obtain
energy by converting light
energy from the sun into
Digestive chemical energy and store it as
glucose or other organic
compounds. As such they are
autotrophy like vascular plants.
The photosynthesis process
normally takes place in the
upper parts of the plants.

TABLE 3. LOWER VASCULAR VS. HIIGHER VASCULAR PLANTS

CRITERIA LOWER VASCULAR HIIGHER VASCULAR PLANTS

Examples Used

WATER FERNS (Salviniales) REDWOOD TREE (Sequoioideae)

TABLE 4. ANIMALS VS. PLANTS

CRITERIA ANIMALS PLANTS

Examples Used

REDWOOD TREE (Sequoioideae)

FROG (Anura)