Introduction to Programming Using C

1.1 What is C
The C programming language is generally referred to as a middle-level as opposed to a higher-level
language. This is because it successfully combines the structure of a high-level language with the
power and efficiency of assembly language.

Initially, C was primarily used for writing system softwares like operating systems, compilers editors
etc. C has gained considerable popularity over the years; it is now used as a general purpose
programming language; meaning it is used for application programming as well as system
programming.

1.2 Components of a Standard C Program

All standard C programs share essential components and traits. The elements of a standard C
program are:

Functions
Headers
Preprocessors
Comments.

1
Let us consider each of these components in some detail.

1.2.1 Functions
Functions are the main building blocks of any C program. Each of these functions contains one or
more statements which specifies a program instruction or an action to be executed. All C statements
end with a semi-colon; which means that there are no constraints on the position of statements within
a line. Infact two or more statements can be on a single line. In C, functions are named subroutines
that can be called by other parts of the program. The simplest form of a C function is:

function-name()
{
statement1;
statement2;
.
.
statementn;
}
where function-name is the name of the function. In C, all function-names must include () and the
function must open with a { and end with a }. Note also C recognises the difference between upper
and lower case letters. For example Myfunc and myfunc are entirely different names to C

The main() Function

2
Although a C program may contain several functions, the only function that it must have is the main()
function. The main() function is the function at which a C program execution begins. It is therefore
normally the first function of the program. The main() function requires a stdio.h header file(see
below for definition of a header file). The general format is:

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{ .
body of program
.
}

Types of Functions
There are 2 main types of functions in C. (i) the standard library functions normally supplied with the
C compiler and (ii) the user-written functions; these are functions programmed by the user or
programmer. The standard library functions falls into the following categories:
I/O functions
String and character functions
Mathematics functions
Time and data functions
Dynamic allocation functions

3
 Miscellaneous functions
To make use of these functions within your own program it must be in some way access. These is
done in C by including a library function header in the program.

1.2.2 Headers
In C information about the standard library functions are contain is special files called header files.
These files all has a .h extension and there is a file for each of the category of library functions listed
above. The C compiler uses the information in the header files to handle the library functions
properly. The name of the header file corresponding to each of the category of library function are as
follows:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category Header File Name
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
I/O functions stdio.h
String string.h
Character functions ctype.h
Mathematics functions math.h
Time and data functions time.h
Dynamic allocation functions stdlib.h
Miscellaneous functions
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4
 1.2.4 Preprocessors
All C compilers use as their first phase of compilation a preprocessor which performs various
manipulation on the C program source file before it is actually compiled. Preprocessor directives are
not actually part of the C language but rather instructions from you the program writer to the C
compiler.

One of these directives is to ask the compiler to include a specific header file in your program so that
you can be able the program can be able to access a corresponding library function.

For example supposing your program calls a specific I/O library function, the information has to be
communicated to the compiler through an appropriate preprocessor directive that a stdio.h header
file should be included in the program before compilation. In C, this information is communicated by
using the #include preprocessor directive. The general format is:

#include "header-file"
or

#include <header-file>

For example: #include <stdio.h>

In general all preprocessor directives are preceded with #. Other types of preprocessors are:

#define

5
 #if
#else
#endif
#ifdef
#ifndef
In this course we shall concentrate on #include and #define

1.2.5 Comments
In C comments are enclosed in /* */. The general format is:

/*place your comments here*/

1.3 Outline of a C Program

With the components of a C program presented in section 1.2, we present below an outline of any
standard C program:
/*program heading*/
/* main program*/
preprocessors
main()
{
function1()

6
 function2()
function3()
.
functionk()
}
/*called functions*/

function1()
{
statement1.1
statement1.2
.
statement1.n
}

function2()
{
statement2.1
statement2.2
.
statement2.n
}
.

functionk()
{

7
 statementk.1
statementk.2
.
statementk.n
}

1.4 Simple C Programs

We are now ready to write some simple C programs. First we introduce a very important library
function ; the printf() function.

The printf() function

This function is the C's general purpose output function. It is one of the most popular I/0 function.
Like the main() function it requires a <stdio.h> file header. It's general format is:

printf("output-string")

This will output the "output-string" on a default device e.g the terminal screen. Let us consider some
examples:

8
 /* this program prints HELLO!!!*/

#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
printf("HELLO!!!");
}

When compile and executed, this program will display the message HELLO!!! on the screen. Note that
this simple program illustrates those key aspects of any standard C program.

The 1st line is reserved for a comment in this case the program heading. This is followed by the
#include <stdio.h> which causes the file <stdio.h> to be read by the C compiler and to be included in
the program. This file contains information related to the printf() function.

The 3rd line begins with the main() function immediately followed by {; signalling where the
execution of the program will start. The nest line is: printf("HELLO!!!"). This is a C statement; it calls
the standard library function, printf(), which causes the output-string to be displayed.

Finally the program ends with the usual }.

9
 /*this program prints 'This is a short C Program'*/
#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
printf("This is a short C Program");
}

/*this is another version of Program 1.4.2*/

#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
printf("This is ");
printf(" a short C ");
printf(" Program");
}

This program like Program 1.4.2 will display the message:

This is a short C Program

The next 2 example programs makes use of library functions as well as user-written functions.

10
/* A program with two user functions*/

#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
printf("I");
func1();
printf(" in C ");
func2();
}
func1()
{
printf( "can program ");
}

func2()
{
printf(' language");
}

11
This program displays I can program in C language.

First in the main program, the main() call the printf() function to print I.

Next the user-supplied function func1() is called by the main program and its execution causes the
printing of: can program; control is transfer to the main program and the main() function calls the
second printf() function in the main program to print in C.

This is followed by the main program calling the second user function func2() which outputs:
language on the screen . After this control is return to the main program which at this stage encounter
a } thus ending the execution of the program.

/*this program print 1 2 3 jump the wall*/

#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
func4();
printf(" 3 ");
func2();
printf(" the ");
}
func4()

12
{
func3();
printf(" 2 ");
}
func3()
{
printf(" 1 ");
}

func2()
{
printf(" jump ");
func1();
}

func1()
{
printf(" the wall ");

13
14
2.0 VARIABLE DECLARATIONS &
ASSIGNMENT STATEMENTS
In this section we introduce two extra components of C; namely C variable declarations and
assignment statements.

2.1 C Data Types

The C compiler supports five different basic data types. This are represented in Table 2.1

Table 2.1

Data Type Meaning Keyword Examples

integer signed whole numbers int -18, 76
float floating-point numbers float 6.2,-45.3
character character data char 'a', '$', 'M'
double double precision (float) double
void valueless void

2.2 Variable Declarations

15
Variable declaration in C is used to inform the compiler what type of variable is being used. The
variable may be an int, float,char double or void data type. The general format for declaring variables
in C is:

type variable-name;

where type is a C data type and variable name is the name of the variable. For example can declare a
variable sum as an integer variable in C as:

int sum;

we such a declaration, the variable sum will hold only integer data type. You can declare more than
one variable of the same data type by using commas to separate them . e.g

float x, total, y, zoom

16
Points to Note when Declaring Variables
1. Variables can be declared inside a function (local variables) or outside all functions (global
variables).A local variable is accessed by only the function it is declared whiles a global variable can
be accessed by all functions in the program.

2. Global variables should be declared in the main program preferably immediately after the {
symbol following the main() function. On the other hand it is common to declare local variables of a
given function at the start of the function immediately after the { symbol.

3. Local variables in one function has no relationship to local variables in another function. That is if a
local variable sum is declared in one function, a second local variable sum can be declared in a second
function; the two variables has no relationship to each other.

4. Local variables are created when the corresponding function is called by the main program and
they are destroyed when the function is exited. Therefore local variables do no maintain their values
between function calls.

17
2.3 Assignment Statements
Assignment statements are use in C to assign values to variables. The variable must be declared
earlier on on the program. The simplest form of an assignment statement is:

variable-name=value(arith. expression)

where value may be a constant or an arithmetic expression which when evaluated by the program
will yield a single value.
Let us consider some examples:
num = 120;
sum= x+y;
rate=prime;
inches=12*feet;
total=(score1+score2+score3)*factor;
Format Specifier

In C a format specifier are used in I/O functions like printf() to inform the compiler the data type
being I/O. The format specifier for each of the data type described above is given in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Data Type Format Specifier
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
integer %d
float %f

18
double %f
character %c
void
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Let us consider the following C program:

#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
float x,y;
int sum;
x=2.2;
y=12.8;
printf("The sum of x and y is %d",sum);
}

execution of this program will result in the output:

The sum of x and y is 15

Note that the variable sum is declared as an integer and this information is committed to the printf()
function with the integer format specifier %d. The % sign tells the printf() function we wish to print a
number in the place in the message where the % is located.

19
During execution, the printf() function substitutes the value (or values of arithmetic statements) of the
next argument in the place where the format specifier appears in the message. Let us consider some
more examples:

1. printf("This displays %d, too",100);

result: This displays 100 too

2. printf("The total of 6 and 12 is %d.",6+12);

result: The total of 6 and 12 is 21.

3. printf("The sum of %f and %f is %f.", 12.2, 15.754, 12.2+15.754);

result: The sum of 12.200 and 15.75400 is 27.954000

4. printf("The first letter of the alphabet is an %c.", 'a');

result: The first letter of the alphabet is an a.

Note that printf() function in examples 2 and 3 contains arithmetic statements as part of its argument.
In general C supports 5 arithmetic operations namely:

+(add),-(subtract),*(mult.),/(div.) and %(modulus)

20
The modulus returns the remainder of an integer division (e.g 10%3 is equal to 1). Program 2.3.2
illustrates the use of these operands in a printf() function.

include <stdio.h>

main()
{
printf("%d", 5/2);
printf(" %d", 5+2);
printf(" %d", 4/2);
printf(" %d", 7%2);
printf(" %d", 2*6);
printf(" %f", 12.8-4.6);
}

On execution the program will print out:

2 7 2 1 12 8.2

The following C program creates variable types char, float, and double; assigns each a value; and
outputs these values on the screen.

21
#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
char baam;
float time;
double velocity;

baam='X';
time=100.125;
velocity=156.009;

printf("baam is %c, ", baam);

printf("time is %f, ", time);
printf("velocity is %d, ", velocity);
}

22
2.4 Input from the Keyboard
So far we have learn how to output data and message on the terminal using the printf() function. Like
output, C provides a library function for input from a designated device like the keyboard of a file.
For a moment we shall consider inputs from the keyboard only. This is done using the scanf() library
function.

The scanf() function

The scanf() function requires format specifier and variable names as its key arguments. The general
format is:

scanf("format-specifiers", &variable-name);

Note that the & preceding the variable-name is essential to the operation of scanf(); it allows the
function to place a value into one of its arguments. The followings are some examples usage of the
scanf() function:

scanf("%d", &num);
scanf("%f", &grade);
scanf("%c",&initials);
scanf("%d%d%c", &num1,&num2,&ch1);
scanf("%c%c%d%f", &ch1,&ch2,&flag,&average);

23
The following program makes use of the scanf() function. The program asks you to input an integer
and a floating-point number and it display the values.

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int num;
float var1
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
printf("Enter a floating-point number: ",);
scanf("%f", &var1);
printf("%d", num);
printf("%f", var1);
}

Let us consider another example.

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int len, width;

24
printf("Enter length: ");
scanf(%d", &len);
printf("Enter width: ");
scanf("%d", &width);
printf("Area is %d ", len*width);
}

25
2.5 Using Standard Library Mathematical Functions
In C standard mathematical library functions can be used to a value to a calling routine. Example of
some of these math. functions are: sqrt,cos,sin etc. These functions requires a math.h header file. Let
us consider some example programs:

Program 2.5.1

/* this program makes use of the sqrt maths function */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h> /*needed by sqrt function */

main()
{
double answer;

answer = sqrt(16.0);
printf("The square root is %f ", answer);
}

Alternatively Program 2.5.1 can be written such that the sqrt could simple be an argument of the
printf() function:

26
Program 2.5.2

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h> /*needed by sqrt function */

main()
{
printf("The square root is %f ", sqrt(16.0));
}

In this example the printf() function is the calling routine and the sqrt function returns a value to it to
be output on the screen.

The return Statement

The results of a user-written function can be return to a calling routine using the return statement. The
general format of the return statement is:

return value;

where value is the value to be returned.

The following example illustrates this.

Program 2.5.3

27
 /* this program prints the value 10 on the screen */

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int num;
num = funct();
printf("%d", num)
}
funct()
{
return 10;
}

Note that in Program 2.5.3 the function funct() returns a value 10 to the main program. However the
value associated with the return statement need not be a constant; it can be any valid C expression.
(see Program 2.5.4). You can even use the return statement without even specifying a
value/expression. This has the effect of causing the function to return control the calling routine(see
Program 2.5.5) A program or a function may contain more than one return statements.

Program 2.5.4

/* this illustrates how to associate expression to return statements */

#include

28
 main()
{
int var1;
var1= get_sqr();
printf("square: ", var1);
}
get_sqr()
{
int num;
printf("enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
return num*num /* sq. the number */
}
Program 2.5.5

/* this program use of the return statement to transfer control */

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
funct1();
}
funct1()
{
printf("this is printed");
return;

29
 printf("this is never printed");
}

2.6 Use of Function Arguments

In C a function argument(s) is the value(s) that is passed to a function when the function is called. For
a function to be able to take these arguments special variables called formal parameters has to be
created (declared) to receive argument values. These parameters are declared between the
parentheses ( ) of the function name. For example the function listed below prints the sum of two
integer arguments use to call it:
sum(int x, int y)
{
printf("%d", x+y);
}
Each time sum() is called, it will sum the value passed to x with that of y .Note that x and y are simply
the function's operational variables, which receive the values you use when calling the function. Let
us consider some example programs:

Program 2.6.1

/* this program demonstrates sum(). */

include <stdio.h>
main()

30
 {
sum(1, 20);
sum(9, 6);
sum(81, 9);
}
sum(int x, int y)
{
printf("The sum is: %d ", x+y);
}

This program will print 21, 15, 90 on the screen.

Program 2.6.2

/* this program use the outchar function*/

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
outchar('A');
outchar('B');
outchar('C');
}
outchar(char alph)
{
printf("%c", alph);

31
 }

This program prints A B C on the screen.

2.7 Escape Sequences

In C a backslash (\) can be used directly in front of a selected group of characters to tell the computer
to escape from the way these characters would normally be interpreted. A combination of \ and these
specific characters is called escape sequence. The following is the list of these escape sequences:

escape sequence meaning

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b move back one space
\f move to next page
\n move to next line
\r carriage return
\t move to next (horiztl.) tab setting
\v move to next vertical tab setting
\\ backslash character
\' single quote
\a bell
\nnn treat nnn as an octal number
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lets consider some examples using the printf() function.

32
Using the \n Control Sequence

#include (<stdio.h>

main()
{
printf("this is line one\n");
printf("this is line two\n);
printf("this is line three");
}

The output of this program will be:

this is line one

this is line two
this is line three

Note that the \n does not have to go at the end of the string to be output as in the above program; it
can go anywhere in the string as shown below:

#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
printf("one\ntwo\nthree\nfour");

33
 }
the output will be:

one
two
three
four

Lets consider another example:

#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
printf("\n%d", 6);
printf("\n%d", 18);
printf("\n%d", 124);
printf("\n-----");
printf("n%d", 6+18+124);
}

this program will output:

6
18
124

34
----
148

35
Controlling the flow of a C Program like any other program involves the use of special conditional
and unconditional statements like : the if, if-else, the for-loop, while-loop, do-loop, the switch and
the goto statements. Lets consider each in some detail.

3.1 The if Statement

The general format:

if(expression) statement;

example:
if(age==13) printf("Welcome to the teenager world")

The expression may be any valid C expression. If the expression evaluates as true, the statement will
be executed otherwise it will be by-passed and the line code following the if statement executed.

In C, an expression is true if it evaluates to any non-zero value otherwise it is false. The statement that
follows the if statement is referred to as the target of the if statement.

36
In the above example, printf("Welcome to the teenager world") is the target. The expression inside the
if compares one value with another using a relational operator. In the example above, the relational
operator ==(equals) is used to compare age with 13.

In C the following relational and logical operators are used:

operator meaning example

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
relational
< less than age < 30
> greater than weight >10
<= less than or equal to velocity <= 57 >= greater
than or equal to temp>=7.8
== equals to grade== 10
!= not equal to num != 340
logical
&& AND a>0 && b<2
II OR x==10 II y < 1
! NOT count ! 0

37
Some examples relational operators:

if(15>9) printf("this is true");

in this example since the if expression is true the statement this is true will be printed.

if(32 < 23) printf("this is strange");

printf("this is not true");

in this case since the if expression is false, the printf() will no be executed, hence the statement: this is
strange will not be printed, rather control will be transfer to the next program line the the statement:
this is not true will be printed.

The following program either converts feet to meters of meters to feet depending upon what the user
request:

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
float value;
int choice;

printf("enter value:")

38
 scanf("%f", &value);
printf("1: ft. to meters, 2: meters to ft.");
printf("enter choice: ");
scanf("%d", &choice);
if(choice==1) printf("%f", value/3.28);
if(choice==2) printf("%f", value*3.28);
}

The if-else Statement

general format:

if(expression) statement1;

else statement2;

If the expression is true, then statement1 will be executed and the else portion skipped, otherwise
statement2 will be executed.

example:

if(num==5) printf("BINGO!! you've won")

else printf("hard luck;try next time")

39
We could re-write Program 3.1.1 using the if-else combination as follows:

#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
float value;
int choice;
printf("enter value:")
scanf("%f", &value);
printf("1: ft. to meters, 2: meters to ft.\n");
printf("enter choice: ");
scanf("%d", &choice);
if(choice==1) printf("%f", value/3.28);
else(choice==2) printf("%f", value*3.28);
}

Creating Block of Code:

In C two or more statements can be linked together to form a block of code. For example the if-else
combination can be used in conjunction with blocks of code. The general format is:

40
 if(expression){
statement1.1
statement1.2
.
.
statement1.N
}

else{
statement2.1
statement2.2
.
.
statement2.N
}

There are two blocks of code; one after the if expression (this is executed if the if expression is true)
and the other is after the else (this is executed if the if expression is false). Lets consider an example:

#include <stdio.h>

main()
{

41
 int answer;

printf("What is the prime number after 5? ");

scanf("%d", &answer):

if (answer != 7) {
printf("not smart!! ");
printf("what is the matter with you these
days\n");
printf("the answer is 7");
else {
printf("clever chap\n");
printf("you are doing just fine");
}
}

3.3. The for loop

The for loop is the most flexible of the C loop statements. It allows one or more statements to be
repeated.

42
 general format:

for(initialization;test condition; increment) statement;

The variable that controls the loop is referred to as the loop-control variable.In the general format,
initialization assigns an initial value to the loop-control variable, the conditional test, tests the loop-
control variable against a target value each time the loop repeats, and increment is the value by which
the control-variable is increased each time. If this is left-out, the program assumes a default value of
1. In C a special operator is provided for increasing or decreasing values of a counter. e.g

i=i+1 is equivalent to i++

num=num+1 is equivalent to: num++
count=count-1 is equivalent to: count--

An example of the general format of the for loop is therefore:

for(i=0; i<10; i=i+1) printf("%d%d", i,i*i);

equivalent to:

for(i=0; i<10; i++) printf("%d%d", i,i*i);

/* this program determines whether a number is a

* prime */

43
 #include <stdio.h>

main()
{
int num, i, prime;

printf("Enter a number:");
scanf("%d", &num);

/* testing for prime */

prime = 1;
for(i=2; i < num/2; i++)
if((num%i)==0) prime=0;

if(prime==1)printf("number is prime:");
else printf("number is not prime");
}

3.4 The nested if statement

A nested if is a if statement which is a target of another if or else statement. The general format is:

if( expression) /* outer if */

44
 if(expression) statement; / * nested if */
else statement;

example:

if(num >4)
if(num < 10) printf("number is within range\n");
else printf("number is outside range");

3.5 The if-else-ladder

This is a string of ifs and elses. The general format is:

if(expression)statement;
else

if(expression)statement;
else
.
.
if(expression)statement;

3.6 The if- else if combination

45
A better alternative to the if-else-if ladder is the if-else if combination. The general form of this is:

if(expression)
statement;
else if(expression)
statement;
else if(expression)
statement;
.
.
else
statement;

Lets consider an example:

#include <stdio.h>

main()

int grade

printf("enter student grade);

scanf("%d", &grade);

46
 if(grade <= 20) printf("ZERO");

if(grade >= 90)

printf("BRAVO!! you got an A+");

else if(grade >= 80)

printf("EXCELLENT!! you got an A");

else if(grade >= 65)

printf("GOOD WORK!!, you got a B);

else if(grade >= 50)

printf(" you got a C");

else
printf("POOR WORK!!, you got a C);
}

47
3.7 The while loop
The general format of the while loop is:

while(expression)statement;

The target of the while loop may be a single statement or a block of statements. The while loop
repeats its target as long as the expression is true.

example:

#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
int count;

while(num <= 10)

{
printf("%d",count);

48
 ++count /* add 1 to count */
}
}

the output of this program will be:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3.8 The do loop

The general format of the do loop is:

do {
statement
}while(expression);

Again the statement could be a block of C statements. like do loop repeats the statement or block of
statements while the expression is true. The following program illustrates the do loop.

49
 #include <stdio.h>

main()
{
float price, rate;

rate = 3.5;

do
{
printf("\nEnter a price: ");
scanf("%f", &price);
salestax = rate*price;
printf("The sales tax is: \n %f", salestax);
}

while(price >= 4 && price <= 10);

}

this program will compute and print the sales tax so long as the price is between 4 and 10 inclusive.

3.8 The break Statement

50
The break statement can be use to exit a loop from any point within it. It is generally used in loops
which a special condition can cause immediate termination of the loop. The following 2 programs
illustrates the use of the break statement.

#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
int num;

for(num=1; num < 100; num++) {

printf("%d", num);
if(num==10)break; /* exit loop */
}
}

In the next program, the loop is exit if N is pressed. Note also the use of the getchar() function for
input of a single character input from the keyboard.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h> /* header file for getchar() function */

51
 main()
{

int i;
char ch;

/* display all numbers which are multiples of 8 */

for (i=1; i <10000; i++) {
if (! (i%8)) {
printf("%d: more? (Y/N): ", i);
ch = getchar();
if(ch=='N') break;
printf("\n");
}
}
}

3.9 The switch Statement

The switch statement is more flexible than the if statement which is limited to the choice between 2
alternatives. The switch statement, is a multiple selection statement for selecting one of several paths
in a program. The switch statement successively test a variable/expression against a list of integer or

52
character constants and when a match is found, it executes a sequence of statements associated with
that match. The general form of the switch statement is:

switch(expression) {
case constant1:
statement sequence
break;

case constant2:
statement sequence
break;
.
.
default:
statement sequence
}
The following program illustrate the use of the switch statement. It is a good example of how the
switch statement can be used to write program menus.

/* this program uses the switch statement to select

* arithmetic operation (add mult. div.) to be performed
* on 2 numbers depending the option selected */

#include <stdio.h>

53
main()
{
int option
double fnum, snum;

printf("Please type in 2 numbers: );

scanf("%f %f, &fnum, snum);
printf("Enter a select code: );

printf("\n 1: for addition");

printf("\n 2: for multiplication")
printf("\n 3: for addition");

scanf("%d", &option);

switch(option)
{
case 1:
printf("\nThe sum of the numbers is %f", fnum+snum);
break;

case 2:
printf("\nThe product of the numbers is %f", fnum*snum);
break;

54
 case 3:
printf("\nThe 1st no. div. by the 2nd is %f", fnum/snum);
break;

default:
printf("\nUnrecognised numbers");

} /* end of switch statement */

} /* end of program */

Note the switch statement unlike the if statement can only test for equality. Also switch works with
only int and char types

3.10 The goto Statement

The goto statement is a non-conditional jump statement. The general format is:

goto statement

A simple illustration is given below:

#include <stdio.h>

55
 main()
{
int num;

num = 1;

repeat;

printf("%d", num*num);
num++
if(num < 12) goto repeat;

printf("end of program execution");

}

In this program control is transfer to repeat if the if statement is true otherwise the program exit.

56