Draft Kawainui-Hamakua Master Plan

TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Project Overview and History Wai‘auia 2-42
1.1 Introduction 1-1 Hāmākua 2-44
Pu‘uoehu 2-48
1.2 Project Area 1-2
1.3 State Responsibility within Project Area 1-5 Chapter 3: Planning Process and Framework
1.4 Project Area History 1-7 3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.2 Information Gathering 3-3
Chapter 2: Existing Conditions
3.3 Public Informational Meetings 3-3
2.1 Introduction 2-1
3.3.1 Public Informational Meeting No.1 3-3
2.2 Property Ownership 2-2 3.3.2 Public Informational Meeting No. 2 3-6
2.3 Land Use Constraints 2-2 3.3.3 Public Informational Meeting No. 3 3-8
2.3.1 State Land Use Districts 2-2 3.4 Meetings with Community Organizations 3-10
2.3.2 State Wildlife Sanctuaries 2-2 3.4.1 Ho‘olaulima iā Kawainui (Ho‘olaulima) 3-10
2.3.3 City and County of Honolulu Zoning 2-5 3.4.2 Native Hawaiian Organizations 3-11
2.3.4 City and County of Honolulu 3.4.3 Neighborhood Boards 3-11
Management Area 2-5 3.4.4 Educational Stakeholders 3-11
2.3.5 Land and Water Conservation Fund Lands 2-7 3.4.5 Other Organizations 3-12
2.3.6 Fish and Wildlife Service Recovery
Land Acquisition 2-8 3.5 Other Activities Involving Public Input 3-12
2.3.7 Natural and Cultural Resources 2-8 3.5.1 State DLNR Meetings and Presentations 3-12
2.3.8 Flooding 2-8 3.5.2 RAMSAR World Wetlands Day Events 3-12
3.5.3 Envision Kawainui Public Meeting 3-13
2.4 Ramsar Convention 2-10
3.5.4 Ho‘olaulima: Interpreting Kawainui-Hāmākua 3-14
2.5 Planning Documents 2-11 3.5.5 Public Comment Letters and E-Mails 3-15
2.6 Resources Management 2-16 3.6 Planning Framework Themes 3-15
2.7 Educational/Interpretive Programming 2-20 3.7 Summary of Alternatives Considered 3-17
2.8 Stewardship Activities 2-22 3.8 Future Public Input 3-18
2.9 Project Subarea Existing Conditions 2-22
Kawainui 2-23 Chapter 4: The Plan
Kawainui State Park Reserve: Kalāheo Section 2-25 4.1 Introduction 4-1
Kawainui State Park Reserve: Kapa‘a Section 2-29
4.2 Master Plan Overview 4-2
Kapa‘a 2-31
Nā Pōhaku Section, Kawainui State Park Reserve 2-34 4.3 Natural Resources Management Plan 4-5
Kahanaiki 2-36 4.3.1 Plan Overview 4-5
Ulupō Heiau State Historical Park 2-38 4.3.2 Wetland Restoration 4-5
Kawainui Flood Control Levee 2-40 4.3.3 Upland Reforestation 4-8
4.3.4 Stormwater Runnoff Mitigation 4-12
K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA ST ER P LAN i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.3.5 Improvements to Support DLNR Management 4-15 Appendices
4.3.6 Adaptive Management and Monitoring 4-15
Appendix A - Public Comments
4.4 Flood Control Responsibilities 4-18
4.5 Cultural Resources Management 4-19 Appendix A-1 - Public Informational Meetings A-1 | 1
4.6 Education-Service Learning Programming 4-19 Appendix A-2 - Meetings with Community
Organizations A-2 | 1
4.7 Stewardship Programming 4-21
Appendix A-3 - Other Public Involvement Activities A-3 | 1
4.8 The Physical Master Plan 4-21
Kawainui State Park Reserve, Kalāheo and Kapa‘a Appendix A-4 - Public Comment Letters and Emails A-4 | 1
Sections 4-24
Kapa‘a 4-28
Nā Pōhaku Section, Kawainui State Park Reserve 4-32
Kahanaiki 4-35
Mokulana-DOFAW Management and
Research Station 4-38
Ulupō Heiau State Historical Park 4-42
Wai‘auia 4-46
Hāmākua-Pu‘uoehu 4-49
Chapter 5: Plan Implementation

5.1 Overview of Plan Implementation 5-1
5.2 Environmental Review and Land Use Entitlements 5-2
5.3 Phasing Priorities 5-3
5.3.1 Phasing By Timeframes 5-4
5.3.2 Implementation By Request for Proposal Process 5-6
5.4 Funding Opportunities 5-6
Acknowledgment
Highlighting the Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex Master Plan are brightly colored illustrations by school children of Kailua. In addition to showcasing the
resources found in the complex, the projects for which the illustrations were prepared represent the many community collaborations over the years
that have contributed to the bright future for the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex. More information about the projects can be found at Kawainuimarsh.
com and Hamakuamarsh.com, which are currently hosted by the Castle Foundation.
ii K AWAINUI-HÄM ÄKUA CO M PL E X D RAF T M AS TE R P L A N

TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 Project location map 1-3 Figure 2-17 Interpretive signs at Ulupō State
Monument and Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine 2-21
Figure 1-2 Kailua ahupua‘a map 1-4
Figure 2-18 Volunteer Day at the Kawainui Restoration
Figure 1-3 Kawainui and Ka’elepulu watersheds 1-5 Ponds, March 2014 2-22
Figure 1-4 Project ownership and State DLNR jurisdictions 1-3 Figure 3-1 The planning process 3-2
Figure 2-1 Parcels and ownership within the project area 2-3 Figure 3-2 Ho‘olaulima’s site recommendations for an
Figure 2-2 State land use districts within the project area 2-4 education center 3-17
Figure 2-3 State land use Conservation District subzones Figure 3-3 Kailua Neighborhood Board’s plan for the
within the project area 2-4 Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex 3-18
Figure 2-4 State Wildlife Sanctuary boundaries within Figure 4-1 Types and locations of management
the project area 2-5 activities and physical elements in the
Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex Master Plan 4-3
Figure 2-5 City and County of Honolulu zoning districts 2-6
Figure 4-2 Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex
Figure 2-6 City and County of Honolulu Special management plan 4-7
Management Area (SMA) within and in the
vicinity of the project area 2-6 Figure 4-3 Kawainui wetland restoration plan at Kahanaiki
Stream 4-8
Figure 2-7 LWCF project area parcels 2-7
Figure 4-4 Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex wetland
Figure 2-8 Wetland types in the project area 2-9 restoration concept 4-9
Figure 2-9 Cultural resources within the project area 2-9 Figure 4-5 Wetland restoration process 4-10
Figure 2-10 Flood zones within the project area 2-10 Figure 4-6 Wetland restoration zones 4-11
Figure 2-11 Elements of the 1994 Kawai Nui Marsh Figure 4-7 Native forest restoration with
Master Plan 2-12 hybrid ecosystem model 4-13
Figure 2-12 Elements of the 2000 Management Plan Figure 4-8 Reforestation concepts: Sectional view
for Kawai Nui 2-13 and images of a low mesic forest 4-14
Figure 2-13 Elements of the 2002 Kawai Nui Gateway Figure 4-9 Notional designs for culvert repairs and
Park for Kalāheo 2-13 causeways 4-16
Figure 2-14 Elements of the 2003 Kawai Nui Pathway Plan 2-14 Figure 4-10 Images of protective fencing at Hāmākua 4-17
Figure 2-15 The Kawainui Marsh Wetland Restoration Figure 4-11 Illustrative section of Kawainui flood
and Habitat Enhancement Project control levee 4-18
conceptual plan 2-16
Figure 4-12 Online information about Department
Figure 2-16 Kawainui Marsh Environmental of Land and Natural Resources volunteer
Restoration Ponds 2-17 and area adoption opportunities 4-22
K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MAST ER P LAN iii

LIST OF FIGURES/TABLES
Figure 4-13 Kawainui-Hāmākua perimeter Table 2-1 Project Area Parcels and Ownership 2-3
pedestrian path 4-23
Table 2-2 Parcels Acquired with LWCF Matching Grants 2-7
Figure 4-14 Precedent for the State Parks interpretive
shelter at Kalāheo 4-24 Table 3-1 Summary Results of Workshop Responses 3-7
Figure 4-15 Kawainui State Park Reserve, Kapa‘a and Table 3-2 Comment Categories by Station 3-9
Kalāheo Sections 4-25 Table 4-1 Management and Program Areas 4-4
Figure 4-16 Concept sketches for traditional buildings Table 4-2 Management Strategies by Ecosystem
for the Hawaiian Cultural and Type or Site Use 4-6
Environmental Center 4-28
Table 4-3 Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex
Figure 4-17 The Hawaiian Cultural and Environmental Management Zones 4-6
Center and the vegetation processing area
at Kapa‘a 4-29 Table 4-4 Integrated Wetland Education-Stewardship
Program 4-20
Figure 4-18 Nā Pōhaku Section, Kawainui State
Park Reserve 4-33
Figure 4-19 Conceptual section elevation and interior
layout for the education center at
Nā Pōhaku Section 4-34
Figure 4-20 Kahanaiki 4-37
Figure 4-21 Mokulana DOFAW Management and
Research Station 4-39
Figure 4-22 Ulupō Heiau State Historical Park 4-43
Figure 4-23 Wai‘auia 4-47
Figure 4-24 Hāmākua and Pu‘uoehu 4-48
iv K AWAINUI-HÄM ÄK UA CO M PL E X D RAF T M AS TE R P L A N
PROJECT OVERVIEW AND HISTORY
My most precious wish for Kawainui-Hāmākua is. . .
"Community understanding /
1
appreciation of the significant
cultural / natural values of the
entire watershed" *
* Each chapter opening includes a wish written by a community member

at Public Information Meeting No. 1.
PROJECT OVERVIEW AND

HISTORY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This is the Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex Master Plan, a planning guide for the future of nearly 1,000 acres of precious
natural and cultural resources in ahupua‘a Kailua. The significance of Kawainui and Hāmākua is clear. Kawainui is
the largest remaining freshwater wetland in the State of Hawai‘i. Of the more than 300 Hawaiian chants, or mele,
about Kailua, Kawainui is featured in most of them. In 1979, Kawainui became eligible for listing on the National
Register of Historic Places as a “major component of a larger cultural district. . . .” In 2005, the Kawainui-Hāmākua
Marsh Complex was brought to the attention of the world when it was designated a Ramsar Convention Wetlands of
International Importance; only the twenty-second wetland area in the United States with this distinction. By Executive
Orders in 1997 and 2007/2008, Hāmākua and Kawainui, respectively, were designated as State Wildlife Sanctuaries
to protect the wetlands as wildlife habitat.
The Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex is centrally located within ahupua‘a Kailua. Oblique aerial view, 2012, with a portion of
Hämäkua to the left.
K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA S T ER P LAN 1-1
TheKawainui-Hämäkua Complex Master Plan is a vision Typically, master plans project twenty years into the
and call for community action for appropriate land future. The previous Kawai Nui Marsh Master Plan,
use. The master plan supports continued wetland Report R-100, was completed in 1994. Since that time,
restoration and upland reforestation, Hawaiian cultural many significant changes to the area have occurred,
practices, on-site learning activities focused on the including consolidation of the Kawainui-Hāmākua
environment and culture, and public access for passive properties under State ownership. For continuity,
outdoor recreation. Together, within the framework the Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex Master Plan process
of this master plan, these land uses and activities will reconsidered the elements in the 1994 plan based on
sustain and preserve the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex a new set of existing conditions and current input of
for future generations. community members, organizational stakeholders, and
agencies.
The Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex Master Plan project
was initiated and guided by the State of Hawai‘i
(State) Department of Land and Natural Resources 1.2 PROJECT AREA
(DLNR) Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) and The Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex is centrally located in
Division of State Parks (DSP). The plan was enriched the ahupua‘a of Kailua, which supports a population of
by the participation and interest of community groups, 38,635 people (2010 census) in several urban clusters
organizational stakeholders, individuals, and public and residential neighborhoods. Kailua is approximately
agencies. 11,500 acres in size; at nearly 1,000 acres, the project
area encompasses nearly 9 percent of the land area in
Commencing in the fall of 2011, the planning Kailua (Figure 1-1).
process has included information gathering and site
visits; consultations with stakeholders, community Kawainui is generally bounded by Mōkapu Saddle Road
organizations, and agencies; public informational and Mōkapu Boulevard to the north, the Kawainui flood
meetings; analysis of site constraints; evaluation of control levee to the east, Kailua Road and Kalaniana‘ole
alternatives; and development of this draft master Highway to the south, and Kapa‘a Quarry Road to the
plan. The next steps comprise a public comment west. Hāmākua is generally bounded by Kailua Road
period for the draft master plan document; a review to the north, Hāmākua Drive to the east, residential
of the environmental effects of actions included in the properties to the south, and Pu‘uoehu hillside to the
draft master plan; continued consultations with the west. From the center and low point of the ancient
public and agencies; revisions to the draft master plan Ko‘olau caldera, the Kawainui watershed stretches
as appropriate; and concurrent preparation of a final beyond these boundaries to include Ulumawao, Kapa‘a,
master plan document and an Environmental Impact Kalāheo, Maunawili, Olomana, Pōhākupu, and Kailua
Statement. town. Hāmākua is within the Ka‘elepulu watershed
(Figure 1-2 and Figure 1-3).
The project area comprises 986.02 acres of State-

owned land (Figure 1-4). Of this total, 889.38 acres
(approximately 90 percent) are under the jurisdiction
of the Division of Forestry and Wildlife and 96.64 acres
(approximately 10 percent) are under the jurisdiction
of the Division of State Parks. There are two City and
County of Honolulu (City) parcels totaling 14.80 acres
that are not part of the 986 acres but are included in
the project area due to their proximity to Kawainui: a
remnant wetland parcel (4.20 acres); and the Model
Airplane Park (10.60 acres). Additional information
regarding the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex parcels is
provided in Chapter 2.
Wetlands comprise approximately 748 acres, or over

75 percent, of the project area. All but 11 acres are
Hämäkua, with Kawainui in the distance. Oblique aerial view, 2012, looking
northeast. State Wildlife Sanctuary, a designation that protects
1-2 KAWAINUI-HÄM ÄKUA CO M PL E X D RAF T M AS T E R P L A N

Figure 1-1. Project location map.
their function as habitat for four endangered Hawaiian

waterbirds and numerous species of migratory
shorebirds and waterfowl. Kawainui also functions as a
sedimentation basin for water discharging into Kailua
Bay and a flood control basin to protect residential
subdivisions below the levee. One of the prominent
features in the Kawainui portion of the project area is
the 6,850-foot-long and 15-foot-high earthen levee with
floodwall that extends across the mauka side of Kailua
town.
The wetlands and uplands of the Kawainui-Hāmākua

Complex are repositories of cultural tradition and
historical resources spanning centuries from when
Polynesians first arrived in Kailua around 1,000 years
ago. The most prominent Hawaiian cultural feature
within the project area is Ulupō Heiau, which is one of
three major heiau associated with Kawainui. Pahukini
and Holomakani Heiau are situated mauka of Kawainui
outside of this master plan's project area. Ulupō Heiau,
constructed sometime between 900 A.D. and 1400
A.D., is listed on both the National and Hawai‘i Registers
of Historic Places.
Figure 1-2. Kailua ahupua‘a.

Kawainui Watershed
K A I L UA B AY
Kawain
Kaÿelepulu
Watershed
ui
am
an
C
a
tre
l
aS
aÿ
ap
K
am
eam
awili Stre
i S tr
ik
na
ha
Ka
un
Ma
o'
K
ol
au
Ridge
Figure 1-3. Kawainui and Kaÿelepulu watersheds, with project area outlined in red.
Source: Koÿolau Poko Watershed Management Plan (Townscape, 2012, for the Honolulu Board of Water Supply)

Figure 1-4. Property ownership and State DLNR division jurisdictions.
cultural resources on the lands and the missions

1.3 STATE RESPONSIBILITY of these divisions. The State DLNR Division of
WITHIN PROJECT Conservation and Resources Enforcement (DOCARE) is
another important division supporting DOFAW and DSP
AREA with the management and enforcement of regulations.
The State DLNR has statutory authority to manage and DOCARE has full police powers to enforce all State laws
protect conservation lands and wildlife resources within and rules within the State-owned portions of the project
the State; however, their jurisdiction over the Kawainui- area.
Hāmākua Complex is fairly recent. Based on a mandate
that fee simple interest would be vested to the State
of Hawai‘i, Act 314 of 1990 directed the City (the
then-owner) and the State of Hawai‘i to enter into an
agreement allowing the State to manage the economic,
ecological, and cultural resources of Kawainui. The
actual transfer of land ownership to the State for most
of Kawainui occurred between 2005 and 2009.
With Kawainui, Hāmākua, and Pu‘uoehu hillside now

owned by the State,DOFAW and DSP have been
assigned jurisdiction over areas within the complex
based on an appropriate fit between the natural and

Under the State DLNR, DOFAW and DSP have been and cultural heritage. DSP’s responsibilities for the
working together to meet their agency missions 96.60 acres of the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex under
and objectives for managing the Kawainui-Hāmākua their jurisdiction include:
Complex. DOFAW’s responsibilities within the 889.38
• Land Management Responsibilities: Manage
acres under their jurisdiction include:
and maintain natural and cultural resources
• Natural Heritage Responsibilities: Manage • Education and Recreation Responsibilities:
wildlife sanctuaries, protect endangered Create and maintain passive outdoor
species, and protect and develop water recreational facilities and features and
resources implement interpretive programs to improve
• Flood Control Responsibilities: Protect and understanding and appreciation of Hawaii's
enhance the marsh’s flood control capabilities unique and significant natural and cultural
by maintaining flood control structures, resources
monitoring the marsh’s flood control capacities
and water quality, and removing vegetation
• Education and Recreation Responsibilities:
Create outdoor recreation and educational
programs to improve understanding of the
native wildlife resources
DSP manages and administers fifty-five State parks

and nearly 30,000 acres of land that have high natural,
cultural, and scenic value. DSP oversees passive
outdoor recreation and heritage programs to allow the
public to appreciate and understand these resources.
Outdoor recreation activities include picnicking,
camping, ocean swimming, snorkeling, surfing, fishing,
sightseeing, and hiking. The heritage program protects, View of Kawainui and the flood control levee from Pu‘uoehu
preserves, and interprets examples of Hawai‘i's natural hillside.
STATE AGENCY MISSIONS

Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR): Enhance, protect, conserve, and manage Hawai‘i’s unique
and limited natural, cultural, and historic resources held in public trust for current and future generations of the
people of Hawai‘i nei and its visitors, in partnership with others from the public and private sectors.
Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW):

• Manage and protect watersheds, native ecosystems, and cultural resources
• Provide outdoor recreation and sustainable forest product opportunities
• Facilitate partnerships, community involvement, and education
Division of State Parks (DSP):

• Preserve parks and parkways in the State park system in their natural condition so far as may be
consistent with their use and safety
• Improve them in a manner to retain to the maximum extent possible their natural, scenic, historic, and
wildlife values for the use and enjoyment of the public
Division of Conservation and Resources Enforcement (DOCARE):

• With full police powers, enforce all State laws and rules involving State lands, State parks, historic sites,
forest reserves, aquatic life and wildlife areas, coastal zones, conservation districts, State shores as well as
county ordinances involving county parks
• Enforce laws relating to firearms, ammunition, and dangerous weapons

tell the story of Kawainui’s geological past. The wave-
1.4 PROJECT AREA undercut rock outcrop, Nā Pōhaku O Hauwahine, is a
HISTORY vestige of a time when Kawainui was part of Kailua Bay.
The future of the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex relies Probing deep enough in the marsh, coralline sediment
heavily on the past. It is from the past that we learn how tells the story of a broad coral reef that once supported
the natural and cultural resources have spanned the an abundance of marine life within the embayment.
centuries and appreciate that unless these resources
are valued and protected, they can be overlooked and The heiau overlooking Kawainui—Ulupō, Pahukini, and
compromised. It is through coordinated stewardship Holomakani—tell stories about the divine relationship
that we can create a healthy future for Kawainui- between Hawaiians and their place. Hawaiians have
Hāmākua. Before discussing the existing conditions had a presence at Kawainui for approximately 1,000
within the complex in Chapter 2, it is important to reflect years. Legends from long ago speak of the great
on these layers of history within the project area. abundance offered by the fishpond. Kawainui, the
land of the menehune and ‘e‘epa, whose voices startle
Kawainui’s story is recorded in the marsh itself, in its the birds. Kawainui, the land of Haumea and her
rocky outcroppings, coralline depths, and the pollen fish-attracting tree Mākālei. Kawainui, the land of the
of botanical ancestors, in the wildlife that calls it home mo‘o guardian Hauwahine, whose protection assured
today, in the terraces and heiau that surround it, and in sufficient fish. Kawainui, the land of the edible mud
the water that still runs through it. The rocks of Kawainui (lepo ‘ai ‘ia), where even the land itself is sustenance.
Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex in 1951, when the wetlands were connected and construction of the flood control levee was still
fifteen years away. Oblique aerial photography looking southwest. Source: United States Geological Survey.

Once the largest cultivated freshwater fishpond on variety of crops that included kalo (taro), ‘uala (sweet
O‘ahu, it is no surprise that many great Hawaiian chiefs potato), olona (mulberry), awa (milkfish), pia (arrowroot),
of old, such as Kākūhihewa and Kuali‘i, chose to reside mai‘a (banana), ko (sugarcane), and tobacco. Beneath
nearby. the mud and sediment of today’s marsh are the stone
walls that mark the agricultural terraces of Kawainui's
Artifacts found in the vicinity of Kawainui support the past.
mo‘olelo, or myths, and attest to Hawaiian stewardship.
For over 700 years, Hawaiians grew taro and fished at The floating mat of vegetation and the peat layers
Kawainui. The last 200 of those years, Kawainui was reflect the story of Kawainui’s more recent past, starting
used intensively, with kalo being grown along streams about 150 years ago. As the Hawaiian population
and along the periphery of the fishpond, and dryland decreased during the mid-1800s, land use at Kawainui
crops grown along the fishpond’s fringes. Land claims shifted to rice planting and ranching. Large plots
from the Mahele of 1848 tell the story of extensive of land within and around Kawainui were leased for
agriculture and habitation in ahupua‘a Kailua and such activities while other parts were abandoned.
around Kawainui. A system of wetland and dryland Upstream of Kawainui at Maunawili, ranching, a coffee
cultivation involved ‘auwai (irrigation ditches) and a plantation, and experimental sugar cane cultivation
contributed to the transport of sediment to Kawainui.
Stream waters were diverted to Waimānalo to feed
the sugar cane industry there. Introduced vegetation,
such as California grass, began to dominate the marsh
environment. Sedimentation of the fishpond increased
as the population of nearby areas of Kailua began to
grow, and development began occurring around the
fishpond.
The great waters of Kawainui tell the story of modern

development as well. During the 1930s to 1950s,
attitudes toward Kawainui resembled those held
nationally toward wetlands: Kawainui was known as
a “swamp” or, in other words, not useful unless the
water could be drained or diverted. Due to population
Lo‘i Mauka of Kawainui in 1885
Taro and rice cultivation in Kailua from the Pali Road, circa 1880. Kailua Uka School sits on the peninsula
between Maunawili Stream and Kahanaiki Stream.

growth in low-lying areas, the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers recommended flood control measures
for Kawainui as early as the 1930s. Flooding in 1951
affected the new housing development at Kula o
ÿÄlele, or Coconut Grove. Multiple flooding events
in subsequent years compelled Federal and State
agencies to combine forces for the Kawainui Flood
Control Project. This was a multi-phased project
involving the construction of the levee and Kawainui
Canal, which separated Kawainui from Hāmākua. Large-
scale quarrying and highway building resulted in the
filling of portions of Kawainui, and in 1956, Kawainui
was drained for use as pastureland.
In the early 1970, several development plans—housing

subdivision, sewer infrastructure, and a shopping
center—were disapproved, redesigned, or cancelled
due to a groundswell of support for preserving
Kawainui. This marked a significant shift locally and
nationally in the perceived value of natural and cultural
resources. This ideological shift was supported by
numerous national legislative initiatives intended to
protect natural and cultural resources, such as the
National Historic Preservation Act (1966), the National
Environmental Policy Act (1969), the Water Quality
Improvement Act (1970), the Water Pollution Control
Act (1972), the Coastal Zone Management Act (1972),
and the Endangered Species Act (1973). In the last
30 years, scientific research and plans have supported
continued protection and restoration of the Kawainui-
Hāmākua Complex. It is in relation to this legacy
that the Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex Master Plan has
evolved.

EXISTING CONDITIONS
"That it be maintained in as natural

a state as possible."
2
EXISTING
CONDITIONS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In 1994, when the Kawai Nui Marsh Master Plan was completed, the City and County of Honolulu owned almost 700
acres of the 986-acre Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex; Kaneohe Ranch Company owned about 90 acres; and the State
of Hawai‘i owned approximately 200 acres. There were no State Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Ulupō Heiau State Historic
Site consisted of only a 1.42-acre parcel. With acquisition of Hāmākua in 1995 and the transfer of Kawainui to the
State by the City and County of Honolulu in 2008, 739 acres are State Wildlife Sanctuaries (Hāmākua Marsh Wildlife
Sanctuary and Kawainui Marsh State Wildlife Sanctuary), and within the 739 acres, 23 acres of Hāmākua and 40
acres of Kawainui have been restored as wildlife habitat, with another 40 acres of Kawainui scheduled for restoration
within the next two years. In addition, Ulupō Heiau has been expanded into a 28-acre historical park, and another
68 acres along the west and north sides of Kawainui have been set aside as a park reserve.
Since the 1994 Kawai Nui Marsh Master Plan, the Kawainui Flood Control Project levee has been raised 4 feet,
and a 4-foot high floodwall has been built on top of it (completed in 1997). A flood warning system has been
installed, monitoring rainfall and stream levels in Maunawili Valley and water elevation near the levee. Flood control
infrastructure maintenance responsibilities have been turned over to the Division of Forestry and Wildlife from the
City and County of Honolulu.
In February 2013, the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex increased in size by over 67 acres. Pu‘uoehu hillside, which is
the main watershed for Hāmākua, was purchased by the State from Kaneohe Ranch, further ensuring protection of
the Hāmākua Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary.
Hawaiian cultural organizations—‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi and the Kailua Hawaiian Civic Club—in partnerships with
the Division of State Parks, have made precedent-setting strides in stewardship and educational programming within
the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex. Through their efforts, 12 acres at Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine are being restored to
native lowland forest, and invasive plants in the adjacent wetland have been removed to establish an open water
waterbird habitat. At Ulupō Heiau State Historical Park, efforts to reestablish the cultural landscape adjacent to the
heiau are underway with the planting of Hawaiian native and cultural plants, restoring and planting the lo‘i kalo, and
creating an open water area as waterbird habitat.
These are some of the important developments represented by the existing conditions described in this chapter.
Following a discussion of land use constraints and other project area plans, the existing conditions of subareas
within the Kawainui- Hāmākua Complex will be described and illustrated. These existing conditions and constraints
were used to evaluate the potential programming and physical elements of the draft master plan.
K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA S TER P LAN 2-1

Administrative Rules, Section 13-5-23 of Title 13, Chapter 5,
2.2 PROPERTY OWNERSHIP HAR.
The project area encompasses just over 1,000 acres. The Figure 2-3 shows the Conservation District subzones within
State of Hawai‘i owns 986 acres, or 98.5 percent of the area. the project area. Almost all of Kawainui is within the Protective
Two parcels in the project area are owned by the City and Subzone, which protects valuable resources, such as restricted
County of Honolulu: a remnant parcel situated between watersheds, marine, plant and wildlife sanctuaries, and other
Kapa‘a Quarry Road and Mōkapu Saddle Road and the Model unique areas. Land uses permitted in this subzone include
Airplane Park located on Kapa‘a Quarry Road across the street public purpose uses and sanctuaries:
from the City’s Kapa‘a Refuse Transfer Station. The City parcels
have been included in the master plan because of their Ř Public Purpose Uses: Land uses undertaken by the
proximity to and relationship with Kawainui. Figure 2-1 and State of Hawai‘i or the counties to fulfill a mandated
Table 2-1 illustrate and list, respectively, Tax Map Key (TMK) government function, activity, or service for public benefit
parcels included in the master plan. and in accordance with public policy and the purpose
of the conservation district. Such land uses may include
The majority of the project area is under the jurisdiction of transportation systems, water systems, communications
DOFAW: systems, and recreational facilities.
Ř 6WDWH'/15'LYLVLRQRI)RUHVWU\ :LOGOLIHDFUHV Ř Sanctuaries: Plant and wildlife sanctuaries, natural area
Ř 6WDWH'/15'LYLVLRQRI6WDWH3DUNVDFUHV reserves, and wilderness and scenic areas, including habitat
Ř &LW\DQG&RXQW\RI+RQROXOXDFUHV improvements under an approved management plan.
The dashed red lines in Figure 2-1 indicate a property Other permitted uses applicable to DOFAW’s maintenance
boundary for a parcel (4-2-013:043) that was created for and management of Kawainui include data collection,
the intended issuance of a revocable permit but was never landscaping and removal of noxious plants, signs, construction
officially subdivided. Thus, there is discrepancy between City of accessory structures, and tree removal.
and County and State records regarding the acreages of the
adjacent Parcels 5 and 10, the boundaries for which in Figure The General Subzone promotes open space and scenic values
2-1 are based on a State survey map dated July 2, 2007, and where specific conservation uses may not be defined but
prepared under a Governor’s Executive Order 4102. The City where urban use would be premature.
and County of Honolulu Tax Map incorrectly identifies Parcel 5
as being 80.0 acres, but it is actually 97.224 acres. Parcel 10, The Limited Subzone designated within the project area is
which comprises the Nā Pōhaku Section of Kawainui State Park intended to limit uses where natural conditions, such as floods
Reserve, is almost 48 acres. and soil erosion, suggest that constraints on human activities
are needed.
2.3 LAND USE CONSTRAINTS 2.3.2 STATE WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES

2.3.1 STATE LAND USE DISTRICTS Kawainui and Hāmākua are designated State Wildlife
Sanctuaries, which are regulated under Title 13, Chapter 126,
All lands in the State of Hawai‘i are classified by the State Land HAR. Figure 2-4 shows the wildlife sanctuary boundaries.
Use Commission (LUC) into four major State land use districts: Pu‘uoehu hillside is currently not part of the wildlife sanctuary
Urban, Rural, Agricultural, and Conservation. Permitted uses but is designated as Hāmākua Reserve because it is the main
within these districts are prescribed under Title 13, Chapter watershed for the Hāmākua Marsh State Wildlife Sanctuary.
205, HRS, and the State LUC’s Administrative Rules prescribed The Kawainui Marsh and Hāmākua Marsh State Wildlife
under Title 15, Subtitle 3, Chapter 15, HAR. Sanctuaries as well as the Hāmākua Marsh Reserve fall under
DOFAW jurisdiction. The only wetland area within the project
The State land use districts for the project area are illustrated area that has not been designated a State Wildlife Sanctuary
in Figure 2-2. Most of the project area lies within the is located at Wai‘auia in the northeastern corner of Kawainui.
Conservation District. These lands fall under the jurisdiction of The designation of this wetland as a State Wildlife Sanctuary
the State Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR), which and the incorporation of the Hāmākua Reserve into the
has the authority to establish Conservation District subzones. Hāmākua Marsh State Wildlife Sanctuary are included as part
Permitted uses within subzones are delineated in the BLNR’s of this master plan.
2 - 2 K AWAINUI-HÄMÄKUA CO M PL E X D RAF T M AS T E R P L A N
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Figure 2-1. Parcels and ownership within the project area. The parcels are listed in Table 2-1. Source: City and County real property data.
Table 2-1 PROJECT AREA PARCELS AND OWNERSHIP

TMK Parcel ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨWĂƌĐĞů Acreage KǁŶĞƌƐŚŝƉΘ:ƵƌŝƐĚŝĐƟŽŶ
4-2-003: 017 Pu‘uoehu Hillside 67.18 State of Hawai‘i (DOFAW)
4-2-003: 030 ,ĈŵĈŬƵĂ 22.72 State of Hawai‘i (DOFAW)
4-2-013: 005 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹ<ĂŚĂŶĂŝŬŝ 97.22 State of Hawai‘i (DOFAW)

<ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹ^ƚĂƚĞWĂƌŬZĞƐĞƌǀĞ͕EĈWŽŚĂŬƵ
4-2-013: 010 47.76 State of Hawai‘i (DSP)
^ĞĐƟŽŶ
4-2-013: 022 Kawainui – Marsh Central 89.00 State of Hawai‘i (DOFAW)
4-2-013: 038 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹhůƵƉƃ,ĞŝĂƵ^ƚĂƚĞ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůWĂƌŬ 19.51 State of Hawai‘i (DSP)
4-2-016: 002 Kawainui – Wai‘auia 9.10 State of Hawai‘i (DOFAW)
4-2-016: 015 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹDĂƌƐŚEŽƌƚŚ 604.16 State of Hawai‘i (DOFAW)
4-2-017: 020 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹ^ƚĂƚĞWĂƌŬZĞƐĞƌǀĞ͕<ĂƉĂ͚Ă^ĞĐƟŽŶ 18.32 State of Hawai‘i (DSP)
4-2-103: 018 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹhůƵƉƃ,ĞŝĂƵ 2.50 State of Hawai‘i (DSP)
4-2-103: 035 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹhůƵƉƃ,ĞŝĂƵ^ƚĂƚĞ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůWĂƌŬ 6.65 State of Hawai‘i (DSP)
4-4-034: 025 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹ^ƚĂƚĞWĂƌŬZĞƐĞƌǀĞ͕<ĂůĈŚĞŽ^ĞĐƟŽŶ 1.90 State of Hawai‘i (DSP)
4-2-016: 010 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹZĞŵŶĂŶƚWĂƌĐĞů 4.20 City and County of Honolulu
4-2-016: 014 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹDŽĚĞůŝƌƉůĂŶĞWĂƌŬ 10.60 City and County of Honolulu

dŽƚĂůĐƌĞĂŐĞ 1,000.82

Figure 2-2. State land use districts within the project area.
Figure 2-3. State land use Conservation District subzones within the project area.
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Figure 2-4. State Wildlife Sanctuary boundaries within the project area.
Public access within State Wildlife Sanctuaries is The purpose of zoning land as General Preservation
restricted to marked trails and roads; no motorized (P-2) is to preserve and manage major open space and
vehicles owned by the public are allowed. Currently recreation lands and lands of scenic and other natural
within the project area, there are no marked trails or resource value. Wetland restoration improvements
roads designated for public use. Access is restricted to along with outdoor recreational amenities are
DOFAW employees for management and maintenance considered “public uses and structures” permitted
operations and contractors hired by DOFAW or others within this zoning district. Other public uses and
authorized by DOFAW to support management structures are those owned or managed by the federal
activities. DOFAW has authorized limited access to government, the State of Hawai‘i, or the City to fulfill
‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi to conduct restoration and governmental functions, activities, or service for public
educational activities. benefit and in accordance with public policy. Typical
public uses and structures include libraries, base yards,
2.3.3 CITY AND COUNTY OF satellite city halls, public schools, and post offices.
HONOLULU ZONING
2.3.4 CITY AND COUNTY OF
City and County of Honolulu zoning and related HONOLULU SPECIAL
ordinances or regulations apply to various portions of MANAGEMENT AREA
the project area. Permitted uses or activities within the
City’s zoning districts are prescribed under Chapter The entire project area is located within the City’s
21, Land Use Ordinance (LUO) of the City’s Revised Special Management Area (SMA) (Figure 2-6), which
Ordinances of Honolulu, as amended. means that improvements within the project area would
be subject to the requirements of Chapter 25, Revised
As shown in Figure 2-5 (and compared with Figure Ordinances of Honolulu.
2-2), the City has zoned areas within the State's
Urban District as General Preservation District (P-2) or
Residential District (R-5, minimum 5,000 sf lot). Areas
within the State's Conservation District are zoned by the
City as Restricted Preservation District (P-1).

Figure 2-5. City and County of Honolulu zoning districts.
Figure 2-5. City and County of Honolulu zoning districts within the project area.
Figure 2-6. City and County of Honolulu Special Management Area (SMA) within and in the vicinity of the project area.
Table 2-2 PARCELS ACQUIRED WITH LWCF MATCHING GRANTS
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Acres
LWCF Project No. TMK JurisdicƟon Year Acquired
(Rounded)
15-00106 4-2-013:038 19 DSP 1984
15-00106 4-2-103:017 2 DSP 1984
15-00106 4-2-103:035 7 DSP 1984
15-00115 4-2-013:005 90 DOFAW 1988
15-00115 4-2-013:010 55 DSP 1988
Total Acreage 173
Figure 2-7. LWCF project area parcels.
2.3.5 LAND AND WATER for U.S. citizens. The Department of the Interior,
National Park Service distributes funds to qualified
CONSERVATION FUND
state governments through an LWCF State Assistance
LANDS Program (Section 6(f) of the NLWCA), which may
be used to acquire land or develop facilities for
In the 1980s, over 170 acres of land in the Kawainui- the purpose of public recreation. States qualify by
Hāmākua Marsh Complex were acquired with the preparing a State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation
assistance of Land and Water Conservation Funds Plan (SCORP). The Division of State Parks administers
(LWCF) grants (Table 2-2 and Figure 2-7). In addition the LWCF grants for Hawai‘i and oversees compliance
to $1.75 million from LWCF grants, the state legislature with the LWCF requirements.
appropriated $5.73 million for acquisition of the
parcels, which were “deemed essential to protect,
LWCF grants are provided on a matching basis for up
preserve and enhance, cultural, historical, educational,
to fifty percent of the total project-related allowable
and recreational values of Kawainui Marsh.” At the
costs for the acquisition of land and/or facilities
time of purchase, the parcels were owned by various
development. In 1986, the Emergency Wetlands
private landholders, including Harold K. L. Castle.
Resources Act authorized the purchase of wetlands
using LWCF grant funds.
LWCF Background
In 1965, the LWCF was established by National Land
and Water Conservation Act (NLWCA) to assist with
the development of outdoor recreation opportunities

Once the funds are used for land acquisition, no Ř 6HFXULW\UHVLGHQFHVPD\EHDOORZHGLIWKH\VHUYHSDUN
property can be converted to other than public outdoor maintenance and the needs of the 6(f) property for a
recreation uses without approval of the Secretary of the public purpose.
Department of the Interior. If a conversion is approved, Ř &XOWXUDOIDFLOLWLHVFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGRQI
the substitution of other recreation properties is properties.
required to be at least of equal fair market value and Ř /RGJLQJIDFLOLWLHVPD\EHDOORZHGLIWKH\VXSSRUW
of reasonably equivalent usefulness and location. public outdoor recreation and are open to everyone
Activities and facilities on land acquired with LWCF on a fair and equal basis.
grants, and facilities funded with LWCF grants, must
also fulfill the program’s public outdoor recreation
requirements.
2.3.6 FISH AND WILDLIFE
SERVICE RECOVERY LAND
For the Kawainui-Hāmākua lands purchased with LWCF
ACQUISITION
grants, stewardship requirements include the following:
In 2009, State Legacy Land Conservation Program
(Legacy Land) funds were used to leverage federal
Ř 7KHSURSHUW\PXVWEHPDLQWDLQHGLQSXEOLFRXWGRRU
funds from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s (USFWS)
recreation in perpetuity.
Recovery Land Acquisition (RLA) Program for the state's
Ř 7KHSURSHUW\PXVWEHNHSWUHDVRQDEO\RSHQ purchase of the Pu‘uoehu hillside.
accessible, and safe for public use. Hours and times
of public use must be reasonable according to area
Acquisition of habitat to secure long-term protection
and type of facility.
is often an essential part of a comprehensive recovery
Ř 6DQLWDU\IDFLOLWLHVEXLOGLQJVURDGVWUDLOVDQGRWKHU
effort for threatened or endangered species. Recovery
structures must be maintained in good repair and to
Land Acquisition (RLA) grants provide funds to states,
health standards. Property should be attractive and
territories, and commonwealths for the acquisition of
inviting.
habitat from willing sellers, for the management of
Ř 1RH[FOXVLYHXVHGLVFULPLQDWLRQRQWKHEDVLVRI listed species in support of approved species recovery
residence, or required memberships are allowed. plans. A non-federal match of 25 percent is required for
Ř /LPLWDWLRQVPD\EHLPSRVHGRQWKHQXPEHUVRI Hawaii proposals. Projects selected for funding must
people using an area as necessary for maintenance comply with strict federal land appraisal and acquisition
and preservation, or the type of users, such as “hikers regulations.
only.”
2.3.7 NATURAL AND CULTURAL

The National Park Service has provided the Division
State Parks the following guidance (based on
RESOURCES
information provided in the LWCF State Assistance
Program Federal Financial Assistance Manual) At the heart of the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex are the
regarding facilities developed on lands acquired with natural and cultural resources, from the wetlands that
LWCF grants: support the recovery of the four endangered Hawaiian
waterbirds to archaeological features that tell the story
of human existence in this area for at least 1,000 years.
Ř $Q\SURSRVHGVWUXFWXUHPXVWEHFRPSDWLEOHZLWKDQ
Figure 2-8 illustrates the complex's many wetland types,
increased benefit for outdoor recreation at the site.
and Figure 2-9 illustrates the location and extent of
Outdoor recreation use must continue to be greater
cultural resources within the complex. More detailed
than any indoor use.
information regarding natural and cultural resources is
Ř 6KHOWHUHGIDFLOLWLHVDUHDOORZHGLIWKH\GRQRWFKDQJH
presented area by area in Section 2.8.
public outdoor recreation and provide frequent
public access.
Ř )DFLOLWLHVPD\LQFOXGHUHVWURRPVRIŵFHVVWRUDJH 2.3.8 FLOODING
and parking. Not all buildings need to be accessible
to the public, but the uses must support outdoor Kawainui is an important component of the Kawainui
recreation on the 6(f) property. Marsh Flood Control Project, which was designed by
Ř %DVH\DUGVDQGPDLQWHQDQFHIDFLOLWLHVVKRXOGEH the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and redesigned after
dedicated to supporting the 6(f) property. the levee was topped during a January 1988 storm.
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Figure 2-8. Wetland types in the project area. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands Inventory at www.fws.gov/
wetlands/Data/Mapper.html https://hazards.fema.gov/gis/nfhl/services/public/NFHLWMS/MapServer/
Figure 2-9. Cultural resources within the project area.

Figure 2-10. Flood zones within the project area. Source: FEMA National Flood Hazard Layer (NFHL) https://hazards.fema.gov/gis/nfhl/
services/public/NFHLWMS/MapServer/WMSServer https://hazards.fema.gov/gis/nfhl/services/public/NFHLWMS/MapServer/
The levee now fills 1.8 acres of wetland fringe and The Convention's mission is "the conservation and
provides a higher level of flood damage reduction to wise use of all wetlands through local and national
Coconut Grove. DOFAW has an agreement with the actions and international cooperation, as a contribution
City and County of Honolulu to maintain the levee. towards achieving sustainable development throughout
the world." The mission statement uses a broad
Figure 2-10 identifies the flood zones within the project definition for wetlands that includes lakes and rivers,
area. Most of the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex is swamps and marshes, wet grasslands and peatlands,
designated as Zone A, which is a special flood hazard oases, estuaries, deltas and tidal flats, near-shore
area subject to the 100-year flood. marine areas, mangroves and coral reefs, and human-
made sites such as fish ponds, rice paddies, reservoirs,
and salt pans. At the center of the Ramsar philosophy
2.4 RAMSAR is the “wise use” concept, which is defined as "the
maintenance of their ecological character, achieved
CONVENTION through the implementation of ecosystem approaches,
within the context of sustainable development.”
The Convention on Wetlands of International
Importance, called the Ramsar Convention, is an In 2005, the Kawainui-Hāmākua Marsh Complex
intergovernmental treaty that was adopted in the was designated a Ramsar Wetland of International
Iranian city of Ramsar in 1971. It provides the Importance. The designation came as the result of
framework for national action and international an application prepared and submitted by DOFAW;
cooperation for the conservation and wise use of the Pacific Representative of the National Audubon
wetlands and their resources. It is the only global Society; and the Culture Chair of Hawaii’s Thousand
environmental treaty that deals with a particular Friends. Justification for the selection of the Kawainui-
ecosystem. Hāmākua Complex was based on four of eight Ramsar
Convention criteria:
2 - 10 KAWAINUI-HÄMÄKUA CO M PL E X D RAF T M AS T E R P L A N
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Kawainui and Hāmākua Marsh Complex
Ramsar Wetland of International Importance
Ramsar Site No. 1460; 02/02/05; Hawaii; 414 ha; 21°24'N 157°45'W;
State Wildlife Sanctuary
"Sacred to Hawaiians, Kawainui, the largest remaining emergent wetland in Hawai‘i and
Hawai‘i 's largest ancient freshwater fishpond, is located in what was once the center of
a caldera of the Ko‘olau shield volcano. The marsh provides primary habitat for four of
Hawai‘i 's endemic and endangered waterbirds. . . and contains archaeological and cultural
resources, including ancient walled taro water gardens (lo‘i) where fish were also cultivated.
Kawainui Marsh stores surface water, providing flood protection for adjacent Kailua town,
one of the largest towns on the windward side of O‘ahu. Hāmākua is a smaller wetland
historically connected to and immediately downstream of Kawainui, which also provides
significant habitat for several of Hawaii's endemic and endangered waterbirds."
Ř Criterion 1: A wetland should be considered The following is a summary of these pertinent planning
internationally important if it contains a documents.
representative, rare, or unique example of a natural
or near-natural wetland type found within the Kawai Nui Heritage Plan, Directional Plan No. 5 (1982)
appropriate biogeographic region. This document was prepared for the Lani-Kailua
Outdoor Circle's Ad Hoc Committee for Kawainui by
Ř Criterion 2: A wetland should be considered architect and planning consultant Robert A. Herlinger.
internationally important if it supports vulnerable, Herlinger. The plan reflected input from the over 60
endangered, or critically endangered species or organization belonging to the Ad Hoc Committee,
threatened ecological communities. which evolved into the Kawai Nui Heritage Foundation.
Recommendations in the plan included the creation of
Ř Criterion 3: A wetland should be considered agricultural areas, ethnobotanical gardens, educational/
internationally important if it supports populations of interpretive areas, habitat enhancement, scientific
plant and/or animal species important for maintaining experiment stations, and recreation areas.
the biological diversity of a particular biogeographic
region. Resource Management Plan for Kawainui Marsh (1983)
In the late 1970s, and based on a proposal from the
Ř Criterion 8: A wetland should be considered Outdoor Circle, the Hawai‘i Coastal Zone Management
internationally important if it is an important source Program of the Department of Planning and
of food for fishes, spawning ground, nursery and/or Development formed a multi-disciplinary advisory
migration path on which fish stocks, either within the committee to develop a three-year program for
wetland or elsewhere, depend. preparing a resource management plan for Kawainui.
The process included researching and writing
In the years following the signing of the Ramsar reports and technical studies on various Kawainui
Convention, it became clear that natural resources resources, evaluating the results, and deriving a set of
conservation could not be successful without recommendations for resource management.
considering the welfare of local populations and
ensuring their active participation. Since 2006, the The objectives, policies, and implementing actions
Ramsar Culture Working Group has been responsible of the 1983 plan were organized under three broad
for the Convention’s work on the cultural aspects of resource components: economic, ecological, and
wetlands, and has widely disseminated guidance on cultural.
integrating cultural heritage with wetland management
activities. Kawai Nui Marsh Master Plan, Report R-100 (1994)
This master plan built on the conceptual framework
outlined in the 1983 Resource Management Plan for
2.5 PLANNING Kawainui with site-specific recommendations for
DOCUMENTS implementation. Figure 2-11 illustrates the major
elements of the plan.
Many studies have been prepared for the Kawainui-

Hāmākua Complex over the years that create a baseline
of information and guidance for future improvements.
K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA S T ER P LAN 2 - 11
Figure 2-11. Elements of the 1994 Kawai Nui Marsh Master Plan.
Management Plan for Kawai Nui Marsh Final Kawai Nui Gateway Park Final Environmental Assessment
Environmental Assessment (2000) (2002)
The State DLNR, Land Division prepared this This plan was prepared while the area was still
Final Environmental Assessment (FEA) in 2000 in owned by the City and County of Honolulu. The park
anticipation of acquiring Kawainui property from the comprised two areas: Kalāheo Park and a nearby
City and County of Honolulu. Proposed actions in Coconut Grove site. Only the Kalāheo Park area had
the management plan are shown in Figure 2-12 and been included in the 1994 master plan. In the Gateway
described here: Park plan, passive recreational and canoe paddling
were envisioned for Kalāheo Park, and design elements
Ř Kawai Nui Marsh maintenance facility and vegetation included paved parking for cars and buses, secured
processing area adjacent to the Model Airplane Park park entry from Mōkapu Boulevard, walking paths,
Ř DFUHZLOGOLIHKDELWDWUHVWRUDWLRQSURMHFWLQ picnic areas, a pavilion, a footbridge across Oneawa
conjunction with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Canal, and a dock for canoe launching (Figure 2-13).
including mudflats, shallow ponds, restoration The plan, however, was not funded or implemented.
of riparian wetland habitat along Maunawili and
Kahanaiki Streams, vegetation clearing, predator Kawai Nui Marsh Pathway Plan Final Environmental
trapping, and fencing Assessment (2003)
Ř .DZDL1XL(GXFDWLRQ&HQWHUSURSRVHGE\DFRDOLWLRQ The Kailua Community Vision Team funded a study to
of nonprofit organizations, which was withdrawn from plan a pathway around the marsh in accordance with
the FEA, without prejudice, pending completion of recommendations from the 1994 master plan. Figure
the wildlife habitat restoration project and further 2-14 graphically shows proposed improvements from
community input and discussion this pathway plan associated with the project area.
Ř 2WKHUSURSRVHGDFWLRQVUHFRPPHQGHGLQWKH Elements include:
Kawai Nui Marsh Master Plan, including management 1. A multi-purpose pathway for pedestrians and
and measures for the effective operation and bicyclists along Kapa‘a Quarry Road
maintenance of the flood control facilities and 2. A pedestrian trail below Kapa‘a Quarry Road
implementation of a visitor center, cultural parks, extending from a visitor center site, as proposed in
ethnobotanical gardens, agricultural areas, passive the 1994 plan. The trail extended along the highway
parks, and a trail system and around the Mokulana Peninsula toward Castle
Medical Center.
3. A boardwalk and viewing platform extending into
the marsh from the visitor center site.
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Figure 2-12. Elements of the 2000 Management Plan for Kawai Nui.
Figure 2-13. Elements of the 2002 Kawai Nui Gateway Park Plan for Kaläheo.
Hawai‘i’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation
Strategy (October 2005)
The DOFAW plan comprehensively reviewed
the status of a full range of the State of Hawai‘i’s
native terrestrial and aquatic species. It presented
strategies for the long-term conservation of species
and their habitats. Management actions and future
needs identified for Kawainui include:
1. Current Management Needs: Hydrologic
studies, habitat restoration, including invasive
plant removal, native wetland planting, and
predator control.
2. Future Needs: Continue existing management,
secure adequate funding to support expanded
management (increased predator control,
invasive weed removal, habitat restoration,
educational opportunities).
State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan 2008

Update (April 2009)
The State DLNR published this update of the plan as
part of Federal LWCF program requirements. The
technical reference document serves as a tool for
statewide outdoor recreational planning, leadership,
and action. Relevant parts of the plan include:
1. Recognition of Kawainui Marsh as a State wetland Figure 2-14. Elements of the 2003 Kawai Nui Pathway Plan
of importance and popular for outdoor recreation
(walking, jogging, biking). It notes that the marsh Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Revision
has potential for further recreational value based on (October 2011)
recommendations from the 1994 master plan.
The latest revision of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
2. ‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi was identified as an recovery plan addresses four species of Hawaiian
organization that has taken the lead in developing waterbirds listed as endangered. Key findings include:
educational activities and service learning projects at
the marsh.
1. Kawainui is listed as a “Core Wetland,” which is an
area providing habitat essential for supporting larger
Kawai Nui Marsh Environmental Restoration Project populations of Hawaiian waterbirds.
(December 2008)
2. Expansion of open water areas would facilitate use
The State DLNR, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and by all four endangered waterbird species, which now
the Kailua community worked together for 15 years to use the area only in small numbers.
develop a restoration plan for the 830-acre marsh. The
Kawai Nui Marsh Environmental Restoration Project was
Table 2-3 lists the recommended recovery actions for
completed in 2013 and is currently being maintained
Kawainui.
by DOFAW. The project was implemented to create
habitat for four endangered Hawaiian waterbirds and
includes eleven terraced shallow ponds, an earthen Ulupö Heiau Cultural Resources Management & Landscape
berm system, and solar-powered water supply system Plan, Draft (November 2011)
More details about this project are presented in Section This plan was prepared for ‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka
2.5 Resource Management. Lōkahi, Kailua Hawaiian Civic Club, and the Division
of State Parks. It is intended to be a dynamic plan for
directing site restoration work. Community participation
was sought during vision meetings during the early
planning process, and additional community outreach
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Recommended Recovery Actions for Kawainui
Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Revision
(U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, October 2011)
• Develop management plans for core and supporting wetlands.
• Secure water sources and manage water levels to maximize nesting success, brood survival, food availability, and recruitment
of waterbirds.
• Manage vegetation to maximize nesting success, brood survival, food availability, and recruitment of waterbirds. This includes
encouraging desirable plant species; controlling undesirable plant species; and preventing the introduction of invasive
nonnative plants.
• Eliminate or reduce and monitor predator populations. This includes preventing predator access and controlling mongooses,
feral cats and dogs, rats, cattle egrets, tilapia, and bullfrogs.
• Minimize human disturbance to waterbirds and their habitats. This includes assessing and if necessary preventing intentional
or accidental shooting of waterbirds; controlling human access to waterbird habitats during breeding season; resolving
conflicts from actual or perceived depredation of aquaculture or agriculture products by waterbirds; and minimizing the
influence of urban encroachment.
• Monitor and control avian disease. This includes monitoring waterbird populations to detect disease outbreaks as soon as
possible and taking immediate action to restrict the spread of disease outbreaks.
• Monitor all populations of endangered waterbirds. This includes completing standardized, biannual, statewide surveys for
all endangered waterbirds; developing and implementing improved survey techniques for the Hawaiian duck and Hawaiian
common moorhen; monitoring reproductive success; monitoring aquatic invertebrate prey species used by waterbirds and
fish to determine whether fish compete with waterbirds for aquatic invertebrates.
• Remove the threat of mallard-Hawaiian duck hybridization where Hawaiian ducks occur.
will be scheduled to discuss elements of the plan in The plan also recommended five potential areas
more detail, solicit support for the implementation of for an education center for the Kawainui-Hāmākua
the plan, and consider the needs and desires of the Marsh Complex. The areas were existing buildings
cultural practitioners. Elements of the plan have been in Kailua town near Hāmākua Marsh or near Kalāheo
considered for incorporation in the Kawainui-Hämäkua High School. For Kailua town area, the organization
Complex Master Plan. recommended working with the local business
community to determine the best location that would
Interpreting Kawainui-Hämäkua: Recommendations for serve the purpose of the center and integrate the center
the Kawainui Master Plan Update (July 2012) with Kailua businesses.
Recommendations included in this document reflect
Recommendations for upland areas near Kahanaiki
the public sentiment expressed in six community
Stream and the levee (Wai‘auia) as well as for Ulupō
meetings that were conducted between September and
Heiau State Historical Park are also included in the plan.
November 2011 and the goals and objectives of the
Ho‘olaulima member organizations.
Elements of the plan have been considered for
incorporation in the Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex Master
Ho‘olaulima strongly recommends the development
Plan.
of a carrying capacity plan for each site in order to
understand the amount of stress from use or visitation
that a given site can take before it is subject to adverse Kawainui Marsh Wetland Restoration and Habitat
impacts or damage. Enhancement Project (August 2012)
The State DLNR DOFAW project includes the
Regarding access to the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex, restoration of approximately 80 acres within Kawainui
Ho‘olaulima membership agreed that ideal general near Kahanaiki Stream: 60 acres of wetland and 20
access is via bus, bike, or by foot. All agreed with acres of upland slopes (Figure 2-15). Elements of the
implementation of a trail system on Pu‘uoehu hillside plan include wetland restoration and erosion control;
and trails to Ulupō and Wai‘auia from the levee with habitat restoration for endangered Hawaiian waterbirds,
interpretive signs and viewing platforms (where migratory shorebirds and waterfowl, and native fish
appropriate) along the trails with the use of QR codes species; and improvements to support DOFAW's
for additional information. maintenance operations.
It was 1984 and 1988 when the State acquired 28
and 145 acres, respectively, utilizing Land and Water
Conservation Fund grants. The former is now Ulupō
Heiau State Historical Park, and the latter comprises Nā
Pōhaku o Hauwahine and acreage that will be restored
by the Kawainui Marsh Wetland Restoration and Habitat
Enhancement Project.
In 1990, the legislature mandated the fee simple

interest of Kawainui be vested in the State of Hawai‘i.
Although the fee simple interest was not transferred
to the State until 2008, the State signed an agreement
with the City and County of Honolulu to manage
the economic, ecological, and cultural resources of
Kawainui based on the 1983 Resource Management Plan
for Kawainui.
The transfer of Kawainui from the City and County

of Honolulu was contingent on completion of flood
control projects (necessary after the January 1, 1988
Kailua flood) by the City and County and the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). The legalities of
transferring maintenance responsibilities for flood
control infrastructure from the City and County to the
state delayed the land exchange.
It was 1995 when Hāmākua was donated to the State.

In 2007, the Kapa‘a and Kalāheo Sections of the State
Park Reserve were transferred to the State, and in 2008
all of Kawainui was transferred to the State. The State
purchased Pu‘uoehu hillside in 2013.
Figure 2-15. The Kawainui Marsh Wetland Restoration and Habitat State Wildlife Sanctuary Management
Enhancement Project conceptual plan. Gone are the days when cattle and horse operations
existed at Kawainui, Hāmākua, and Pu‘uoehu. Over
739 acres within the Kawainui-Hamakua Complex
2.6 RESOURCES are now designated as State Wildlife Sanctuary. This
MANAGEMENT
In the last twenty years, notable progress has been
made in resource management within the Kawainui-
Hämäkua Complex. The greatest accomplishment
toward effective management has been the
consolidation of land under the Department of Land
and Natural Resources, which is charged with the
responsibility to "enhance, protect, conserve, and
manage Hawai‘i’s unique and limited natural, cultural,
and historic resources held in public trust for current
and future generations of the people of Hawai‘i nei and
its visitors, in partnership with others from the public
and private sectors."
Groundbreaking for the Kawainui Marsh Environmental Restoration
Project, June 28, 2012.
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Figure 2-16. Kawainui Marsh Environmental Restoration Ponds. Wireless sensors will be installed to collect data
for optimizing habitat suitability. Source: Center for Conservation Research and Training, University of Hawai‘i at
Mänoa.
includes both wetland and upland areas. The rules plan, and they are modified as necessary to achieve
regulating State Wildlife Sanctuaries do not prescribe the threat management. General ecosystem events
how to manage the resources within the sanctuaries, are also accounted for and factored in to recovery
but do provide DLNR with the right to close or restrict efforts. These general effects include everything from
public use for up to two years for the protection of the weather, unusual natural events, proximity of high traffic
biological, geological, or cultural resources of the area human use areas, staff/personnel issues, and any other
or the safety and welfare of persons or property. In factors that may influence habitat conditions or affect
addition to maintaining and restoring the sanctuary waterbirds in the wetlands.
resources, DLNR is also responsible for enforcing the
specific rules regarding entry, visitation, prohibited At Kawainui and Hāmākua, the native bird habitat is
activities, and commercial and private operations. restored through the removal of invasive plants and
Management of the State Wildlife Sanctuaries is the revegetation of native plants. Objectives also
paramount to DLNR's work on the recovery of include naturalization of the stream and wetland and
endangered Hawaiian waterbirds that inhabit the the reduction of silt and erosion. Efficient maintenance
wetlands. operations and continuous monitoring for optimal
waterbird habitats are crucial. The most recent
The State Wildlife Sanctuaries Program aims to restore management activities occurring at Hāmākua are
habitat and provide protection to nesting sanctuaries described in Section 2.8.
as part of a comprehensive plan to aid in the recovery
of these species. The project focuses on managing Kawainui Marsh Environmental Restoration Project
State Wildlife Sanctuaries in wetlands on O‘ahu,
In 1990, when DLNR first took over management of
including Kawainui and Hāmākua. The main focus
Kawainui, their initial plan was to create 70 acres of
is to implement wetland management techniques
mudflats and shallow ponds and restore riparian habitat
utilized by DOFAW to restore, enhance, protect, and
along Kahanaiki and Maunawili Streams. As mitigation
maintain these wetland ecosystems. These projects
for the effects of improvements to the Kawainui Marsh
focus on species and habitat monitoring to assess
Flood Control Project following the 1988 flood, funding
conditions and direct management practices aimed
was anticipated to come from the U.S. Army Corps of
at mitigating problems based on observations.
Engineers ($3.8 million) and the state ($1.3 million). The
Specific species (both plant and animal) are identified
wetland restoration area was included in the 1994 Kawai
as threats to waterbirds, and a mitigation plan is
Nui Marsh Master Plan.
formed and implemented by DOFAW personnel
to combat the threats. Mitigation steps are tracked
and monitored to assess the effectiveness of the
Predator Damage Management
In 2010, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal
and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services
program (WS) completed an Environmental Assessment
(EA)—Predator Damage Management to Protect Avian
Wildlife in Hawaii—that proposed to implement a
program for reducing or alleviating predation by
introduced mammals and the cattle egret on native
forest birds, waterbirds, seabirds, the Hawaiian (nene)
goose, and introduced game birds. The proposed
action supported federal recovery and conservation
plans and state action plans that call for the control of
predation to assist in the conservation of endangered
species, migratory seabirds, and game birds in the State
of Hawai‘i. As a cooperating agency, DOFAW adopted
this EA and issued a permit for the U.S. Department of
Kawainui Marsh Environmental Restoration Ponds Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service,
Wildlife Services program to control predators at
Today, DOFAW’s initial plan is a reality. After breaking Kawainui and Hāmākua.
ground in June 2012, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
completed the Kawainui Marsh Environmental Kawainui Marsh Wetland Restoration and Habitat
Restoration Project in 2013. Two ponds with eleven Enhancement Project
terraces ponds have replaced approximately 40 Construction documentation is currently being
acres of the marsh that was overgrown with invasive prepared for a 80-acre wetland restoration and habitat
plants (Figure 2-16). The arrangement follows the enhancement project along and uphill from Kahanaiki
site topography to collectively drain down slope from Stream (Figure 2-15). The project was introduced by
mauka to makai. Rainfall is the primary source of water, DOFAW in 2005 for the purpose of restoring habitat
and this is supplemented by two solar-powered pumps for native Hawaiian waterbirds, migratory shorebirds
utilizing groundwater wells. Adequate water circulation and waterfowl, and native fish species in Kawainui and
within the ponds is critical to prevent outbreaks of to involve local organizations, businesses, schools,
bacteria in pond soils. Special fencing surrounding and county, state, and federal agencies in the process
the ponds deters predators such as dogs and pigs. All in order to integrate the wildlife sanctuary into the
four species of endangered native Hawaiian waterbirds fabric of the community. The Kawainui Marsh Wetland
inhabit the ponds. Restoration and Habitat Enhancement Project Final
Environmental Assessment was completed in 2012
This project satisfied the wildlife habitat restoration +HOEHU+DVWHUW )HH3ODQQHUVDQGGHVFULEHVWKH
components of the 1994 Kawai Nui Marsh Master Plan process of restoring and naturalizing Kahahaiki Stream
DQGIXOŵOOVUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVLQWKH86)LVK :LOGOLIH and clearing the upland areas of invasive species
Service Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds (Table for reforestation efforts. These actions will inform
2-3). DOFAW is responsible for maintaining the ponds continued restoration of wetland and upland areas
and sponsors a Volunteer Day every first Saturday throughout the Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex.
of the month. DOFAW, together with the Center for
Conservation Research and Training at University of Kawainui Marsh Flood Control Project Maintenance
Hawai‘i at Mānoa and InteleSense Technologies, has Maintenance of the levee and marsh for flood control
also begun implementing continuous monitoring of the was transferred from the City and County of Honolulu
restored pond environment through the use of wireless to the DLNR in 1998. Responsibilities include ensuring
sensors. These sensors will record local climate, the levee maintains its full capacity for flood control,
water level, and water quality in strategic locations in and reporting to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on
Kawainui, and this information will assist DOFAW staff in existing conditions, flood events, and maintenance
optimizing habitat suitability for each of the managed activities within Kawainui that could impact water
waterbird species. storage and flow. DOFAW also enforces State Wildlife
Sanctuary rules, which apply to the levee. Additional
information about DLNR's flood control project
maintenance responsibilities is provided in Section 2.8.
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Research, Collection, and Access Permitting who record the site, evaluate the significance, and
DLNR processes permit applications for regulated recommend preservation measures subject to approval
activities within the Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex. by the State DLNR, State Historic Preservation Division.
Studies/research with direct management or Generally, preservation is in the form of buffers and
conservation components are favored on DOFAW interpretation.
managed lands:
Ř $FWLYLWLHVLQYROYLQJQDWLYHZLOGOLIHLQWURGXFHGZLOG DSP Curator Program
birds and game animals (Wildlife Permit Guidelines) DPS oversees a curator program, through which
Ř $FWLYLWLHVLQYROYLQJQDWLYHLQYHUWHEUDWHV interested groups help to maintain a specific park or
Ř $FWLYLWLHVLQYROYLQJUDUHWKUHDWHQHGRUHQGDQJHUHG site with guidance from DSP personnel. The program
plants (Plant Permit Guidelines) is integral to the agency's ability to properly care for
Ř &ROOHFWLRQRUH[SRUWDWLRQRILQMXULRXVZLOGOLIH:LOGOLIH the resources under DSP jurisdiction. It also provides
Permit Guidelines) willing people with an opportunity to volunteer and
assist with special park projects. Two of the seven
Ř $FWLYLWLHVUHTXLULQJDFFHVVWR'2)$:PDQDJHGODQG
curatorships on O‘ahu are located within the Kawainui-
(Forest Reserve System guidelines)
Hāmākua Marsh Complex:
Permits from other divisions within the DLNR or from

Ř 1Ã3ĊKDNX.DZDLQXL6WDWH3DUN5HVHUYH&XUDWRU
outside agencies may also be required. The following
‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi (AML) began restoring
are examples of additional permits that may be needed:
the cultural landscape and native forest in 1998;
Ř $FWLYLWLHVLQYROYLQJFROOHFWLRQRUSRVVHVVLRQRI
they have workdays for site maintenance once a
7KUHDWHQHG (QGDQJHUHG6SHFLHVRUPLJUDWRU\ELUGV
month. ‘Ahahui also leads tours and educational
require a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service permit
groups. To date, AML has restored approximately 12
Ř $FWLYLWLHVLQYROYLQJIUHVKZDWHURUPDULQHVSHFLHV acres, including wetland areas. ‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka
Ř 5HVHDUFKDFWLYLWLHVLQYROYLQJ6WDWH3DUNV Lōkahi (AML) was founded in 1994 to preserve native
Ř 5HVHDUFKDFWLYLWLHVLQYROYLQJXQHQFXPEHUHGVWDWH species and ecosystems and the importance of their
lands relationship to Hawaiian culture.
Ř 5HVHDUFKDFWLYLWLHVLQYROYLQJ&RQVHUYDWLRQ'LVWULFW
(both private and public) land Ř 8OXSĊ+HLDX6WDWH+LVWRULFDO3DUN&RFXUDWRUVDUHWKH
Ř 5HVHDUFKDFWLYLWLHVLQYROYLQJKLVWRULFDOVLWHV Kailua Hawaiian Civic Club (Kailua HCC)—established
Ř $FWLRQVDIIHFWLQJDQ\(QGDQJHUHG7KUHDWHQHG in 1959—and AML. Kailua HCC became a curator in
candidate or proposed species (bird, animal, or plant; 1987 and began by cutting down and hauling banyan
terrestrial or marine) and ohai trees that were threatening the foundation
of the heiau. As a result of the clearing, the State was
For permits with field components, permit holders able to remap the heiau and Kailua HCC was able to
must check-in with the appropriate DOFAW Branch create lo‘i kalo. For several years, the Hawaiian martial
office prior to the initiation of field work. Access to arts hui Pa Ku‘i A Holo partnered with Kailua HCC to
DOFAW managed lands may be denied or rescheduled maintain and preserve Ulupō Heiau during Saturday
for any reason, including changes in field conditions workdays and share their knowledge of Hawaiian
such as hurricanes and fires. For studies involving cultural practices. Following the hui, AML established
federally protected species, such as migratory birds and a partnership with Kailua HCC to restore and maintain
Threatened and Endangered species, federal permits the heiau and surrounding area as a living cultural
must be obtained prior to initiation of fieldwork. It landscape.
should be noted that State permits are not valid for
species protected by federal law unless the appropriate The two organizations have monthly workdays for site
federal permits are held. Commercial activities ranging maintenance and lead educational groups and tours
from guided hikes and tours to photography may and sponsor special cultural events. The co-curators
require additional permits. take turns as docents of the heiau when visiting groups
come for tours. To guide restoration in the future, the
Cultural Resources co-curators funded and administered the preparation
Currently, when cultural resources are inadvertently of the Ulupö Heiau Cultural Resources Management and
Landscape Plan.
discovered, DLNR works with qualified archaeologists
Memorandum of Agreement to collaborate to develop projects that mutually benefit
In March 2010, the State of Hawai‘i, Board of Land and the missions and goals of both parties and identify
Natural Resources, and ‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi suitable areas for cultural restoration.
(AML) signed a Memorandum of Agreement regarding
cooperative management programs at Kawainui and Management and Research Station
Hāmākua. The term of this agreement is ten years—until Since management of resources within the Kawainui-
March 2020—after which it is renewable at the option of Hāmākua Complex requires daily on-site presence,
the Parties. AML agreed to: DLNR has established a base of operations on Ulukahiki
Street below Castle Medical Center. In this location,
Ř (QJDJH'HSDUWPHQWRI(GXFDWLRQGLVWULFWVFKRROV DOFAW and DSP personnel can oversee access to the
private schools, colleges, and interested community complex and enforce applicable rules and regulations
groups in the restoration projects and educational in a timely manner. The area also supports DLNR's
programs in Kawainui and Hāmākua research and monitoring activities. The storage of
Ř &RQVXOWZLWKDQGVHHNQHFHVVDU\DSSURYDOVIURP maintenance vehicles and equipment at the site
the BLNR on any cultural and ecological restoration provides a efficient starting point for management
projects or programs conducted on lands managed activities at the Army Corps of Engineers Kawainui
by the BLNR in Kawainui and Hāmākua Restoration Ponds, the levee, Hāmākua, and Pu‘uoehu
Ř 3URYLGHWKH%/15ZLWKSURSRVHGGHVLJQVDQG hillside. During the implementation of the Kawainui
budgets for interpretive and educational signage Marsh Wetland Restoration and Enhancement Project,
and kiosks about the natural and cultural resources of the proximity of this site to Kahanaiki Stream and
Kawainui and Hāmākua. adjacent upland areas will be essential.
As funding permits, the Board agreed to: 2.7 EDUCATIONAL/

Ř 6XSSRUW$0/őVFRQWLQXHGHIIRUWVWRGHYHORS INTERPRETIVE
educational and interpretive programs in Kawainui
and Hāmākua, especially with wetland bird habitat
PROGRAMMING
restoration.
Ř 6HHNFRQVXOWDWLRQDQGDGYLFHIURP$0/UHJDUGLQJ In regard to education, DOFAW's mission is to provide
protection and management of cultural and education programs to improve understanding of the
ecological sites within Kawainui and Hāmākua. native wildlife resources. DPS's mission is to implement
interpretive programs to improve understanding and
Ř $VVLVWZLWKIXQGLQJLQWHUSUHWLYHDQGHGXFDWLRQDO
appreciation of Hawaii's unique and significant natural
signage and kiosks about the natural and cultural
and cultural resources.
resources of Kawainui and Hāmākua upon receipt
and approval of a proposed design and budget.
Ř 3URYLGHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGUHVRXUFHVWRDVVLVW$0/ In Hawai‘i’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation
in gathering materials to develop educational and Strategy, DLNR described seven objectives for ensuring
interpretive programs and to support AML and protection of Hawaii’s species of greatest conservation
community efforts in creating a visitor center and need and the diverse habitats that support them, the
a Hawaiian cultural and environmental center at goal of the conservation strategy. Objective 5 is related
Kawainui. to education:
Ř 3URYLGHSDVVLYHUHFUHDWLRQDORSSRUWXQLWLHVLQ
conjunction with the wildlife sanctuaries, including "Expand and strengthen outreach and education to improve
trails, viewing platforms for bird-watching, and understanding of our native wildlife resources among the
interpretive signs. people of Hawai‘i. Comprehensive education, outreach,
and information services programs contribute to a sense
of responsibility for native wildlife conservation among
Together, AML and the BLNR agreed to participate
the public and help to ensure voluntary compliance with
in meetings with other community groups and
conservation rules, regulations, and laws. Public support
representatives to determine the direction for engaging
is critical to successful conservation management as well
and educating the public about the cultural and natural
as to the continued protection of all of Hawaii’s natural
resources of Kawainui and Hāmākua. They also agreed
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Figure 2-17. Interpretive signs at Ulupö State Monument (left)
and Nä Pöhaku o Hauwahine (right).
resources. Education and outreach is vital to providing Ř Archaeological Sites and Historic Sites of Maunawili
residents and visitors with the information needed to Valley
take action to protect Hawaii’s native wildlife for future Ř Kailua Bay: Geological and Marine Resources
generations." Ř Cultural and Natural History Kawainui Marsh
Ř Geology of the Kailua Ahupua‘a
Currently, DOFAW's education programming within the Ř $UFKDHRORJLFDO +LVWRULF6LWHVRI.DZDLQXL+ÃPÃNXD
Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex includes staff-led Youth Ř %LUGVRIWKH0DUVK.DZDLQXL+ÃPÃNXD .DŐHOHSXOX
Conservation Corps summer crews and community
service trips as well as partner initiatives led by ‘Ahahui
In 1994, DSP installed three signs at Ulupō Heiau State
Mālama I Ka Lōkahi, Hawai‘i Nature Center, Le Jardin
Monument that interpret the heiau and Kawainui—the
Academy, and Pacific American Foundation.
"Great Fresh Water"—and the changing environment
of Kawainui over the past 6,000 years (Figure 2-17).
The educational programming focuses on service Interpretive signs at Nä Pöhaku o Hauwahine and
learning, which provides students with the opportunity Hāmākua interpret the natural, cultural, geological
to experience and participate by “getting their hands history and resources of the Kawainui-Hāmākua
dirty.” Students learn about basic wetland function, Complex.
native/invasive species, and participate in actual
management activities for restoring wetland function.
Ramsar World Wetlands Day
Some of the service learning projects have led to
curriculum-based programs and university research Each year since 2005, Ramsar World Wetlands Day has
projects. been celebrated at the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex.
Traditionally, the day includes speakers, tours,
educational exhibits, and entertainment. In 2014, the
DSP's focus is on educating visitors to State Parks
event was organized by Ho’olaulima and DOFAW and
through brochures, interpretive signs, and on-site
focused on wetlands and agriculture.
interpretation. DSP has published a brochure for
the Ulupō Heiau State Monument, and curators
AML and Kailua HCC have prepared Nä Wahi Pana: O‘ahu Wetland Management Program
Respecting Hawaiian Sacred Sites, which describes The O‘ahu Wetland Management Program provides
Hawaiian protocol for visiting heiau, wahi pana (sacred assistance in the management of wetlands in the
and storied places), and sacred sites. DSP provides O‘ahu Wildlife Sanctuary system, including Kawainui
guidance for curator-led tours, which over the years and Hāmākua. This is accomplished by coordinating
have included the following subjects: outreach, education, and information with communities
interested in wetland restoration. By informing
the public about DOFAW projects and operations,
Ř Native Plants of Kawainui
this program allows for an overall enhancement to
Ř $TXDWLF$QLPDOV ,QVHFWVRI.DZDLQXL6WUHDPVDQG
wetlands by encouraging communities to be involved
Marsh
FIgure 2-18. Volunteer Day at the Kawainui Restoration Ponds, March 2014.
in restoration opportunities. A major part of this

project is meeting with community groups active in
2.9 PROJECT SUBAREA
ecological restoration, historic/cultural preservation,
environmental compliance, public access, and other
EXISTING
relevant issues on DOFAW managed lands. Providing CONDITIONS
learning materials and hosting service trips to State
Wildlife Sanctuaries is a key component to educating
The following pages provide existing conditions
students on the important role these wetlands play in
descriptions and images of the Kawainui-Hāmākua
their communities.
Complex. To accommodate the large project area
within a small document, the complex is divided into
the following subareas:
2.8 STEWARDSHIP
ACTIVITIES •
•
Kawainui
Kawainui State Park Reserve, Kalāheo Section
• Kawainui State Park Reserve, Kapa‘a Section
Stewardship activities occur at several locations within
the Kawainui-Hamakua Complex: • Kapa‘a
• Nā Pōhaku Section, Kawainui State Park Reserve
• Kawainui Restoration Ponds (DOFAW): Every first • Kahanaiki
Saturday morning • Ulupō Heiau State Historical Park
• Ulupō Heiau State Historical Park (AML and Kailua • Kawainui Flood Control Levee
HCC): Every second Saturday morning • Wai‘auia
• Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine (AML): Every third Saturday • Hāmākua
morning • Pu‘uoehu
Tasks may include invasive plant removal, native/ The subareas are presented in the same order
cultural planting, trail building, teaching docents, as they are listed above, moving from the north
information campaigns, litter collection, and graffiti counterclockwise around the complex.
removal. While these activities assist DLNR in
maintaining the resources, they also provide community
members of all ages a learning experience and a
vehicle for experiencing the complex. The most
recent stewardship development is the opportunity for
organizations to adopt one of eleven ponds at Kawainui
Restoration Ponds.
2 - 22 KAWAINUI-HÄM ÄKUA CO M PL E X D RAF T M AS T E R P L A N

EXISTING CONDITIONS
KAWAINUI
SIZE: 716 acres, which is approximately 70 percent of Heiau, burial sites, artifacts, and evidence of extensive
the entire Kawainui-Hāmākua Marsh Complex and four agricultural systems and habitation areas demonstrate
times larger than Kawainui's surrounding upland areas. that Kawainui supported one of the largest and oldest
Acreage does not include the canal on the makai side of native Hawaiian settlements.
the levee.
WATER: Kahanaiki and Maunawili Streams are the
JURISDICTION: Division of Forestry and Wildlife, State primary sources of water for Kawainui. Kapa‘a Stream
DLNR. provides an intermittent supply of water. Kawainui wa-
ters flow via Kawainui Canal, a man-made flood control
ANIMALS: Habitat for four endanged Hawaiian water- canal, to Kailua Bay.
bird species and migratory bird species. In 2013, water-
bird habitat expanded by 40 acres with the completion FLOOD ZONE(S): Predominantly in Zone A (special
of the Kawainui Marsh Environmental Restoration Ponds flood zone hazard area for 100-year flood); the marsh
in the southwestern end of the wetland. Kawainui is itself is critical for Kailua town flood control. Southwest-
dominated by introduced aquatic species, including ern portion in Zone D (unstudied area).
tilapia, guppy, carp, Chinese catfish, swordtail, small-
mouth bass, Tahitian prawn, crayfish, damselfly, apple TSUNAMI EVACUATION ZONE: Not in zone.
snail, pond snail, Oriental rice eel, and bullfrog. Native
species include shrimp (Atyoida bisculata) and prawn LAND USE DESIGNATIONS: State — Conservation Pro-
(Marcrobrachium grandimanus). Kawainui is a migratory tective Subzone. City and County — None
passageway for the following amphidromous species
(fish that migrate from fresh water to the seas, or vice REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS: Federal – Federal
versa, but not for breeding) that inhabit Kawainui Canal: Land and Water Conservation Fund 6(f) requirements
indigenous goby (‘o‘opu nākea), endemic goby (‘o‘opu for southwestern portion (within Parcel 5). State –State
naniha), and endemic eleotrid (‘o‘opu ‘akupa). Their Wildlife Sanctuary; wetland delineation for the southern
migration has been partially blocked by a mat of floating portion of Kawainui completed in 2011; valid for 5 years.
invasive vegetation.
ADJACENT LAND USES: Private – Kūkanono, Kawainui
PLANTS: Two native species, uki (a sedge commonly Vista, Pōhākupu, Olomana, Maunawili, Coconut Grove,
known as saw-grass) and neke (a fern) cover over half of and Mōkapu residential neighborhoods; Kailua town
the marsh surface. Other areas comprise non-wetland center. Institutions – St. John Lutheran Church, Kailua
trees and non-native sedges and grasses. Baptist Church, Kailua United Methodist Church, Trinity
Christian Church, Windward Christian Church, Christ
CULTURAL RESOURCES: Kawainui was traditionally Church Uniting Disciples and Presbyterians, Windward
known as Kawai Nui Loko, or "the big freshwater pond." YMCA, Castle Medical Center, Le Jardin Academy,
Kawainui was home to the mo‘o (supernatural water Kalāheo High School. Recreational Facilities – City and
spirit) Hauwahine, or “female ruler.” Her residency at County of Honolulu Model Airplane Park and Kawainui
Kawainui followed Haumea’s, or "red ruler," the earth- Community Park. Industrial Facilities – City and County
mother goddess of fertility and childbirth. She protected of Honolulu Kapa‘a Refuse Transfer Station, Refuse Col-
Kailua and ensured that all the people of the ahupua‘a lection Yard, Corporation Yard, Automotive Equipment
shared in the pond’s wealth, and she punished those Service Corporation Yard, Kapa‘a and Kalāheo closed
who were greedy (Beckwith 1970:126). Mele, or chants, sanitary landfill, Kapa‘a Light Industrial Park, Ameron
about Kailua frequently mention the two fishponds, Hawaii Kapa‘a Quarry. Wastewater Facilities – Coconut
Kawainui and Ka‘elepulu and lo‘i kalo in the area (Beck- Grove, Kailua Road, Kūkanono, and Maunawili Estates
with 1970; Drigot 1982). A few chants and legends are wastewater pumping stations.
about Hi‘iaka, Kahinihini‘ula, the Mākālei Tree, and Ka‘ulu.
VEHICULAR/PEDESTRIAN ACCESS: Vehicular/pedes-
Historically, a portion of Kawainui was a 450-acre trian access is limited to official vehicles/personnel and
fishpond cleared of encroaching vegetation by the personnel who have permits issued by the DOFAW
communal efforts of the ahupua‘a residents. Kawainui and/or are under DOFAW supervision. Activities in the
was recognized for the abundance of resources that the wetland comprise restoration, enhancement, and main-
area supplied to the Hawaiian people, including avian, tenance of wildlife habitat; vegetation removal for flood
terrestrial, fish, and plant resources (Kekoowai 1922 in control; and scientific research and DLNR-sponsored
Summers 1964:22). educational programming.
Key Map Kawainui and vicinity
Kahanaiki Stream entering the marsh
Aerial ÿAlae keÿokeÿo in Maunawili Stream
Former pasture lands Corps of Engineers pond under construction Trees, native and non-plants near levee.
EXISTING CONDITIONS
KAWAINUI STATE PARK RESERVE:
KALĀHEO SECTION
SIZE: 3.33 acres under DSP jurisdiction; 1.25 acres
within the Kawainui Marsh State Wildlife Sanctuary. SLOPE: Mostly flat site with fill 5 to 8 feet deep; engi-
Total: Approximately 4.58 acres. neered canal bank; drainage channel at western end of
site.
JURISDICTION: Division of State Parks, State DLNR. WATER: The waters of Kawainui flow via the adjacent
Kawainui Canal to Kailua Bay. Stormwater runoff flows to
ANIMALS: DOFAW has observed that adult and juvenile the canal in a natural drainage swale on the western end
endangered Hawaiian waterbirds for the most part use of the site.
the water’s edge for foraging and loafing. Nesting and
fledgling birds have not been observed in this area. FLOOD ZONE(S): Outside flood zone (100-year flood)
Nonnative animal species are a common sight along - TMK 4-4-034-025: A/X
Kawainui Canal or within the upland areas. Numerous - Portion of TMK 4-2-017-020: A/X
native and non-native aquatic species inhabit Kawainui - Portion of TMK 4-2-016-015 (within State Wildlife
Canal, including indigenous goby (‘o‘opu nākea), Sanctuary): A/X
endemic goby (‘o‘opu naniha), and endemic eleotrid
(‘o‘opu ‘akupa) that migrate between the ocean and TSUNAMI EVACUATION ZONE: Not in zone.
Kawainui via the Kawainui Canal.
LAND USE DESIGNATIONS: State: Mainly Urban
PLANTS: Plants: Milo grove at the western end; mon- District; western portion is Conservation District (State
keypod trees and other non-native and invasive plants. Wildlife Sanctuary). City and County:
As required by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, turf on - TMK 4-4-034-025: P-2 (General Preservation)
the canal bank. - Portion of TMK 42017020:0000: P-1 (Restricted
Preservation)/P-2
CULTURAL RESOURCES: For the Kawai Nui Gateway - Portion of TMK 42016015:0000 (within State Wildlife
Park Final Environmental Assessment (2002), no surface Sanctuary): P-1/P-2
historic properties were observed. Extensive grading
and filling activities have occurred on the site, covering REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS: State – Kawainui Marsh
any underlying original marsh sediment that may be rich State Wildlife Sanctuary comprises a portion of the area.
in historical value. The modern drainage channel along
the western edge of the area exposed an underlying ADJACENT LAND USES: Private – Residential properties.
layer of original marsh sediments that could yield valu- Institutions – Kalāheo High School. Municipal – Flood
able information regarding the human-induced land- control canal and levee; perpetual maintenance ease-
scape changes, and sediment sampling in the vicinity ment along canal bank.
of the drainage channel Cultural Surveys of Hawaii was
recommended. VEHICULAR/PEDESTRIAN ACCESS: Mōkapu Boulevard.
No pedestrian improvements exist along the Mōkapu
Boulevard site boundary.
Kalāheo Section is one of two sections within the Current Uses

20.225-acre Kawainui State Park Reserve. The reserve The current use of the Kalāheo section for paddling
is located adjacent to Mōkapu Boulevard and Mōkapu activities aligns with the 1994 master plan. From Sep-
Saddle Road, and the two sections are divided by tember 3 to October 25, 2013, Le Jardin Academy had
Kapa‘a Quarry Road. The Kalāheo Section has been a Special Use Application Permit (issued by the Division
under the jurisdiction of the Division of State Parks for of State Parks) for a group of not more than 35 people
public purposes since February 2005 (Executive Order to use the area for kayaking practice on Mondays
#4102). In 2008, the southwestern portion of the area through Fridays from 3:30 p.m. to 5:30 p.m. The permit
was transferred from the Division of State Parks to the allowed one trailer with kayaks and paddles and park-
Division of Forestry and Wildlife and added to the ing for five vehicles. No storage of vessels on site was
Kawainui Wildlife Sanctuary (Executive Order #4258). allowed, and the group was required to clean up and
dispose of trash off site.
Key Map
Kaläheo Section and Vicinity
Panorama of Kaläheo Section looking southwest toward Kawainui
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Another Special Use Application Permit was issued in Ř 3HUIRUPQRLPSURYHPHQWVRQWKHSURSHUW\RWKHUWKDQ
February 2014 to Lanikai Canoe Club for short-term clearing vegetation for parking (125 feet x 60 feet)
storage, launching, and canoe practice operations. The and canoe storage (60 feet x 50 feet)
permit is valid from April 1, 2014, through September Ř 1RVWUXFWXUHVQRJUXEELQJRUJUDGLQJDOORZHG
30, 2014, and between 7:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. The
club is allowed to store a maximum of eight six-person DLNR may elect to terminate the permit at any time
canoes and park up to 40 vehicles. Other permit re- during the term if the permitee violates the terms of the
quirements include: agreement.
Ř 3URYLGHWKHUHVRXUFHVQHFHVVDU\WRFOHDUYHJHWDWLRQ Kawainui Canal Existing Conditions

and maintain the property. Paddlers who use Kawainui Canal have noted that over
Ř ,QVWDOOVHSDUDWHORFNRQFKDLQDFURVVWKHHQWU\URDG- time it has become shallower and, thus, more difficult
way and secure property when not on-site; State not to navigate. They have observed sand at many storm-
responsible for any damage or loss. water drainage outlets along the canal. Considering
Ř 0DLQWDLQLQVXUDQFHIRULWSDGGOHUVDWDOOWLPHVGXULQJ the width of the canal (approximately 120 feet from
the term. shore to shore) and the horizontal space under bridges
Ř 3URYLGHDFXUUHQW&HUWLŵFDWHRI/LDELOLW\,QVXUDQFH between footings, the canal accommodates eight to
(COI) to be in file at the Division of State Parks prior to ten canoes as a group. Conditions on the canal as well
use of area. as at the Kalāheo site are limiting factors for paddling
Ř 9DFDWHWKHSURSHUW\UHPRYLQJDOOFDQRHVHTXLSPHQW activities.
personal property and rubbish generated by use, on
or before the expiration date of the permit.
Mökapu Boulevard
Paddlers on Kawainui Canal
Aerial
EXISTING CONDITIONS
KAWAINUI STATE PARK RESERVE:
KAPA‘A SECTION
SIZE: Approximately 16.9 acres (majority portion of TMK FLOOD ZONE(S): Mostly in Zone X (outside 500-year
4-2-017-020). flood); far west corner in Zone D (unstudied area); areas
closest to Kawainui in Zone A (100-year flood) and are
JURISDICTION: Division of State Parks, State DLNR. prone to flooding.
ANIMALS: Mostly non-native species. The adjacent TSUNAMI EVACUATION ZONE: Not in zone.
wetland is not known to be a habitat for native Hawaiian
endangered waterbirds. LAND USE DESIGNATIONS: State – Urban. County – P-1
and P-2.
PLANTS: Mature monkeypod trees and non-native scrub
plants on land. Native and non-native wetland plants. REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS: None.
CULTURAL RESOURCES: Proximity to Pahukini Heiau ADJACENT LAND USES: Institutions – Kalāheo High
(west) and dramatic views to Olomana and across School. Roadways – H-3 and Mōkapu Saddle Road.
Kawainui. Two former house sites are located in the Industrial Facilities – Kapa‘a Light Industrial Park.
upper reaches of the area. Kapa'a has been impacted by
road excavation/construction and by fill activities. VEHICULAR/PEDESTRIAN ACCESS: Two-lane Kapa‘a
Quarry Road, which is used by heavy-duty vehicles. A
SLOPE: Above roadway – Narrow, hilly site with slopes portion of the road adjacent to the Kapa‘a Section is
ranging from 10 to 50 percent. Below roadway – owned by the City and County of Honolulu. No existing
Disturbed fill areas, mostly flat with earth berms along pedestrian improvements.
road and marsh.
WATER: Adjacent to Kawainui Marsh State Wildlife

Sanctuary and near intermittent Kapa‘a Stream.
Aerial
Image sequence from Kapa‘a Quarry Road to the edge of Kawainui
Key Map Kapaÿa Section and vicinity
Kapa‘a Section is one of two sections in the Kawainui

State Park Reserve.
Kailua Auto Wreckers

Beginning around 1950, Kailua Auto Wreckers pro-
cessed used cars for scrap metal in the area now known
as the Kapa‘a Section. The land occupied by the busi-
ness was fill from the post-World War II construction of
the water tank above Mōkapu Saddle Road. Later, more
fill was added from the construction of Mōkapu Saddle
Road. This material and quarry run and overburden
were used to cover the residue from burning and com-
pacting wrecked vehicles (Kelly and Nakamura, 1982).
Recent site observations and testing indicate that the
area has recovered from the impact of this operation,
which ceased in 1986.
Panoramic view across Kawainui from the Kapaÿa Section
EXISTING CONDITIONS
KAPA‘A
SIZE: Approximately 21.9 acres. FLOOD ZONE(S): The northern edge is in Zone A (100-
year flood); the remainder is in Zone X (outside 500-year
JURISDICTION: Division of Forestry and Wildlife, State flood).
DLNR.
TSUNAMI EVACUATION ZONE: Not in zone.
ANIMALS: Mostly non-native species. The adjacent
wetland is not known to be a habitat for native Hawaiian LAND USE DESIGNATIONS: State – Conservation
endangered waterbirds. Protective Subzone. City and County – P-1.
PLANTS: Mature monkeypod trees and non-native scrub REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS: State – Within the
plants. Kawainui Marsh State Wildlife Sanctuary.
CULTURAL RESOURCES: No known cultural resources, ADJACENT LAND USES: Recreational Facilities –
since the area is fill land. Close by are Nā Pōhaku o City and County of Honolulu Model Airplane Park.
Hauwahine (south) and Pahukini Heiau (west), and the Industrial Facilities – City and County of Honolulu Kailua
area has dramatic views across Kawainui. Corporation Yard, Kailua Automotive Equipment Service
Corporation Yard, Kapa‘a Refuse Transfer Station and
SLOPE: Flat site (mostly above 10-foot elevation) Collection Yard; Kapa‘a Light Industrial Park.
comprising fill land used to cover a former sanitary land
fill (dump) site. VEHICULAR/PEDESTRIAN ACCESS: Two-lane Kapa‘a
Quarry Road, which is used frequently by heavy vehicles,
WATER: Adjacent to Kawainui and near the outflow of especially on weekdays. The segment of Kapa‘a Quarry
intermittent Kapa‘a Stream into Kawainui Marsh. Road fronting this area is owned by the City and County
of Honolulu. No existing pedestrian improvements.
Aerial
Key Map Kapaÿa and vicinity
City transfer station entry Former City maintenance yard
Kapa‘a Quarry Road
Panorama of area nearest Nä Pöhaku o Hauwahine
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Fill Land at Kapa‘a Model Airplane Park
In the 1950s, the Honolulu Construction and Draying In 2008, when 693 acres of Kawainui were transferred
Company, Ltd., operated a rock crusher at Kapa‘a and from the City to the State, the City retained 11 acres of
stockpiled excess material at the edge of Kawainui for the former stockpile area for the Model Airplane Park.
many years (see Site C on map below). In the 1950s, Following completion of the Kawai Nui Model Airplane
the City leased the site and used it for open-burn refuse Park Comfort Station Final Environmental Assessment in
disposal until around 1962. At that time, the City took 2006, the City constructed an ADA-accessible comfort
over two other sites (Areas A and B) for landfill refuse station with running water, drinking fountain, flush toi-
disposal (Kelly and Nakamura, 1981). lets, waste digester septic tank, and leachfield, and two
ADA-compliant parking stalls with accessible walkways
When the City purchased 750 acres of land at Kawainui to the comfort station.
in 1964, they graded the stockpiled rock and open-
burn refuse disposal area (Site C), and model airplane Kapa‘a Light Industrial Park
enthusiasts began using part of the site for radio-con- In September 2011, the Kapa‘a Light Industrial Park Final
trolled model aircraft. Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) was completed
for the development of a comprehensive light indus-
Another portion of the fill land was used by the City as a trial facility adjacent to an existing industrial warehouse
road maintenance yard. development in Kapa‘a. The project includes mitigation
measures to avoid significant impacts to the environ-
ment and community, such as measures to protect the
water quality in the Kapa‘a Stream and Kawainui.
Authorization to Discharge Stormwater Runoff

In May 2011, the City and County of Honolulu obtained
a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permit for discharging stormwater runoff and
certain non-stormwater discharges (as identified in the
permit) into State waters. The permit, effective from
June 24, 2011, to September 8, 2014, covers several
city municipal industrial facilities located near the
Kapa‘a section:
Ř.DLOXD&RUSRUDWLRQ<DUG
Ř.DSDŐD$XWRPRWLYH(TXLSPHQW6HUYLFH
Ř.DSDŐD5HIXVH7UDQVIHU6WDWLRQ
Ř.DSDŐD5HIXVH&ROOHFWLRQ<DUG
According to the permit, the discharges are required

to comply with the provisions of the Clean Water Act,
as amended (33 U.S.C. Section 1251 et.seq.; the “Act”),
Hawaii Revised Statutes, Chapter 342D, and Hawaii
Administrative Rules, Department of Health (DOH),
State of Hawaii, Chapters 11-54 and 11-55. Monitoring
and documentation are important requirements of the
permit.
Existing and proposed City refuse area, as mapped in 1978 for the
Kapa‘a Sanitary Landfill Expansion Final Environmental Impact State-
ment. Source: Kelly and Nakamura, 1981
NĀ PŌHAKU SECTION,
KAWAINUI STATE PARK RESERVE
SIZE: Approximately 55 acres. Archaeological Sites and recently identified artifacts,
exist in the area. As the highest point within the project
JURISDICTION: Division of State Parks, State DLNR. area, the summit of Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine provides
‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi has a Memorandum sweeping views of Kawainui, Olomana, and ahupua‘a
of Agreement with the Board of Land and Natural Kailua.
Resources for restoration projects and educational
programs at Na Pohaku o Hauwahine and throughout the SLOPE: Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine – More than 120 feet
Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex. in elevation. Slopes ranging from 10 percent to 70
percent, with prominent rock outcroppings; limited small
ANIMALS: Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine – Endangered flat areas. South of Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine – Gently
Hawaiian waterbird species have been observed sloping, heavily disturbed site as a result of ranching
where surface vegetation has been cleared. South of operations. Maximum 35 percent slope; one major
Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine – Endangered species have open, flat area adjacent to marsh.
been observed in marsh adjacent to DOFAW wetland
restoration and habitat enhancement project area. WATER: Adjacent to Kawainui State Wildlief Sanctuary.
Natural drainage swales within the area carry surface
PLANTS: Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine – The slopes of Nā runoff from Ulumawao to Kawainui.
Pōhaku o Hauwahine have been reforested with native
Hawaiian plant species through a volunteer program FLOOD ZONE(S): Lower elevation in Zone A (100-year
sponsored by ‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi. Mature flood); remainder in Zone X (outside 500-year flood).
monkeypod trees and non-native scrub plants grown on
the outskirts. South of Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine – Large TSUNAMI EVACUATION ZONE: Not in zone.
canopy tree and other vegetation cover more than 50
percent of the site. Most, if not all, plants on site are non- LAND USE DESIGNATIONS: State – Urban. City and
native species. County – P-2.
CULTURAL RESOURCES: Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine is a REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS: Federal – LWCF 6(f)

12-acre area with a basaltic rock promontory overlooking grant lands.
Kawainui. It is the legendary home of Hauwahine, a
Hawaiian goddess and guardian spirit, the akua mo‘o, ADJACENT LAND USES: Recreational Facilities –
that protected the health of the people and assured City and County of Honolulu Model Airplane Park.
that they would have enough fish for their welfare if the Industrial Facilities – City and County of Honolulu Kailua
marsh and fishponds were properly maintained. The Corporation Yard, Kailua Automotive Equipment Service
mo‘o was often described as a giant lizard but could Corporation Yard, Kapa‘a Refuse Transfer Station and
also take a human form, that of Hauwahine, a beautiful Collection Yard; Kapa‘a Light Industrial Park.
woman. Hauwahine and a female companion could
sometimes be seen sunning themselves on the stream VEHICULAR/PEDESTRIAN ACCESS: Two-lane Kapa‘a
banks. Quarry Road in this area is privately owned. It is used
frequently by heavy vehicles, especially on weekdays.
The site is close to Pahukini (north) and Holomakani
(south) Heiau. Cultural resources, including State
‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi owners held a revocable month-by-month lease

The success of ‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi at Na issued by the Board of Land and Natural Resources for
Pōhaku o Hauwahine has been the result of inspirational seventeen acres of land for the purpose of breeding
leadership, thousands of volunteer hours, and grants. and raising horses and cattle. In December 2012, the
Currently, community service days occur every third Board of Land and Natural Resources determined that
Saturday morning and focus on removing alien plants breeding and raising horses and cattle was inconsistent
and replanting with endemic natives, maintaining a with requirements of the Land and Water Conservation
native wetland bird habitat in the marsh, and removing Fund from which the State received a grant to purchase
weeds and invasive plants from restored areas. the property. The revocable permit was extended for
a period of six months to allow for the permittee to
VO Ranch Revocable Lease remove their property and to restore the land to its
VO Ranch established ranching operations in an area previous condition. The permittees have restored and
south of Nā Pōhaku in 1968. Since 1993, the ranch vacated the site.
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Key Map Nä Pöhaku Section and vicinity
Kawainui panorama Olomana from Nä Pöhaku o Hauwahine
Aerial Nä Pöhaku summit (top); gathering area (bottom)
KAHANAIKI
SIZE: Approximately 49.5 acres, including the upland WATER: Kahanaiki and Maunawili Streams enter
area along Kapa‘a Quarry Road; Mokulana; and the area Kawainui Marsh in the area. Adjacent to Kawainui Marsh
along Ulukahiki Street below Castle Medical Center but State Wildlife Sanctuary. A large concrete drainage
not including wetlands. channel direct surface runoff from Castle Medical to
Maunawili Stream.
JURISDICTION: Division of Forestry and Wildlife, State
DLNR. FLOOD ZONE(S): Low-lying areas in Zone A (100-year
flood); remainder in Zones X or D.
ANIMALS: All four species of endangered Hawaiian
waterbirds inhabit the adjacent 40-acre Kawainui Marsh TSUNAMI EVACUATION ZONE: Not in zone.
Environmental Restoration Ponds. These species have
also been observed in mudflats along Kahanaiki Stream. LAND USE DESIGNATIONS: State – Urban. City and
County – P-2 (General Preservation)
PLANTS: Mature monkeypod trees and non-native scrub
plants. Some native species have been planted. REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS: Federal – LWCF 6(f)
grant lands.
CULTURAL RESOURCES: The area is exceptionally rich
in cultural resources, both Pre-Contact and Post-Contact. ADJACENT LAND USES: Private – Kūkanono residential
neighborhood. Institutions – Le Jardin Academy, Castle
SLOPE: Gently sloping site (5-10 percent) with minimal Medical Center.
steep areas (30-40 percent); area disturbed by previous
ranching activities. VEHICULAR/PEDESTRIAN ACCESS: Kapa‘a Quarry
Road (privately owned), Kalaniana‘ole Highway, Ulukahiki
Street. No existing pedestrian improvements.
Kahanaiki Stream and Olomana beyond
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Key Map Kahanaiki and vicinity
Aerial, photographed during construction of the Army Corps of Engineers Restoration Ponds Mokulana
Army Corps of Engineers Restoration Ponds under construction Former Diamond K Ranch headquarters; also former Kailua town center
ULUPŌ HEIAU
STATE HISTORICAL PARK
SIZE: Approximately 28 acres. SLOPE: Disturbed and irregular topography, with the
exception of Ulupō Heiau. Top of Ulupō Heiau is more
JURISDICTION: Division of State Parks, State DLNR. The than 70 feet above Kawainui.
entire site is a State park. ‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi
and Kailua Hawaiian Civic Club have a joint curatorship WATER: Springs provide water for lo ‘i kalo. Adjacent to
agreement with the Board of Land and Natural Resources Kawainui Marsh State Wildlife Sanctuary. A box drain in
to manage approximately 7 acres. poor condition is connected to a drain pipe under Kailua
Road is situated above the heiau.
ANIMALS: Mostly non-native species. The adjacent
wetland is not yet known to be a habitat for native FLOOD ZONE(S): Lowest areas within Zone A (100-year
Hawaiian endangered waterbirds. flood).
PLANTS: Many Native Hawaiian and Hawaiian heritage TSUNAMI EVACUATION ZONE: Not in zone.
plants; some invasive and non-native plants. Lo‘i kalo are
located throughout the area. LAND USE DESIGNATIONS: State – Urban. City and
County – P-2 (General Preservation).
CULTURAL RESOURCES: The area is rich in both Pre-
Contact and Post-Contact cultural resources. Ulupō REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS: Federal – LWCF 6(f)
Heiau is listed on both the National and State Registers grant lands.
of Historic Places and is the most visible feature of Pre-
Contact times within the Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex. It ADJACENT LAND USES: Private – Kūkanono and
is one of three major heiau near Kawainui. Kawainui Vista residential neighborhoods. Institutions
– Windward YMCA, Kailua United Methodist Church,
The Draft Ulupö Heiau Cultural Resources Management Kailua Baptist Church.
and Landscape Plan (Maria Orr et al.), prepared in
November 2011, provides a conceptual and dynamic VEHICULAR/PEDESTRIAN ACCESS: Existing access
plan for restoration of approximately 7 acres by ‘Ahahui through Windward YMCA land from Manu O‘o Road in
Mālama I Ka Lōkahi and Kailua Hawaiian Civic Club. Kūkanono or Kailua Road.
Since 2003, the co-curators have been involved with education, place-based learning, cultural practice, and
restoring the cultural landscape by removing invasive healing. Both co-curators along with other groups
species and planting native and cultural plants, have provided education opportunities for school and
including kalo. Paths are also being constructed private tour groups. Hosted visitors are encouraged
to enable visitors to travel more easily and avoid to participate in site maintenance and establish
damaging the cultural resources present at the site. personal connections to a public access wahi pana, or
sacred and storied site. Every second Saturday of the
Ulupō Heiau is a sacred landscape for modern Hawaiian month, volunteers assist the co-curators to restore the
groups and individuals. It is a "living classroom" for ethnobotanical and cultural features of the site.
Cultural plants being cultivated at the State park Panoramic view of Kawainui
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Key Map Ulupö Heiau State Historical Park and vicinity
Ulupō Heiau (left) and spring at base of the heiau (right)
Aerial Driveway and parking adjacent to the heiau
KAWAINUI FLOOD
CONTROL LEVEE
SIZE: 6,850 feet (1.3 miles) long and 10 feet wide at top; FLOOD ZONE(S): Zone X (protected by the levee).
about 1.8 acres.
TSUNAMI EVACUATION ZONE: Not in zone.
JURISDICTION: State owned and under the
jurisdictionof DOFAW. DOFAW maintains the levee LAND USE DESIGNATIONS: State – Urban. City and
through an agreement with the City and County of County – P-2 (General Preservation).
Honolulu and based on strict U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers standards. REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS: Federal – U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers requirements for maintaining the
ANIMALS: Adjacent to Kawainui Canal, Maunawili Kawainui Marsh Flood Control Project.
Stream, and the open water areas of Kawainui, which
support endangered Hawaiian waterbird species. ADJACENT LAND USES: Private – Residential
neighborhoods. MunicipalŎ&LW\ &RXQW\ZDVWHZDWHU
PLANTS: Turf. An even coverage of turf to the waterline pumping station.
is required by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
VEHICULAR/PEDESTRIAN ACCESS: Vehicular access
CULTURAL RESOURCES: None. from Kailua Road is restricted to official state vehicles.
Pedestrian access is from Kawainui Community Park
SLOPE: Surface is flat with a 33 percent slope earth (north) and Wai‘auia (south). There are no existing
berm. On the flat surface is a 3’-9”-wide concrete pedestrian facilities on the levee side of Kailua Road,
sidewalk and 4’-0”-high concrete floodwall. which is a divided highway.
WATER: Adjacent to Kawainui Marsh State Wildlife

Sanctuary and the Wai‘auia wetland.
Aerial
The end of the levee closest to Kailua Road
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Key Map The flood control levee and vicinity
The levee, along with other components of the still maintains the canal that collects stormwater runoff
Kawainui Marsh Flood Control Project, was completed from Coconut Grove. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
in 1966. It was at this time that Kawainui and Hāmākua inspects the levee regularly for unwanted vegetation
were separated from each other for flood control growth, sod cover, encroachments, closure structures,
purposes. Now, Kawainui waters flow toward the ocean slope stability, erosion/bank caving, settlement,
via the portion of Kawainui Canal that runs parallel to depressions/rutting, cracking, animal control,
Mōkapu Boulevard. The other portion of Kawainui culverts/discharge pipes, riprap revetments and bank
Canal—on the makai side of the levee (approximately protection, revetments other than riprap, underseepage
6,500 feet long and 10 feet deep) —collects stormwater relief wells/toe drainage systems, and seepage.
runoff from the Coconut Grove section of Kailua and
conveys it past Hāmākua to Ka‘elepulu Stream. Since From time to time, DOFAW will post signs at both
the 1966 flood control work was completed, vegetation entries to the levee when they spray herbicide along
within the marsh created a dense mat that affected the levee. The signs include the list the chemicals being
the hydraulics of the marsh and caused the project to sprayed and a safe re-entry date/time.
be overtopped during a storm in January 1988. As a
result, the levee height was raised and a four-foot high The levee is currently the most popular outdoor
concrete floodwall was constructed on the levee in recreation area within the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex.
1997. Parking is available at Kailua Community Park, with
pedestrian access to the levee through the park.
Maintenance of the levee and marsh was transferred DOFAW enforces a no parking policy on Kailua Road
from the City and County of Honolulu to the above the levee. Since the rules for State Wildlife
Department of Land and Natural Resources in 1998. Sanctuaries apply, DOFAW also enforces no dog and no
The City and County of Honolulu (Department of segways on the levee.
Facility Maintenance, Division of Road Maintenance)
View of Olomana from the levee The end of the levee closest to Kailua Community Park
WAI‘AUIA
SIZE: Approximately 8.4 acres, not including wetland. SLOPE: Long, narrow, flat, sloping from Kailua Road
right-of-way.
DLNR. WATER: Adjacent to Kawainui Marsh State Wildlife
Sanctuary and the Wai‘auia wetland.
ANIMALS: Endangered Hawaiian waterbird species
have been observed in the Wai‘auia wetland. FLOOD ZONE(S): The upland areas are in Zone X
(non-special flood hazard area).
PLANTS: A row of native Hawaiian kou trees grow along
the trail to the levee. Otherwise, plants comprise mostly TSUNAMI EVACUATION ZONE: Not in zone.
non-native species, including hau thickets and a large
banyan tree at the northern end of the area. LAND USE DESIGNATIONS: State – Urban.
City and County – P-2 (General Preservation).
CULTURAL RESOURCES: Adjacent to this area was the
land division Wai‘auia and the pandanus grove where REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS: None.
Kahalakea, the companion of Hauwahine (Kawainui’s
mo‘o guardian), is said to have made her home. As the ADJACENT LAND USES: Private – Residential
location of the mākāhā (sluice gate) that connected neighborhoods and commercial properties.
Kawainui to Hāmākua, it was a place of prayer and MunicipalŎ&LW\ &RXQW\ZDVWHZDWHUSXPSLQJVWDWLRQ
offerings. According to legends, the fish-attracting tree,
Mākālei, grew here, and it was here that a boy used his VEHICULAR/PEDESTRIAN ACCESS: Vehicular access is
grandmother’s Mākālei branch to call and lead all the fish from Kailua Road, which is a divided highway. There are
of Kawainui Pond to hide in Maunawili Valley. no existing pedestrian facilities on the Wai‘auia side of
Kailua Road.
Hau thickets at southern end of the site
Trail to levee
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Key Map Waiÿauia and vicinity
Aerial
Waiÿauia wetland looking toward Kailua town View of Ulumawao from Waiÿauia
HĀMĀKUA
SIZE: Approximately 23 acres, including wetlands and wetland and flows to Ka‘elepulu Stream in Enchanted
uplands. Lake and then to Kailua Bay. Runoff from Coconut Grove
and Kailua town contribute water to Kawainui Canal.
DLNR. FLOOD ZONE(S): Located within Zone A (100-year) and
Zone XS (500-year) flood areas.
ANIMALS: A total of 16 waterbird species are known
to utilize the area, including the four federally listed TSUNAMI EVACUATION ZONE: Not in zone.
endangered bird species: the Hawaiian stilt (Himantopus
mexicanus knudseni), the Hawaiian coot (Fulica americana LAND USE DESIGNATIONS: State – Urban. City and
alai), the Hawaiian moorhen (Gallinula chloropus County – P-2 (General Preservation).
sandvicensis), and the Hawaiian duck (Anas wyvilliana).
Non-native species also inhabit the area, many of which REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS: Federal – U.S. Fish and
are predators of the endangered Hawaiian waterbirds. Wildlife Service Recovery Land Acquisition Program
requirements. State – State Wildlife Sanctuary. Wetland
PLANTS: Land areas are mainly non-native species, but delineation completed for Hāmākua by Natural
a few native species of native trees (kou) line the edges; Resources Conservation Service in 2013; valid for 5
wetland native pickleweed; mangrove in Kawainui Canal years.
near the intersection of Kailua Road-Hāmākua Drive.
ADJACENT LAND USES: Private – Residential
CULTURAL RESOURCES: No known sites, but the area neighborhoods and commercial properties.
area itself is a cultural resource.
VEHICULAR/PEDESTRIAN ACCESS: Restricted vehicular
SLOPE: Hāmākua is flat and prone to flooding. Gentle and pedestrian access from Hāmākua Drive.
to moderate slopes on Pu‘uoehu side of wetland area.
WATER: Kawainui Canal is adjacent to the Hāmākua
Aerial
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Key Map Hämäkua and vicinity
Hāmākua Marsh is an integral part of the Kawainui- activities, including the distribution of brochures and
Hāmākua Marsh Complex. In 1997, Hāmākua was interactive tours of the restoration site.
designated a State Wildlife Sanctuary.
Management activities for this project included
Prior to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers construction removing red mangrove from the banks of the marsh,
of flood control infrastructure, Hāmākua and Kawainui outplanting native species within the marsh, and
were connected. Now the Kawainui Canal, which carries providing of adequate nesting habitat for the marsh’s
surface runoff from Kailua town to Ka‘elepulu Stream, endangered waterbird species. Waterbird nesting
runs adjacent to Hāmākua. activity and habitat utilization were measured at
Hāmākua Marsh in 2003 and 2004 to document the
In 1994—the year that the Kawai Nui Marsh Master response of waterbirds to these management activities,
Plan was completed—the Harold K.L. Castle family and since then, DOFAW has annually conducted weekly
donated Hāmākua to Ducks Unlimited (DU), a private surveys during the waterbird nesting season (from
environmental protection organization, with the December to August) to document waterbird nesting
understanding that the group would improve and success. Many of the waterbirds at Hāmākua have also
restore the marsh. DU leveraged the value of the been banded to document their survival and dispersal.
land to obtain restoration funds from the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service and then donated Hāmākua to the State In 2013, the Hāmākua Marsh Ecosystem Restoration
of Hawai‘i in 1995. and Community Development Project received $90,000
from the First Wind Habitat Conservation Plan (as an
In 2001, the Hawaii Chapter of the Wildlife Society offset for potential endangered bird deaths from First
received a $15,000 grant for the Hāmākua Marsh Wind’s turbines in Kahuku. The funding has been used
Ecosystem Restoration and Community Development to continue recovery efforts for endangered Hawaiian
Project. The funding originated from the National waterbirds and plant species and employ a full-time
Fish and Wildlife Foundation, with partial funding wildlife biologist. The funding ends in July 2014.
provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) Fisheries' Community Based In 2013, two main management activities occurred at
Restoration Program. The project was a collaborative Hāmākua Marsh State Wildlife Sanctuary: predator
effort, involving the City and County of Honolulu, control (first started 2003) and vegetation maintenance
Kalama Land Company, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, on an as needed basis. The level of effort for each
Ducks Unlimited, Hawaii Division of Forestry and activity has been contingent upon the availability of
Wildlife, Lanikai School, and the Kailua Urban Design funding and has varied over the past seven years.
Task Force. The objectives of the project were to In 2013, in-kind funding for Hamakua included the
restore 22 acres of wetland and endangered Hawaiian following:
waterbird habitat and conduct education and outreach
Ř 6WDWHRI+DZDLŐL:RPHQőV&RPPXQLW\&RUUHFWLRQDO
Center: $3,973.65 for removal of invasive species
Ř 6WDWHRI+DZDLL'HSDUWPHQWRI(GXFDWLRQ
for student from local schools coming to learn about
the marsh, monitor endangered birds, remove
invasive vegetation, out-plant native plants, and
contribute to stream cleanups
Ř (DJOH6FRXW3URMHFWIRUZRUNSURMHFWV
such vegetation removal, stream clean ups, and sign
installation
The purchase of the adjacent hillside of Pu‘uoehu,

which was finalized in February 2013, provides well for
Hāmākua. Prior to the purchase, DOFAW maintenance
vehicles had to cross the western end of the Pu‘uoehu Hämäkua looking north toward Kawainui
property in order to reach the mauka side of the marsh.
And the maintenance road was aligned tightly between
the Hāmākua-Pu‘uoehu property and close to the edge
of the wetland.
Kawainui Canal looking north toward Kawainui; Hämäkua and

Pu‘uoehu are to the left.
Both the endangered ae‘o (Hawaiian stilt, left) and ‘alae ke‘oke‘o
(Hawaiian coot, right) inhabit Hämäkua.
Kawainui Canal looking south toward Enchanted Lake; Hämäkua and Pu‘uoehu are to the right.
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Case Study:
Hāmākua Marsh Saved by the
Clean Water Act, Federal and State Agencies,
and the Community
In 2002, Frank Coluccio Construction Company was under contract with the City and County of
Honolulu to work on a sewer rehabilitation project in Kailua. Under a license agreement with
the landowner Kaneohe Ranch, Coluccio used a site at Hāmākua Marsh to store and maintain
equipment and materials needed for the project and remove mangrove trees from the wetland
areas. But, they also filled nearly an acre of the marsh with soil, gravel, and some asphalt (mauka
of Hahani Street).
In February 2005, in response to complaints by Kailua residents, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
informed Coluccio and Kaneohe Ranch Company, Ltd., that Clean Water Act permits were
required for filling wetlands, recommended that no further work be done, and requested more
information about the area and construction work at the site.
The Hawai‘i Department of Health and EPA officials also inspected the site and noted that large
stockpiles of excavated soil and rock had been dumped into the wetland habitat without a
required permit. The EPA then ordered both companies to develop and implement a plan to
remove the fill from the wetlands and restore the habitat with native plants and appropriate
regrading. The companies were also required to monitor the restoration site, evaluate its success,
and submit annual reports to EPA for up to 5 years, from 2007 through 2011.
The director for the EPA's Pacific Southwest region stated, “We will protect the Kailua wetlands
from illegal filling and ensure it is restored to provide water bird habitat, flood storage, and
protect the island's coastal water quality.” "When wetlands are filled, these important ecological
functions are lost."
Germinating grass seedlings on fill material replaced original wetland vegetation (left). EPA scientist
examined the buried wetland soil profile; note the high water table percolating into the hole (right).
PU‘UOEHU
SIZE: Approximately 67.18 acres. SLOPE: Gentle slopes at base, proceeding up the ridge,
with highest elevation at over 300 feet; average 45
JURISDICTION: Division of Forestry and Wildlife, State percent slope on hillside.
DLNR.
WATER: Surface runoff from the slopes of Pu‘uoehu
ANIMALS: Although endangered species have not provide water for Hāmākua. Adjacent to Hāmākua Marsh
been observed on Pu‘uoehu, the hillside is an essential State Wildlife Sanctuary.
component of the Hāmākua Marsh State Wildlife
Sanctuary. FLOOD ZONE(S): Zone X (outside 500-year flood).
PLANTS: Turf and native kou and other canopy trees at TSUNAMI EVACUATION ZONE: Not in zone.
lower elevations; scrub vegetation on the slopes.
LAND USE DESIGNATIONS: State – Urban at base
CULTURAL RESOURCES: According to oral history, the of ridge; Conservation General Subzone at higher
stones on Pu‘uoehu overlooking Kawainui are sacred elevations. City and County - P-2 (General Preservation).
to Hauwahine and her companion (Paki 1976). This
interpretation is connected to the ancient Hawaiian belief REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS: Federal – U.S. Fish and
that the channel/canal beneath Pu‘u o ‘Ehu connects Wildlife Service Recovery Land Acquisition Program
Kawainui and Ka‘elepulu and was considered to be the requirements. State – Recognized as the Hāmākua Marsh
coital connection between the two fishponds, giving the Reserve.
area great mana (spiritual or divine power). The literal
meaning of Pu‘uoehu is "hill of spray." Both Pre-Contact ADJACENT LAND USES: Private – Residential
and Post-Contact sites have been identified in the lower neighborhoods and commercial properties. State
portion of Pu‘uoehu. Wildlife Sanctuary – Hāmākua Marsh.
VEHICULAR/PEDESTRIAN ACCESS: Restricted

vehicular and pedestrian access from Hāmākua Drive.
Aerial
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Key Map Puÿuoehu and vicinity
On February 13, 2013, the sale of the 67.18-acre DOFAW had been working since 1983 to protect
Pu‘uoehu hillside by Kaneohe Ranch to the State of the Pu‘uoehu hillside, which in the early 1990s was
Hawaii was completed. proposed for retirement center. A partnership of
federal agencies, state agencies, private conservation
In 2003, during a community-based planning process, organizations, private businesses, and local schools
Kaneohe Ranch pledged it would not develop the worked together to preserve the area, starting first with
hillside for fifteen years as part of the Harold Castle the wetland.
family’s efforts to protect Hāmākua Marsh.
Under state management, both Hāmākua and Pu‘uoehu
When the intended sale was announced in 2009, are protected in perpetuity for natural habitat, cultural
DOFAW secured State Legacy Land Conservation significance, and public enjoyment of the landscape.
Program (Legacy Land) funding ($450,000) and used
these funds to leverage $720,000 from the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service Recovery Land Acquisition Program
(RLA). Acquisition and associated costs totaled $1.17
million.
Puÿuoehu hillside from Hämäkua
Puÿuoehu ridge
Panoramic view of Kawainui and Kailua from Puÿuoehu ridge
View of Kawainui from Puÿuoehu ridge
PLANNING PROCESS / FRAMEWORK
"That it become, once again, a

powerful home for living Hawaiian
3
culture in and for Kailua ahupuaÿa."
PLANNING PROCESS AND

FRAMEWORK
3.1 Introduction
This chapter summarizes the planning process implemented for this project up to the completion of this Draft Master
Plan for the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex. The planning process consisted of several integrated tasks:
1. Gathering and reviewing information

2. Obtaining and evaluating public input
3. Assessing conditions and evaluating opportunities and constraints
4. Developing preliminary conceptual plans
The remaining steps in the planning process include: 1) the environmental review process and preparation of an
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS); 2) further public consultation to obtain input; 3) revision of conceptual plans
resulting from the EIS process and finalization of the master plan. Figure 3-1 illustrates the steps in this planning
process. Tasks highlighted in green boxes are those that lead to the preparation of this draft master plan; tasks
in the blue boxes are remaining steps in the master plan process. Appendix A includes a summary of the public
informational meetings held and meetings with community organizations and stakeholders.
Mural created during Public Informational Meeting No. 1 by Kailua artist Jamie Allen based on community member "calabash" responses.
Elements of the mural have been incorporated throughout the master plan document, including the cover.

Figure 3-1. The planning process.

3.2 INFORMATION 3.3.1 Public Informational Meeting No. 1
GATHERING The first public informational meeting was held on
Saturday, December 10, 2011, at 9:30 a.m., at Le
Research was conducted to collect available information Jardin Academy’s Wang Auditorium in Kailua, Hawai‘i.
on the project which consisted of various documents, Approximately 70 people attended this first meeting,
regulations, maps, and other data. Field surveys of and a copy of the attendance sheets is provided in
the project area were also conducted to observe Appendix A. Public notification of this meeting was
existing site conditions and evaluate them based upon published in the legal notices section of the November
information reviewed. Chapter 2 identified several of 23, 2011 issue of The Honolulu Star-Advertiser
the documents collected, such as prior reports, plans, newspaper. Notice of this meeting was also distributed
environmental documents, and described existing site via email to several community organizations,
conditions in more detail. stakeholders, elected officials, and individuals.
Review of this data helped to assess the status of The purpose of the meeting was threefold:
existing site conditions, identify and assess constraints 1. Notify the public of the project and commence
based upon regulations and environmental conditions the project’s community outreach efforts;
(e.g. flood plains, historic sites, topography), and 2. Provide a background on the project, and the
to identify and evaluate areas of opportunities. project area; and
Information and comments received as part of public 3. Solicit input from the community.
consultation efforts implemented during this process
were also reviewed and evaluated to assist in evaluating Hālau Mōhala ‘Ilima opened the meeting with an ‘oli
opportunities and constraints. and hula celebrating Kawainui, and opening remarks
were provided by DOFAW. A Powerpoint presentation
The results of these efforts have led to the development was given by HHF explaining the meeting’s framework,
of the master plan concepts presented in this the planning process, and background information on
document. During the environmental review process, the project and area.
additional information would be obtained that will
be used to evaluate and revise master plan concepts, After the presentation, attendees were divided into
as appropriate. This would include: 1) developing three working groups to discuss various topics on the
information on certain specific areas (e.g. estimated project. Comment forms were also made available for
costs); 2) technical studies would be conducted for participants to submit additional feedback after the
specific areas such as botany, fauna, water quality; and meeting.
3) further public input and comments on the project.
3.3 PUBLIC
INFORMATIONAL
MEETINGS
Three public informational meetings were held on this
project. The general purpose for these meetings was
to share information on the project at various stages
of the planning process, and to solicit input on the
materials being shared. Information collected from
these meetings only reflect the input and suggestions
received from those attending them, and this represents
one portion of the overall community planning process
soliciting public input for consideration.
Photograph of Hälau Möhala ‘Ilima

demonstrated that participants perceive a strong
connection between the complex and Hawaiian culture.
3. Public Access. Public access to the project area (32%)

was another theme expressed, and had a large overlap
with cultural resources and management. Access was
tied to cultural activities, stewardship, education, and
recreation (viewing).
4. Other Themes. Other themes expressed were: 1)

development and construction activities (11%); 2)
community issues (11%) that varied such as clean water,
Calabash Exercise Card understanding the watershed, and participation in
stewardship activities; 3) education (8%) with focus on
A “Calabash” Exercise was implemented for attendees learning about and appreciating the natural and cultural
during their registration at the meeting. Under this resources of the marsh complex; and 4) planning (3%)
exercise, community members were given a card to and interest on the planning process.
answer two questions which were then placed in a
“calabash bowl”. The two questions to answer were: Question 2. What is your greatest concern for the
future of the marsh?
1. What is your most precious wish for the marsh?
2. What is your greatest concern about the future of 1. Management. This theme was most often expressed
the marsh? (62%). Concerns were with the consequences from the
Overall themes from the wishes and concerns lack of management or mismanagement of the area.
responses collected from the calabash were Commercialization of the area, inappropriate usage and
incorporated onto a large, colored mural during the access, degradation of natural resources, and loss of
meeting. water rights were expressed.
After the presentation, community members were 2. Commercialization. The second most often
divided into three working groups to discuss the expressed theme was related to commercialization
following topics as they pertain to the study area: 1) (22%). Concerns with commercialization and tourism
activities and access; 2) education/visitor center; 3) affecting the natural beauty and wildlife, and its
Hawaiian culture; 4) resource management; and 5) resources could be utilized without evaluating impacts.
other topics. The input received from these group 3. Cultural Resources. Concern related to Hawaiian
discussions were collected and summarized. The culture (16%) was another theme expressed.
results from the Calabash exercise and working Comments were related to the potential loss of cultural
group discussions are included in Appendix A of this resources and not having a cultural presence at the
document, and a summary is provided below. marsh complex to perpetuate traditional practices.
Question 1. What is your most precious wish for the

marsh?
1. Management. This was the most often expressed

(78%) theme. Management was generally referred to
as restoration, preservation, or protection of the marsh.
Types of actions referenced were stewardship, removal
of garbage and invasive plants, ethnobotanical and
cultural restoration, and lo‘i (taro terraces), and loko i‘a
(fishpond).
2. Cultural Resources. Hawaiian culture was the second

most often expressed theme (35%). Cultural activities
expressed were lo‘i, loko i‘a, the practice of Hawaiian
culture, and stewardship of marsh resources. This Community members at Public Meeting No. 1

4. Public Access. Concern with public access to the 3. Activities and Access: Access to the marsh needs to
project area (14%) was another theme expressed. be controlled. The main priorities are for the restoration
Polarized comments included concern with having too of the wetlands and to support Native Hawaiian
much public access versus being restricted from public activities. There is a concern about using the marsh
access due to insufficient improvements. for commercial activities. Do not create a visitor center
but instead create an education center. Community
5. Construction/Development. Another theme (14%) activities should come after restoration. There is a
related to development expressed concern with concern that large structures would be constructed
structures supporting commercialization or tourism of at the marsh complex and that the area would be
the area and allowing too much public access. overused. Conduct fundraising via community activities
to support restoration activities. Activities should be
6. Other Themes. Other themes expressed were: 1) conducted in association with resource management
community issues (11%) that varied in comments; and and be pertinent to the marsh.
2) funding (5%) related to the lack of it to maintain the
marsh complex. 4. Education: Education as an activity is welcomed.
There are several locations suggested for an education/
visitor center. However, the center should tread lightly
on the land. Education activities should focus on the
wetlands, geology, etc.
Break-out session at Public Meeting No. 1
Breakout Session – Overall Summary

1. Resources Management: The primary focus should
be on resources management and all other issues come
after that. Resources include the uplands, ahupua’a,
open water is desirable, stream flow to the marsh and to
the bay. Resource management funding is a concern.
The project should start with restoration in the center
of the marsh rather than at the periphery. Restoration
projects should not negatively impact water quality
downstream.
2. Hawaiian Culture: Hawaiian culture and activities

would welcome all people and provide a cultural
presence at the marsh. Preserve and acknowledge
native Hawaiian heritage, history, protect archaeological
resources, living ecosystems, and respect the spirit of
the place. It is important to have a place for cultural
resources practitioners trying to teach the living
process.

3.3.2 Public Informational Meeting No. 2
The second public informational meeting was held

on Thursday, November 15, 2012, at 6:00 p.m., at Le
Jardin Academy’s Wang Auditorium in Kailua, Hawai‘i.
Approximately 70 people attended this meeting, and a
copy of the attendance sheets is provided in Appendix
A. Public notification of this meeting was published
in the legal notices section of the November 1, 2012
issue of The Honolulu Star-Advertiser newspaper.
Notice of this meeting was also distributed via email to Open House Workshop
several community organizations, stakeholders, elected
subarea had display boards with a map, images, and
officials, and individuals.
a list of important existing conditions. Other display
boards had images of various types of alternative
uses (such as paths, pavilion, cultural center) and
design concepts (such gravel, unpaved, paved
pedestrian paths) for consideration. During the
workshop, community members could freely review
the display boards, informally converse with meeting
representatives, and record their preferences for
alternative concepts on a printed questionnaire. The
intent of this workshop was to:
• Provide site-specific information about the

Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex, since each part of
the project area has unique qualities/attributes,
sensitivities, visibility.
• Provide images of building-landscape types and
Open House Workshop
materials that would be appropriate for low-impact
development to facilitate the mission and goals of
The purpose of the meeting was threefold:
DOFAW and DSP.
1. Update the public on the status of the project;
• Provide community members with a vehicle for
2. Obtain input on alternative concepts at study
communicating what they think is acceptable in
area locations; and
areas.
3. Assess the level of sensitivity to preliminary
alternative concepts.
The results from this workshop are included in
Opening remarks to start the meeting were provided
Appendix A, and a summary is provided in Table 3.1.
by DOFAW. A Powerpoint presentation was given by
Of the approximately 70 people who attended the
HHF explaining the meeting’s framework, summary
of comments from the first public informational
meeting and meetings with community organizations,
assessment of existing site conditions and developing
alternatives, and identifying differences between the
1994 master plan and this update.
Community members were invited to participate in

an open house-style workshop to evaluate alternative
master plan concepts under consideration at several
display booths set up. The objective of this exercise
was to obtain public input on the degree of their level-
of-sensitivity toward various uses and concepts.
The project area was divided into subareas, and each
3-6 KAWAINUI-HÄM ÄKUA CO M PL E X D RAF T M AS T E R P L A N Display Board with Information on Areas (What We Know)
Display Board Soliciting Input on Level-of-Sensitivity to Uses
Table 3.1 Summary Results of Workshop Responses
Workshop Responses from Questionnaires Categorized by Groupings and

Area Location Map Shown Below
meeting, 45 questionnaires were completed from the

workshop. The number of responses for or against
were tallied and calculated as percentages of total
responses. Questionnaire items receiving no comments
were not tallied, since they represent neutral input.
When participants selected more than one choice to a
question, each choice was counted.
Most favorable responses were for paths and gathering

areas, and potential master plan elements at Kalāheo
Section of Kawainui State Park Reserve and Ulupō Heiau
State Historical Park.

3.3.3 Public Informational Meeting No. 3
The third public informational meeting was held on

Wednesday, August 14, 2013, at 6:00 p.m., at Le
Approximately 135 people attended this meeting, and a
copy of the attendance sheets is provided in Appendix
A. The sign-in sheet had 121 persons, but not everyone
signed in and some arrived later. Public notification of
this meeting was published in the legal notices section
of the August 6, 2013 issue of The Honolulu Star-
Advertiser newspaper. Notice was also distributed via
email to several community organizations, stakeholders,
elected officials, and individuals. Open House Session Activities (Station No. 3)
• Further consultations with organizations and
The purpose of the meeting was threefold: agencies;
1. Update the public on the status of the project; • Refining preliminary master plan concepts based
2. Present preliminary master plan concepts on additional input received;
developed; and • Preparing a draft master plan document; and
3. Obtain comments on preliminary master plan • Beginning the environmental review process that
concepts. will provide for further public input, revisions to
master plan concepts, and assessment of impacts.
• Throughout the environmental review process,
additional consultations will be conducted with
community organizations and stakeholders to
solicit their input.
• A fourth public informational meeting would be
held after publication of the Draft EIS.
The public then participated in an open house style

breakout session designed to obtain comments on the
preliminary conceptual plans. Comment forms were
provided to obtain written comments, and the public
could review display boards and information, and talk
with project representatives. Four stations established
that covered different sections of the project area.
Open House Breakout Session Activities Station 3 was the most commented-on followed by
stations 2, 1, and 4.
Opening remarks starting the meeting were provided
by DOFAW. A Powerpoint presentation was given
by HHF that summarized comments from the
second public informational meeting and meetings
with community organizations, an evaluation of
site conditions for appropriate use, and presented
preliminary master plan concepts. Information on
DOFAW and DSP missions and objectives, evaluation
of site alternatives and concepts, and a description of
resource management concepts.
The next steps in the planning process was explained

and would consist of:
• Evaluating input received at Public Informational
Meeting 3;
Open House Breakout Activities - Comment Forms

Map Showing Area
Locations for Stations
The stations represented the following areas of the • Activities

marsh: • Cultural Practices
• Station 1: Hāmākua Marsh and Pu‘uoehu • Environmental
• Station 2: Kawainui Marsh - South • Facilities
• Station 3: Kawainui Marsh - West • Structures
• Station 4: Kawainui Marsh - North • Parking and Roads
• Trails and Boardwalks
Community input was evaluated and placed into
categories ranging from mostly favorable (FC), concerns Table 3.2 shows the breakdown of comments by
(CC), suggestions (SC), and unfavorable comments stations along with a pie chart. A summary of the
(UC). The main input topics included: feedback given for each station is provided.
Table 3.2 Showing Comment Categories by Stations
FC - Mostly Favorable
CC - Concerns
SC - Suggestions Pie Chart Graphically Showing Results
UF - Unfavorable Comments

Station 1: Hāmākua Marsh and Pu‘uoehu the canoe launching area, resorting fish pond,
• Favorable comments included full support of the increasing gate height for security, developing trails
wetland expansion, habitat restoration, endangered right away.
wildlife protection, paths, and trails. • Concerns included homeless attraction to marsh,
• Suggestions included alternative pathways, concerns about canoe facility access, habitat
building small restrooms, insuring educational impacts from more use of the marsh, and security.
and cultural activities a maintained and • There were no negative comments for this station.
restricting access to areas that are culturally or
environmentally sensitive.
• Concerns included keeping the marsh clean, the
possibility of homeless encampments, habitat
3.4 MEETINGS WITH
impacts, respecting the importance of culture, COMMUNITY
and tourist overuse. Additionally, concern about
the commercialization of the marsh buildings was
ORGANIZATIONS
expressed.
Informal meetings were held with many community
• Negative comments included having issues with
organizations to share information on the project at
more parking in the area. An increase in crime with
various stages in the planning process, and to solicit
an increase of facilities and visitors. An increase
their input. The community organizations that were
of pollution to the wetland from additional vehicle
consulted were generally comprised of stakeholders
and human use.
in the Kawainui-Hāmakuā Complex and other
organizations associated with Kailua. Information
Station 2: Kawainui Marsh - South
shared by community organizations included
• Favorable comments included support of the halau
suggestions and concerns that assisted in identifying
and education pavilion, interpretive and signage,
opportunities and constraints, and developing master
trails, and recreational access.
plan concepts. A summary of the meetings conducted
• Suggestions included removing roads, alternative
with community organizations is included in Appendix
placements for the boardwalk, providing a cultural
A. Consultations with key organizations are summarized
practice space, preserving historical sites, and
below.
ensuring that vegetation is maintained.
• Concerns included attracting homeless
populations, resident safety, too many trails in the 3.4.1 Ho‘olaulima iā Kawainui
marsh, tourist and commercial buses taking over (Ho‘olaulima)
the marsh and parking areas. Also, making the
marsh more dog-friendly. Several meetings were held with Ho‘olaulima iā
• There were no negative comments for this station. Kawainui on this project. Formed in 2004, this
organization is comprised of a network of concerned
Station 3: Kawainui Marsh – West community organizations, government agencies, and
• Favorable comments included support of the individuals cooperating to foster public awareness
building and design, trails, parking, and community and understanding of the natural, cultural, and scenic
space. resources of the Kawainui/Hamakua Marsh complex
• Suggestions included incorporating the model
to ensure the long-term protection, restoration, and
airplane park into the plan, alternative building
stewardship of this complex and the surrounding area.
architecture, including local education materials,
This network includes representatives from the State
and developing area in stages to spread out
DSP and DOFAW, and several community organizations
development.
such as ‘Ahahui Mālama i ka Lōkahi, Hawai‘i Audubon
• Concerns included site maintenance and security,
not enough parking, traffic issues, and tourist Society, Hawai‘i’s Thousand Friends, Kailua Hawaiian
overuse. Civic Club, Kailua Historical Society, Lani-Kailua
• Negative comments included not supporting the Outdoor Circle, Pacific American Foundation, and
structures or trails at that site, having too many Windward Ahupua‘a Alliance. This organization has
parking lots, and too large of a building foot print. worked on preparing an interpretive plan for Kawainui-
Hamakua Complex and was a community advocate for
Station 4: Kawainui Marsh – North the transfer of the marsh from the City and County of
• Favorable comments included support for the Honolulu to the State.
canoes and facility, parking, and paths.
• Suggestions included incorporating showers by

3.4.2 Native Hawaiian Organizations of iwi at Wai‘auia.
4. Hika‘alani. Hika‘alani’s mission is to reestablish
Several meetings were held with various native Kailua as a place appropriate to the dedicated study,
Hawaiian organizations from Kailua due to their strong practice, and promotion of Hawaiian culture. The five
interest in Kawainui as an important cultural place, and areas the organization is involved in are: 1) performing
their desire for re-establishing a permanent Hawaiian and language arts; 2) traditional applied arts; 3) pacific
cultural presence at Kawainui. An overview of these cultural exchange; 4) ceremony, ritual, protocol for iwi
organizations is provided: kūpuna; and 5) cultural performance and exhibition.
1. ‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi (AML). AML is a native They are also active in the planned reinterment of iwi at
Hawaiian conservation organization established in 1994 Wai‘auia with the KHCC.
to ensure the preservation of native ecosystems and 5. Ke Kahua O Kuali‘i (Ke Kahua). Ke Kahua’s mission
Hawaiian traditions through education, stewardship is to create a Hawaiian place of culture, a healthy
and research. They have been a major stakeholder landscape for the perpetuation of cultural practices.
in Kawainui-Hāmākua since the late 1990s when they Their vision is a native Hawaiian environment that
initiated a lowland native forest restoration project at practices traditional land management principles
Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine. Their efforts have expanded for perpetuating cultural practices. The organization
to include conducting stewardship programs at Nā conducts men’s lua activities, programs for women, and
Pōhaku o Hauwahine under a curatorship agreement partnerships with other cultural organizations.
with the DSP. They also have a Memorandum of
Agreement with the State Board of Land and Natural 6. ‘Ālele. This recently formed organization is
Resources to conduct stewardship activities and comprised of mostly young adults, many who have
educational programs within the Kawainui-Hāmākua been active in paddling through the years, and its
Wildlife Sanctuary. AML and the Kailua Hawaiian creation was sparked by the visit of Hōkūle‘a to Kailua.
Civic Club also have a co-curatorship agreement One of its missions is supporting canoeing in Kailua to
with DSP for the stewardship of Ulupō Heiau, as provide people with a sense of community and a sense
well as developing and implementing educational, of pride. For this organization canoes at Kawainui are
interpretive, and cultural programs. symbolic.
2. Hui Kanaka ‘Oiwi. Hui Kanaka Oiwi consists of 3.4.3 Neighborhood Boards
several Hawaiian cultural organizations that came
together in 2009 to form this organization. This group Presentations were given to both the Kailua
consists of native Hawaiian cultural practitioners in Neighborhood Board (KNB) and Kaneohe
Kailua such as ‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi, Kailua Neighborhood Board on the preliminary conceptual
Hawaiian Civic Club, Kailua Descendant Group, and plans prepared for the project. A presentation was also
other cultural practitioners. The group developed given to the KNB’s Planning, Zoning, and Environment
the idea of a cultural and educational center in Kailua Committee on the preliminary conceptual plans. Being
within the boundaries of the Kawainui complex the only topic on that meeting’s agenda, lengthy
due to the site’s historical and cultural significance discussions were held with committee members to
to the Hawaiian community as a center of spiritual, obtain their comments and address questions raised.
agricultural, and civic life. Members of the public present at this KNB committee
meeting also provided their comments.
3. Kailua Hawaiian Civic Club (KHCC). The KHCC
was established in 1959 to perpetuate Hawaiian
culture, improve the lives of Hawaiians and the Kailua 3.4.4 Educational Stakeholders
community, and to malama the Kailua ahupuaá.
They have been curators of Ulupō Heiau under a Meetings were held with various educational
curatorship agreement with DSP since 1987. In 2006, stakeholders to discuss the project, potential
KHCC and AML joined as co-curators of a 7-acre area educational program opportunities, and to obtain
that encompasses Ulupō Heiau. They are currently their general input. A meeting was held with several
administrative and teaching staff from Le Jardin
working to restore the cultural landscape of the heiau
Academy to discuss existing educational programs
with the gradual removal of the alien vegetation,
the school has related to environment and Kawainui,
restoration of lo‘i kalo, and planting of native and
and future opportunities to expand and increase
Polynesian-introduced plants. KHCC also sponsors the
educational programs. Another meeting was held with
Ulupō Heiau Ho‘ike to heighten public awareness and several potential educational partners for Kawainui
understanding of the cultural history of Kawainui and to discuss opportunities and program requirements.
Kailua. They are also active in the planned reinterment Organizations included Le Jardin Academy, Pacific
American Foundation, ‘Ahahui Mālama, and the Hawai‘i and DSP representatives on two occasions to express
Nature Center. their comments on the project.
2. Site Visit with Lani-Kailua Outdoor Circle.
3.4.5 Other Organizations Representatives from the Lani-Kailua Outdoor Circle
Meetings were held with various canoe clubs to discuss met with DOFAW staff to conduct a site visit of the
potential opportunities for supporting canoe-related project area, and to discuss their concerns.
activities at the Kalaheo section of the Kawainui State 3. Hawai‘i Audubon Society Presentation.
Park Reserve. Those participating in these discussions DOFAW gave a presentation to the Hawai‘i Audubon
included members of the Lanikai Canoe Club, Kailua Society at their 2013 annual meeting to share
Canoe Club, and staff from Kalāheo High School that information on the project and preliminary conceptual
has a well-established canoe team. plans with members. Representatives from the Lani-
Kailua Outdoor Circle were also present at this meeting
A meeting with environmental-related organizations and provided comments and raised questions on the
was scheduled, but members either could not attend project.
or cancelled from attending this meeting. Groups
included were Hawai‘i’s Thousand Friends, Lani- 4. Kailua Rotary Club Presentation.
Kailua Outdoor Circle, and Hawai‘i Audubon Society. DOFAW gave a presentation to the Kailua Rotary Club
Coordination with these organizations has been to share information on the project and preliminary
conducted through other activities. conceptual plans with members at one of their club
meetings.
A presentation to the State’s Environmental Council
5. Kailua Neighborhood Board Meetings.
was scheduled at one of their monthly meetings
Although not included on their agenda for a formal
at the request of Hawai‘i’s Thousand Friends. The
presentation, a DOFAW representative has been
President of the KNB also serves as Vice President of the
present at other KNB meetings to answer questions
Environmental Council. Representatives from the KNB, board members have had on the project.
Hawai‘i’s Thousand Friends, and Lani-Kailua Outdoor
Circle were present to provide comments and ask 6. Olomana Community Association. DOFAW has
questions on preliminary plans. provided information on the project to be included
as part of the Olomana Community Association’s
newsletter.
3.5 OTHER ACTIVITIES
INVOLVING PUBLIC 3.5.2 Ramsar World Wetlands Day Events
INPUT HHF attended the Ramsar World Wetlands Day events
in 2012 and 2014 to provide the public with information
Other activities have occurred throughout this planning on the project, and to answer questions they had.
process to obtain public input in addition to the public During the 2012 event, an information booth with
informational meetings and meetings with community display boards and handouts was provided, and a
organizations. powerpoint presentation given on the project. During
the 2014 event, an information booth with display
3.5.1 State DLNR Meetings and boards and handouts was provided.
Presentations
Meetings, presentations, individual consultations,

and site visits with representatives from community
organizations have occurred with representatives of
either DOFAW or DSP throughout this process. These
activities provided the community with additional
opportunities to provide suggestions, express concerns,
and ask questions on the project. Those activities of
note are summarized below.
1. Meetings with Chair of State Land Board.
Representatives from the KNB, Hawai‘i’s Thousand
Friends, and Lani-Kailua Outdoor Circle had meetings
with the Chair of the State Land Board (DLNR), DOFAW HHF's display booth at the 2014 Ramsar World Wetlands Day.

• Lehuakona Isaacs, Jr., President, ‘Ahahui Malama I
Ka Lokahi
• Mapuana de Silva, kumu hula, Hālau Mōhala ‘Ilima
and longtime Kailua resident
• Damian Rentoule, Middle School Principal, Le
Jardin Academy
• Chuck Prentiss, Chair, Kailua Neighborhood Board
and retired urban planner
• Dave Curry, principal, Helber Hastert & Fee,
Planners
Each of the five panelists answered the following three

questions:
1. What are your greatest concerns about Kawainui?
2. Describe in your own words the ideal use of
Kawainui?
3. From your perspective, what is your favored near
term future of Kawainui?
After each presentation, community members had

the opportunity to ask questions and/or provide
comments. Community members were directed to the
LiveSift website where they could send questions and
comments using smart phones during each panelist’s
presentation. Community members could also submit
questions/comments on index cards, which were
posted at the front of the auditorium according to
which panelist they were directed. Comment forms
World Wetlands Day posters 2012 & 2014 (above). Photo of

2014 Ramsar World Wetlands Day. Panel members at the Envisioning Kawainui meeting
3.5.3 Envisioning Kawainui Public

Meeting
A public informational meeting was conducted and co-
sponsored by the Office of Senator Jill N. Tokuda and
the Harold K. L. Castle Foundation to solicit additional
public input on the project. This meeting was held
on Saturday, November 30, 2013, at 9:00 a.m., at Le
Approximately 200 people attended this meeting, and
notes prepared of this meeting by others along with
comments received are included in Appendix A.
The meeting was facilitated by two individuals, and
LiveSift website for community input via mobile device
consisted of a panel discussion by the following:
Early on, the group determined that an interpretive
plan was a needed element of the former 1994
Master Plan, and recognized the positive role that
interpretation could play in heightening public
awareness and promoting stewardship. As part of this
effort, member organizations inventoried Kawainui-
Hāmākua resources, developed interpretive themes,
and considered interpretive devices and programs that
could best share these themes and resources.
In 2010, the organization decided that it was time

to outreach to the public to develop an interpretive
plan. The goal was to identify preferred interpretive
Community members at the Envisioning Kawainui meeting opportunities so that an interpretive program could
be integrated into the master plan project. The
were also available at the end of the meeting. organization conducted a series of eight meetings in
Some concluding comments from the panelists and different communities of Kailua to solicit public input,
DOFAW at the conclusion of the meeting were: and to report back to the public their findings. A
summary of the outreach goals were:
• Lehuakona Isaacs, Jr.: “We are asking to re-
establish the same kauhale that were built by • Introduce the public to the Kawainui-Hāmākua
our ancestors. To deny a people to re-establish Complex;
themselves because of a fear of tourists, that is not • Learn what these wetlands means; and
rational, is not pono.” • Learn which interpretive messages, techniques and
• Mapuana de Silva: “We (Hawaiians) need to be facilities, if any, one thinks should be located at, in
given that chance; but we’re still at step 1 and we or near the marsh.
want to have that opportunity ...”
• Damian Rentoule: “I’ve learned a lot and was The following were the themes and main messages
pleasantly surprised that there’s more unity than developed from the community input:
was expected by me as an outsider.”
• Chuck Prentiss: “I saw a lot of agreement here • Include Hawaiian Living Culture: More Hawaiian
today; that’s a step in the right direction.” involvement; include active stewardship and
• Dave Curry: “The greatest concern is not moving practices to educate and perpetuate Hawaiian
forward with a plan, Kawainui is being degraded, cultural traditions; and places to practice and
and educational and cultural opportunities are perpetuate art and traditional land use practices.
important, we need to take those steps forward.” • Restoration of Resources: Concern for native
species, water quality, and protection of resources;
Dave Smith (DOFAW): “I’m struck that we agree variations on protection (keeping people out
on 90% of everything. We’re talking about or restricting visits for stewardship or cultural
some details around the edges.” practices); and support, understand, and restore
ecosystem.
3.5.4 Ho'olaulima: Interpreting • Access: Control access, types of buses and uses
of the resources; require orientation; provide
Kawainui-Hāmākua
shuttle system; offer docent-led tours; charge a
fee for tours to pay for restoration and education;
Ho‘olaulima prepared a document titled Interpreting
access by residents versus visitors; and determine
Kawainui-Hämäkua Recommendations for the Kawainui
limitations at each site through a carrying capacity
Master Plan Update (July 2012) to provide the State with
study.
their suggestions as part of the master plan project.
• Education: Experience and learn from the
A copy of this report can be found on Ho‘olaulima’s
resources; support for education and stewardship
Interpreting Kawainui-Hāmākua web page at:
activities with education; and different ways to
https://sites.google.com/site/ facilitate educational experience.
interpretingkawainuihamakua/home

• Stewardship: Keep it local, not commercial; expand • Manage park sites having outdoor recreational, natural,
stewardship to involve more community and increase cultural, and scenic values
awareness; integrate stewardship with visitation; and • Promote natural, cultural, and scenic values through
encourage schools and local groups to become more educational and interpretive programs
active stewards. • Provide public access
• Education/Visitor Center: A range of suggestions • Promote science and research
concerned this topic. Many opposed any structure on
or near the marsh; suggested locations included Kailua 2. Support Restoration Efforts and Habitat Enhancement.
town, the old ITT site, a site at the YMCA, or smaller This core DOFAW mission guides decisions and future actions
orientation structure(s) at sites such as adjacent to occurring within the complex.
Kalaheo High School. • Species recovery for Hawaiian endangered waterbird
• Support Mechanisms: Loop trails; perimeter trails; no new species
structures; building on stilts or with minor impact; and • Flood control
interpretive signs with QR (Quick Response) Codes. - Maintain levee
• Financing: Need guaranteed source of funding - Coordinate activities with USACE
for maintenance and security; concern about • Control plant growth in the wetland
commercialization of the marsh; funding should assist • Kawainui Wetland Restoration Efforts
groups with stewardship activities, restoration, and - Army Corps of Engineers Restoration Ponds
maintenance needs with the State; charge for docent-led management
tours and provide funds for restoration and education. - Wetland restoration (Kahanaiki Section)
- South area management objective: Nesting habitat
3.5.5 Public Comment Letters and E-Mails • North Kawainui Restoration Activities
- Management objective: General habitat/nesting
Throughout the planning process, comment letters and • Reforestation of Kawainui Upland Areas
e-mails have been received from the public. Copies of this - Remove invasive species/Restore with native vegetation
input are included in Appendix A. Due to increased sensitivity • Improve Waterbird Habitat
toward public access of personal contact information (e.g. • Manage levee activities
email address, phone numbers), those portions of the - Continued Pedestrian Use - No Dogs Allowed
comments have been screened from publication. • Hāmākua Wetland Management Efforts
- Wetland Expansion and Improve Water Levels
3.6 PLANNING FRAMEWORK • Pu‘uoehu Reforestation
- Remove Invasive Species / Restore with Native
THEMES Vegetation
Based on evaluation of several factors, such as agency mission 3. Integrate Cultural Practices Within Kawainui.
and objectives, regulatory requirements, and public input, the Kawainui is culturally significant and important to native
themes have been identified as planning framework for the Hawaiians, and protecting and managing cultural resources
development of the Kawainui-Hamakua Complex master plan. are core objectives for both DOFAW and DSP. Providing
an opportunity to establish a permanent cultural presence
1. Support Agency Mission Objectives. to support cultural practices, stewardship, and educational
The master plan concepts need to satisfy the mission and opportunities is important, and addresses a shortcoming of
objectives of both DOFAW and DSP. The Kawainui-Hāmākua the 1994 master plan.
Complex is a resource of international importance with its • Ulupō Heiau Stewardship Efforts
Ramsar designation and a resource of importance not only to - Continue Cultural Landscape Restoration Activities
Kailua but to the entire State. Management of this resource - Manage Stewardship, Visitation, and Educational
needs to consider the broader public interest. Agency mission Activities
objectives include the following: • Nā Pōhaku O Hauwahine Restoration Efforts
- Continue Removing Invasive Species / Restore with
• Manage and protect watersheds, ecosystems, and natural Native Vegetation
and cultural resources • Establish Reinterment Site
• Provide passive outdoor recreational opportunities and - Reinterment Site at Wai‘auia for Iwi Kupuna
facilities as appropriate • Establish Areas for Permanent Cultural Practices
• Facilitate partnerships, community involvement, and - Cultural Center to Engage Hawaiian Culture and
education Stewardship
- Area for Stewardship of Reinterment Site and - Cultural Groups Include Educational
Cultural Practices Opportunities as Part of Programs
• Support Cultural Practices, Educational - Cultural Groups Responsible for Stewardship Of
Opportunities, and Exchange with Others Surrounding Areas
- Support MOA with ‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi • Support Hoolaulima’s Interpretive Plan Elements
- Develop and Implement Educational and - Provide Interpretive Paths and Signs to Promote
Interpretive Programs Understanding and Appreciation of Resources
• Support MOA with ‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi
4. Increase Public Access.
Increasing public access is an important core objective 7. Effective Management of Resource with Increased
for both DOFAW and DSP. It meets Federal regulations, Access.
is generally favored by the public, and supports Effective management of the resources is a concern
educational and stewardship opportunities. for DOFAW, DSP, and the public because of the
• Provide Pedestrian Access to Natural, Cultural, potential impacts to the resources by increased access.
and Scenice Resources to the extent that these Commercial activities, particularly those related to
resources are not adversely impacted tourism, need to be managed and monitored to insure
• Create Opportunities for Passive Outdoor resources are not adversely affected.
Recreational Activities • Increase Staffing for DOFAW and DSP to Support
• Support Continued Use of the Levee as a Management of Area
Pedestrian Path - Provide Facility for DSP within DOFAW Kawainui
• Integrate Access with Management, Educational Research Station
Programs and Stewardship Opportunities - Create Joint DOFAW/DSP Partnerships for
Management and Monitoring
5. Support Passive Outdoor Recreational Use. • Increase Coordination with DOCARE for Monitoring
Allowing passive outdoor recreational use is desired and Enforcement
by the public, creates interpretive opportunities, and is • Increase Partnerships with Organizations to Assist
consistent with DSP and DOFAW objectives. with Area Management
• Provide Appropriately Designed and Scaled - Cultural Areas Established Would Support
Facilities to Support Visitation Monitoring of Area
- Education Center for Residents, Visitors, - Establish Partnerships to Support Funding for
Educational Groups, and Others Contracted Security Service
- Integrate Education Center into Educational and • Implement Access and Uses in Phased Approach
Interpretive Programs for the Kawainui-Hāmākua - Public Access (Paths) Opened When DOFAW/
Complex Facility for Canoe Launch Activities DSP are Able to Manage Areas
• Provide Amenities Along Pedestrian Trails to - Incorporate Fencing of Property with Phased
Promote Access Access
• Provide Support Facilities for Public Health - DOFAW/DSP Monitoring of Activities to Support
and Safety and Facilities that Comply with ADA Future Phasing Decisions
Accessibility Requirements • Enforce Existing Restrictions Covering Commercial
Activities
6. Increase Educational and Stewardship - Permits Required for Commercial Activities
Opportunities. Within Wildlife Sanctuary
Educational opportunities would be created with - Permits Required for Commercial Activities
restoration activities, cultural practices, and public Within DSP Jurisdiction Areas
access that would further stewardship of the resource. • Adaptive Management - Science and Research
• Increase Partnerships with Schools and
Organizations
- Promote "Adopt-A-Park" and similar types of
agreements with community groups
- Supports Interest and Management of Resources
- Supports Increased Stewardship Opportunities
(Clean-up Activities)
• Increase Education and Stewardship Activities of
Areas Use by Cultural Organizations
3.7 SUMMARY OF
ALTERNATIVES
CONSIDERED
A summary of alternatives considered is provided.
Alternatives identified were generally based upon site
assessments of the project area, and input received from the
public. The alternatives identified at this time will be further
evaluated as part of the environmental review process which
would then allow for impact assessments to be included in the
evaluation.
1. Ho‘olaulima Recommendations (July 2012 Report).

This report identified alternatives for the siting of the
educational center as shown on Figure 3.2. These alternative
locations consisted of:
a. Sites that would involve displacing existing commercial
businesses.
These alternative sites were not feasible or practicable
because they are privately-owned properties, and the master
plan project area only includes State-owned properties under
DOFAW and DSP jurisdiction. Using those sites would involve
the displacement of existing commercial businesses which is
not practicable or justifiable by the State DLNR.
b. Site across Kawainui on a slope near the Mōkapu
Boulevard off-ramp.
This alternative site was evaluated, but determined to be not
feasible or practicable for the education center because it
would be physically cut off from Kawainui by Kapa‘a Quarry Figure 3-2. Ho ̦olaulima's site recommendations for an education
Road, is located on a steep slope, does not have sufficient center: Kailua town (top) and near Kaläheo High School at the
space due to the highway right-of-way, would not support north end of Kawainui.
pedestrian paths, and would not provide a desirable
experience for visitors.
of their plan report is included in Appendix A. Their plan
c. City-owned remnant parcel along Kapa‘a Quarry Road.
recommendations addressed four main topic areas identified
This alternative site was evaluated, but determined to be
below.
not feasible or practicable because it consists of a remnant
a. Programs and Operations.
wetland that has negative environmental effects, is property
b. Resource Management and Restoration.
owned by the City, would be physically cut off from Kawainui
c. Interpretive Facilities.
by Kapa‘a Quarry Road, and would not support pedestrian
d. Support Features.
paths nor provide a suitable experience for visitors.
Recommendations under the programs and operations,
resource management and restoration, and support features
2. Kailua Neighborhood Board Recommendations.
topics are generally consistent with the concepts proposed
In their advisory capacity, the Kailua Neighborhood Board’s
under this master plan, which are related to wetland
Planning, Zoning and Environment Committee proposed
restoration, removal of alien species, preserving historic sites,
their own version of a plan as an alternative to preliminary
and habitat enhancement. However, there are differences with
conceptual plans being considered under this project. This
their interpretive facilities recommendations with that being
version of the plan was adopted by the Committee in October
considered.
2013, and received the Board’s support at their November
2013 meeting. Figure 3.3 includes their plan map and a copy
The environmental review process will evaluate these respond to questions. Consultations during this next
differences in further detail. Comments from other phase will provide the State with additional information
organizations and individuals, particularly from the to evaluate, incorporate revisions to the master plan
native Hawaiian community, have criticized this KNB concepts, and address more specifics on project details,
alternative plan proposed. A particular area of criticism as appropriate.
is on the appropriateness of the KNB to be dictating to
the native Hawaiian community what type of facilities
should be provided to support their traditional cultural
practices. Copies of these comments are included in
Appendix A.
3.8 FUTURE PUBLIC INPUT

Additional opportunities would be provided for
the public to review and provide comments on this
project, as graphically shown in Figure 3.1. The
larger framework for public review would be under
the environmental review process (Environmental
Impact Statement, or EIS) which will publish: 1) an
EIS Preparation Notice; and 2) a Draft EIS for public
and agency review. There will also be another public
informational meeting on the project during the EIS
process to receive public comments and suggestions.
Meetings with community organizations would also
continue to occur during the environmental review
process to address concerns, obtain suggestions, and
Figure 3-3. Kailua Neighborhood Board's plan for the Kawainui-Hämäkua

Complex.

THE PLAN
"That it be a fully functioning ecosystem

with birds, fish, plants, etc., and people
4
get to experience it."
THE PLAN
4.1 Introduction
The Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex Master Plan has evolved through a rigorous process of information gathering,
analysis, and evaluation. During the master planning process, alternatives were analyzed in relation to
environmental and land use constraints. Master plan elements were evaluated to make sure that natural and cultural
resources within the complex would be protected and that the elements were in alignment with DLNR missions and
goals.
The master plan is an end condition and framework for management and phased implementation. The master plan
document describes and illustrates the important relationships of the parts to the whole, so that different elements
of the master plan can be implemented at different times, knowing that the parts will fit together in the end to
complete the plan.
Although DOFAW and DSP are responsible for implementing the plan, the outcome also depends greatly on
community commitment and participation. Everyone who cares about the Kawainui-Hāmākua Marsh Complex
needs to be involved in turning visions into reality. We can be inspired by Kailua's maoli kanaka who, through
coordinated and concerted effort, successfully managed Kawainui's resources.

4.2 Master Plan Overview MASTER PLAN THEMES
The Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex Master Plan is both a
Natural Resources Restoration
resources management plan and a physical plan with
elements to facilitate resources management and the Wetland/Endangered bird habitat restoration
successful implementation of DLNR objectives. Upland reforestation with native vegetation
Stewardship activities
DLNR's primary goal within the Kawainui-Hāmākua
Cultural Practices and Stewardship
Complex is recovery of the four endangered Hawaiian
waterbird species. The main activity associated with this Perpetuation of cultural tradition and practices
goal is wetland restoration to expand habitat for these Restoration of cultural landscapes
birds over the next twenty years of this master plan Agricultural practices and education
and beyond. DLNR will also continue to fulfill its legal Environmental and cultural practices
responsibilities to operate and maintain flood control Canoe paddling and voyaging education
infrastructure at Kawainui.
Education
Other natural resources management activities Place-based learning and "outdoor classrooms" for all
incorporated in this master plan include reforestation area school-age studies
of upland area by replacing invasive species with native Opportunities for a variety of organizations to participate
species; monitoring water quality (including mitigation Education for visitors regarding the importance of
of stormwater runoff); evaluating the condition of the Kawainui and Hämäkua through interpretive programs
natural resources and making adaptive adjustments to Knowledge = Participation, stewardship, sustainment
minimize negative impacts; processing green waste;
and controlling access via the legal permitting process Outdoor Recreation
for State Wildlife Sanctuaries. Pedestrian pathways
Passive parks
General land management responsibilities include Nature and wildlife viewing
cleaning up illegally dumped trash and homeless Stewardship activities
camps, controlling illegal access and off-road vehicles, Canoeing
and mowing lawn areas.
DLNR will also continue to manage the cultural complex for staff- and docent-led educational
resources within the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex. An programming.
important cultural component of this master plan is
the dedication of four areas to the practice of Hawaiian For outdoor recreational activities, a 5.7-mile-long
culture. DLNR will continue to encourage additional perimeter path and system of foot trails will provide
curators and partners—following the precedents set by designated access to areas for stewardship activities,
‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi and the Kailua Hawaiian nature viewing, and other forms of passive recreation,
Civic Club—to restore cultural landscapes, maintain such as picnicking. Gated entries will control vehicular
cultural sites, and offer interpretive and educational access within the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex.
opportunities.
Community involvement is programmed into the master
As part of this master plan, interpretive and educational plan in many forms. Volunteer work days and adoption
opportunities will be expanded. Hawai‘i students programs—such as the existing program at the
will be able to learn about the Kawainui-Hāmākua Army Corps of Engineers Restoration Ponds—will be
Complex in "outdoor classrooms" and through hands- organized to encourage individual and organizational
on experiences tied to Department of Education participation. For cultural and educational
curriculum. DSP will provide community members programming, DLNR partnerships and curatorships will
and visitors with interpretive opportunities at two be expanded. The implementation of some master plan
formal venues—an education center and an interpretive elements will be dependent on responses by qualified
shelter—and throughout the complex. The education nonprofit organizations to Requests for Proposals.
center and interpretive shelter, program staging areas,
and pavilions are strategically located within the

THE PLAN
Figure 4-1. Types and locations of management activities and physical elements in the Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex Master Plan.
KAWAI NUI - HÄM ÄKUA COMPLEX DR AFT MASTER PLAN 4-3

Figure 4-1 describes the types and locations of Table 4-1 provides acreages for wetland and upland
management actions and physical elements in management areas and for program areas, which are
the master plan. More detailed descriptions of located in the uplands. Program areas comprise 57
management and programming are included in acres, or only 6 percent of the total state-owned land
Sections 4.3 through 4.7. Section 4.8, The Physical in the project area. The majority of the 57 acres will be
Master Plan, provides site plans and detailed reforested area; buildings comprise 52,000 square feet,
descriptions of master plan elements. or approximately 1.2 acres.
Table 4-1 MANAGEMENT AND PROGRAM AREAS
Management Areas Acres
State Wildlife Sanctuaries/Wetland Restoration 748
Upland Reforestation 238
Total State-Owned Land within Project Area 986
Program Areas in Upland Reforestation Areas Acres
Natural Resources Management Areas: DOFAW

Management and Research Station; Vegetation 14
Processing Area (Kapa‘a)
Hawaiian Cultural Areas: Canoe/Voyaging

Center (Kalāheo Section); Hawaiian Cultural and
Environmental Center (Kapa‘a); Ulupō Heiau 39
State Historical Park; Center for Hawaiian Studies
(Wai‘auia)
Education Center (Nā Pōhaku Section) 1
Interpretive Shelter and Observation Pavilion

(Kalāheo Section)
1
Education/Stewardship Programming Areas

(Kahanaiki, Mokulana, DOFAW Management and 2
Research Station, Hāmākua)
Total Program Area Acreage 57
Percentage of State-Owned Project Area Land Proposed as Program

Areas: 6 percent
Total Estimated Floor Area for Facilities: 52,000 square feet, or

approximately 1.2 acres
4-4 KAWAI NUI - HÄM ÄKUA CO M P LEX DRAFT M AST ER P LAN

THE PLAN
activities, the DOFAW Management and Research
4.3 NATURAL RESOURCES Station is located adjacent to the recently completed
MANAGEMENT PLAN U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Restoration Ponds and in
close proximity to Kawainui.
4.3.1 Plan Overview

4.3.2 Wetland Restoration
One of the most important components of the
Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex Master Plan is the Within the next year, DLNR will be restoring
management of wetland and upland natural resources. approximately 60 acres of wetland on the south end
The primary focus of wetland management is the of Kawainui. Implementation includes naturalizing
recovery of Hawaiian endangered waterbird species. Kahanaiki Stream to create open water and seasonal
For these birds, the ideal habitat is shallow wetland mud flats and promoting the growth of native
areas, where they forage and nest. Exposing mudflats, vegetation to enhance the habitat for endangered
controlling invasive species, monitoring water quality, waterbirds and various species of migratory shorebirds
and controlling outbreaks of bacteria are crucial and waterfowl (Figure 4.3).
management activities. Expanding and maintaining
open water areas will support adult and migratory birds. Based on the concept illustrated in Figure 4-3, DLNR's
wetland restoration program will include naturalizing
Managing the Kawainui wetland is critical for Kahanaiki Stream down to where it joins Maunawili
maintaining its hydrological properties for flood control. Stream and restoring areas within the Open Water/
For both Kawainui and Hāmākua, management is Pothole Zone, which provides a diverse habitat for adult
necessary to reverse the progressive transformation of waterbirds and migratory shorebirds (Figure 4-4).
the wetlands to meadow or swamp ecosystems.
The Peat Mat Zone and Remediation Zone are important
The focus of upland management is removing and components of Kawainui's flood control capability and
controlling invasive species and replacing them will remain essentially unchanged, with the exception of
with native plants according to three subzones: the selective removal of trees and other invasive vegetation.
marsh buffer zone adjacent to the wetlands, the
mid-level zone, and the lowland forest zone. Healthy To minimize intrusion by predators, special fencing will
upland zones provide a protective buffer between be installed around the perimeter of wetland areas and
developed areas and the wetlands: the uplands are in some adjacent upland areas.
where stormwater runoff is slowed and cleansed
before reaching Kawainui and Hāmākua. Maintaining Wetland restoration will occur in several phases
infrastructure, such as maintenance roads, trails, over time and during different seasonal conditions
and fence lines, is another dimension of upland (wet and dry seasons) in order to allow Kahanaiki
management. Measures to mitigate stormwater runoff Stream and associated wetland areas to naturally
discharging into Kawainui and Hāmākua includes re-establish themselves. Figure 4.5 illustrates the
repairing existing drainage culverts and creating wetland restoration process. Adaptive management
detention areas for slowing and cleansing runoff before is key: implementing improvements, monitoring and
it enters the wetlands. evaluating results, assessing existing conditions, and
adjusting strategies as necessary and in alignment with
A combination of mechanical methods and localized resource issues, such as funding and staffing.
application of herbicide will be used to remove and
control the growth of invasive plants. Staging areas will Existing invasive vegetation, such as California grass
be established as appropriate for temporary storage of and cattails, will be removed along with a thatch layer
biomass awaiting transport to a processing site. of dead vegetation. Based on prior test excavations, a
contemporary silt layer about 20 inches deep is located
DLNR's management zones are illustrated in Figure below the existing vegetation. This layer is the result
4-2. Tables 4-2 and 4-3 describe DLNR's management of sediment transported by stormwater runoff into the
strategies and zones. As a primary component of this marsh over many years. A tractor, mower, or floating
master plan, approximately 746 acres of wetland and excavator will be used to cut or grub the vegetation
240 acres of upland forest will be restored. To provide and thatch layer up to a few inches below the soil level.
proper oversight of and access for these management These methods are intended to minimize the impact

Table 4-2 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES BY ECOSYSTEM TYPE OR SITE USE
ARC Archaeological Site Preservation: Preservation plan with buffers, interpretation, monitoring
FE Upland Forest Enhancement: Control invasive species, install native plants, manage vegetation, monitor.
M1 Levee Maintenance: Manage vegetation, maintain infrastructure, remove debris, monitor.
M2 Path Maintenance: Manage vegetation, maintain infrastructure, remove debris, monitor.
M3 Access Road Maintenance: Manage vegetation, maintain infrastructure, remove debris, monitor.
M4 Fence Line Maintenance: Control vegetation mechanically and chemically, monitor.
M5 Public Access/Park Maintenance: Manage vegetation, maintain infrastructure, remove debris, monitor.
M6 Facility/Staging Area Maintenance: Manage vegetation, maintain infrastructure, remove debris, monitor.
OWM Open Water Management: Control invasive species, manage vegetation, monitor.
PM Peat Mat Management: Remove trees, control invasive species control, manage peat mat, monitor.
PND Constructed Ponds Management: Control invasive species, manage vegetation, maintain infrastructure,
monitor.
RZM Remediation Zone Management: Remove trees, control invasive plants, implement water quality
enhancement and flood control measures, monitor.
SE Stream/Stream Bank Enhancement: Control Invasive species, remove debris, manage vegetation, monitor.
SWE Shallow Wetland (temporary flood plains) Enhancement: Mow, till, grub, remove debris, control invasive
species, monitor.
Table 4-3 KAWAINUI-HĀMĀKUA COMPLEX MANAGEMENT ZONES

Hamakua Wetland Zone: Shallow Wetland (temporary flood plains) Enhancement and Stream/Stream Bank
Enhancement (SWE, SE; see description of management strategy in Table 4-1, typical)
Kahanaiki Wetland Zone: Shallow Wetland Enhancement and Stream/Stream Bank Enhancement (SWE, SE)
ACE (Army Corps of Engineers) Ponds: Constructed Ponds Management and Archaeological Site Preservation (PND,
ARC)
Open Water/Pothole Zone: Open Water Management, Stream/Stream Bank Enhancement, Shallow Wetland
Enhancement, and Peat Mat Management (OWM, SE, SWE, PM)
Peat Mat Zone: Peat Mat Management, Stream/Stream Bank Enhancement and Shallow Wetland Enhancement (PM,
SE, SWE)
Remediation Zone: Remediation Zone Management (RM)
Levee: Levee Maintenance and Stream/Stream Bank Enhancement (M1)
Wai’auia Wetland Zone: Shallow Wetland Enhancement and Stream/Stream Bank Enhancement (SWE, SE)
Upland Forest Zones: Upland Forest Enhancement, Archaeological Site Preservation, Facility/Staging Area
Maintenance, Path Maintenance, Access Road Maintenance, Fence Line Maintenance, and Public Access/Park
Maintenance (FE, ARC, M6, M2, M3, M4, M5)

K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA S T ER P LAN
Figure 4-2. Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex management plan. See Table 4-1 for a description of management strategies and zones.
4-7
THE PLAN
on potential subsurface archaeological sites, such as natural watercourse. The water depth will typically vary
‘auwai, since they occur within this contemporary silt from about four inches up to one foot. Figure 4.6 shows
layer. a typical sectional view of the restored stream, wetland,
and seasonal mud flats.
Wetland restoration will occur in discrete areas of
approximately three to four acres at a time. The dry Native plants will be re-established in the wetland along
season is preferred, to allow efficient movement of with transitional vegetation between the wetland and
equipment within the marsh area. upland areas. Initially, these plants will be flagged to
avoid accidental application of herbicide. Marking
Invasive vegetation reappearing in cleared areas will restored areas will facilitate monitored to support re-
be mowed or sprayed with herbicide approved for establishment and minimize reoccurrence of invasive
wetland use. This process will be repeated over several plants.
months. Unimpeded surface water flowing into this
area from Kahanaiki Stream should then be allowed to 4.3.3 UPLAND REFORESTATION
re-establish its natural course through the area based
on random changes in ground conditions. During the The upland areas of the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex
wet season, increased water flowing through this area will be re-established as native upland forest. These
should establish seasonal mud flats along the stream’s areas are generally located along Kapa‘a Quarry Road,
Figure 4-3. Kawainui wetland restoration plan at Kahanaiki Stream. Source:

Kawainui Wetland Restoration & Habitat Enhancement Plan (August 2012)

THE PLAN
Figure 4-4. Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex wetland restoration concept.

INVASIVE PLANTS EXAMPLE NATIVE WETLAND
TO BE REMOVED PLANTS TO BE RESTORED
California Grass Ahuÿawa (Cyperus javanicus)

Cattail ÿAkiÿaki (Schoenoplecus spp.)
Papyrus ÿAkulikuli (Sesuvium portulacastrum)
Schefflera Bacopa (Bacopa monnieri)
Umbrella Sedge Ihiÿihi (Marsilea villosa)
Pickle Weed Kaluha (Bolboschoenus maritimus)
Salvinia Makaloa (Cyperus laevigatus)
Other (See Kawai Nui Marsh Invasive Aquatic Plant Pycreus (Pycreus polystchyos)
Study, DLNR, 2006) ÿUki (Cladium jamaicense)
Figure 4-5. Wetland restoration process. Source: Kawainui Wetland Restoration & Habitat Enhancement
Plan (Helber, Hastert & Fee, Planners, August 2012)
THE PLAN
at Mokulana, from the Kawainui Management and Kawainui along Kapa‘a Quarry Road from Kalaniana‘ole
Research Station toward Wai‘auia, and on Pu‘uoehu Highway to Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine. The south and
hillside. eastern boundaries of Kawainui will be restored later,
along with Pu‘uoehu hillside.
DLNR has already begun clearing trees and vegetation
in the upland area below Le Jardin Academy and A hybrid ecosystem model for forest restoration will be
creating an open grassed area. As part of this master implemented to allow native and existing non-native
plan, upland restoration will continue and include species to mix in a transitional period (Figure 4-7).
removal of invasive vegetation and selective removal This benefits native biodiversity and facilitates the re-
of trees to accommodate the planting of native establishment of a robust native forest. Since existing
vegetation. Upland reforestation will occur first at Hawai’i forests have been heavily compromised by
Figure 4-6. Wetland restoration zones. Source: Kawainui Wetland Restoration & Habitat Enhancement
Plan (Helber, Hastert & Fee, Planners, August 2012)
K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA S T E R P LAN 4 - 11
non-native invasive species, the approach of simply 4.3.4 STORMWATER RUNOFF
clearing non-native plants and replacing them with
MITIGATION
native species is not cost-effective or even practical.
By allowing some selective non-native plants to
Stormwater runoff from areas upland or outside the
remain, particularly canopy trees, other aggressive
project area enters Kawainui primarily from Kahanaiki
invasive species can be contained while understory
and Maunawili Streams. Runoff from the highway
plantings of native species can grow and mature.
also sheet flows into drainage culverts within the
Once an appropriate density of native vegetation has
State Department of Transportation's right-of-way and
been restored, remaining non-native species can be
eventually discharges into these streams. Existing
removed without invasive species returning.
drainage culverts along Kapa‘a Quarry Road also
collect runoff from upland areas before discharging
Existing non-native tree canopies can provide wind
into Kawainui.
protection, reduce desiccation, and slow stormwater
runoff, which reduces erosion and increases water
These culverts are generally in poor condition, filled
infiltration. Leaf litter from mature tree canopies
with sediment, or in complete disrepair. As a result,
provides useful organic mulch, which suppresses weed
runoff discharging into the wetland from these areas
growth and greatly benefits establishment of critical
has contributed to the erosion of upland areas and
mycorrhizal fungi that many native plants require for
sedimentation of Kawainui.
growth. This also supports erosion control, reduces
dislocation of existing forest birds, and reduces
At Hāmākua, stormwater runoff from Pu‘uoehu hillside
the potential of wildfires by reducing the density of
discharges into the wetland. Drainage culverts along
grasses. Once native trees have reached maturity and
Kailua Road and Hāmākua Drive discharge into
non-native trees are removed, additional native shrubs
Kawainui Canal adjacent to Hāmākua, which sometimes
and groundcovers can be planted.
overflows into Hāmākua. These culverts are in good
condition and do not cause erosion in the area.
Invasive vegetation and trees will be cleared in upland
areas in phases as determined by DLNR. Figure 4-8
Improvements to the culverts located along Kapa‘a
provides a sectional view and images of reforestation
Quarry Road would be implemented to mitigate
concepts supporting a low mesic forest. Trees and
stormwater runoff entering Kawainui from upland
vegetation will be selectively removed, and a visual
areas. These improvements could include replacing
screen between roadways, such as Kapa‘a Quarry
existing junction boxes with new drop manhole
Road, and Kawainui will be retained. Existing trees
structures and providing grouted riprap protection
within the upland forest will be selectively retained, and
downhill from the culverts. The type of repair needed
other restoration efforts will be implemented using the
for each culvert would be determined after further
hybrid ecosystem model.
evaluation by DLNR. A notional design for culvert
improvements is shown in Figure 4-9. Other mitigative
Various types of native vegetation will be used for
measures to detain stormwater runoff before it
the area, similar to those being planted at Nā Pōhaku
discharges into the wetland may include terraced walls
o Hauwahine. Initially, transitional plantings using
below culvert areas. Open areas created between
cultural plants along with native vegetation will be
these walls could be used for cultural plantings, such as
incorporated between the wetland and low mesic
dryland kalo and ‘uala.
forest areas. During later phases, this forest area will
be replaced with native vegetation following the hybrid
ecosystem model.
THE PLAN
Figure 4-7. Native forest restoration with hybrid ecosystem model.
Figure 4-8. Reforestation concepts: Sectional view and images of a low mesic forest.
THE PLAN
Grassed drainage swales may also be used to direct work to control mongoose and feral cats. Traps will
stormwater runoff to detention areas, which would generally be established around the perimeter of the
slow and widely disperse runoff, reduce its velocity, upper reaches of the wetland and extend into the
and allow particulate matter to settle and some runoff upland areas. Traps are generally spaced between 160
to percolate into the soil before the remaining runoff is to 200 feet apart.
discharged into the marsh. Where DLNR would require
maintenance access across a grassed swale, a gravel In the future, additional predator control methods
causeway would be constructed to provide a stable could be implemented as habitats and waterbird
surface during wet conditions. activities increase within the project area. Monitoring
by DLNR will determine the appropriate timing
4.3.5 IMPROVEMENTS and implementation of additional control methods.
TO SUPPORT DLNR DLNR will implement predator control methods in
MANAGEMENT conformance with applicable management policies,
guidelines, and manufacturer requirements.
DLNR Maintenance Access
A protective fence will be installed around wetland
To support DLNR's efficient and effective management
areas to deter larger predators such as dogs and feral
and maintenance operations within the Kawainui-
pigs. Images in Figure 4-10 provide examples of
Hāmākua Complex, maintenance road alignments are
the type of fencing that may be used for the project
planned in upland areas, with a generous vegetation
area. However, DLNR may install alternative types
buffer between the roads and the wetlands. The roads
of protective fence if determined feasible and more
will be about 10 feet wide and will be constructed of
practicable in meeting their management objectives.
compacted gravel or soil or reinforced grass. Only
The actual location of fences will be determined
DLNR vehicles would be authorized to use the roads,
based upon site conditions, effectiveness of predator
although some segments would double as pedestrian
control, and other factors considered by DLNR in their
trails during specified periods as determined by DLNR.
evaluation and monitoring of restoration progress and
habitat enhancement.
Maintenance roads are primarily located in upland
areas at Kawainui, in particular along Kapa’a Quarry
Road. Access roads along the south to east end 4.3.6 ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT
of Kawainui would also be provided to support AND MONITORING
maintenance of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Restoration Ponds. At Pu’uoehu hillside, a pedestrian The long-term management of the project area
maintenance path is planned about midway to the will require monitoring of vegetation growth, water
ridgeline to support future reforestation efforts. flow into the Kawainui and Hāmākua wetlands from
Kahanaiki, Maunawili, and Kapa‘a Streams and upland
Predator Control Program areas, and waterbird nesting activities. The Kawainui-
A predator control program initiated by DLNR will
Hāmākua Complex is a natural resource influenced by
continue throughout the restoration process. The
various environmental conditions that change over time
importance of this program will increase as improved
and result in the need for adaptive management by
waterbird habitat promotes nesting activity and use. At
this time, DLNR plans to continue their contract with DLNR.
the U.S. Department of Agriculture for predator control.
In the future, DLNR may conduct the program on their Adaptive management involves developing measurable
own or in cooperation with another government agency objectives, monitoring to determine the effectiveness
or organization. of management practices, evaluating to determine
if the objectives are being reached, and making
Traps will continue to be the primary predator control adaptive decisions based on the results. Therefore,
method utilized during the initial stages of restoration resource managers must maintain flexibility, knowing
Notional design for culvert repairs. Conceptual moss rock terrace wall.
Notional causeway design for a DOFAW maintenance access road.
Figure 4-9. Notional designs for culvert repairs and causeways.

Source: Kawainui Wetland Restoration & Habitat Enhancement Plan (Helber Hastert & Fee, Planners, August 2012)
THE PLAN
that uncertainties exist and management actions could Information System database for the site.
change. This will improve DLNR’s understanding DLNR will also coordinate with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
of the marsh’s ecological system and help future Service and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for
decision-making to improve restoration progress and developing an area management plan for Kawainui.
effectiveness. Components developed under the management plan
will provide a framework applicable to the management
and monitoring of both the U.S. Army Corps of
Restoration accomplishments can be documented
Engineers Restoration Ponds and other wetland
through biological surveys of areas before and after
restoration improvements. This management plan
implementation of restoration improvements. DLNR could include the following components:
will consider implementing such surveys and other
forms of data collection to support monitoring and 1. A predator control program with Best Management
evaluation of site conditions subject to available Practices (BMPs) to minimize interactions with listed
funding and staffing. The feasibility of implementing waterbirds and other environmental impacts
such activities will be evaluated in relation to their 2. A program to survey and eradicate feral mallards
resource management responsibilities. and Hawaiian duck-mallard hybrids
3. A revision of the Management Plan for the Control
Success can be measured by various factors such as of Avian Botulism at Kawainui Marsh, Oahu, Hawaii
the numbers of birds utilizing the marsh, the number of (August 1997) to include surveillance for botulism
native plants that become established, and the number outbreaks, response measures such as removal
of native aquatic species present. Aquatic species of carcasses, and post-outbreak population
could also be surveyed to understand community monitoring
dynamics in a restored wetland. 4. Waterbird population and breeding productivity
monitoring
Physical components such as water quality will also 5. Adaptive management recommendations to
be monitored before and after restoration efforts. address habitat requirements for Hawaiian
Parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, waterbirds
conductivity, and oxidation/reduction potential can 6. Commitment of dedicated State biologists to
be measured to determine links between restoration manage, monitor, and implement the management
and water quality within the marsh. Monitoring will plan
also occur near centers of human activity to continually
assess their impact on water quality. All monitoring
data should be added to the existing Geographic
Figure 4-10. Images of protective fencing at Hämäkua.
Figure 4-11. Illustrative section of the Kawainui flood control levee. The marsh is to the left, and Kailua town is to the right
Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as-built drawings for the Kawainui Marsh Flood Control Project, February 19, 1998
sary. Once a year, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

4.4 FLOOD CONTROL representative accompanies DOFAW personnel on an
RESPONSIBILITIES inspection of the levee and marsh.
DOFAW's flood control maintenance responsibilities

Since an April 2007 agreement between the City and
include control of wild growth; maintenance of the
County of Honolulu and the State of Hawai‘i, DOFAW
levee, riprapped and revetted areas, and the floodwall;
has been responsible for operating, maintaining, repair-
and control of encroachment and trespass. Opera-
ing, replacing, and rehabilitating the levee (Figure 4-11)
tions activities include obtaining U.S. Army Corps of
and marsh. These responsibilities are hereby incorpo-
Engineers review and written approval of any project
rated in the Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex Master Plan.
modifications—including removal of plants within the
marsh—preventing encroachments, controlling visitors
According to the March 1998 Kawainui Marsh Flood
on flood control infrastructure, and management during
Control Project Operations and Maintenance Manual,
flood events.
DOFAW activities must comply with prescribed federal
regulations so that at all times the levee and marsh pro-
DOFAW must maintain vegetation, preferably turf, to
vide the flood protection for which they were designed.
the water's edge on both sides of the levee and control
the growth of woody vegetation and the burrowing
DOFAW must submit semiannual reports to the U.S.
of animals. DOFAW must also monitor and repair any
Army Corps of Engineers describing project-related
deterioration of the levee floodwall and repaint the
inspections and maintenance activities during the pre-
floodwall every ten years.
ceding six months. In the event of a high-water event
or extraordinary conditions, such as a major earthquake,
DOFAW is also responsible for maintaining the vegeta-
DOFAW must submit a supplementary report. During
tion on the wildlife islands at the Oneawa end of the
flood events, DOFAW patrols the levee and consults
levee. If sediment fills the area between the islands,
with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on the probabil-
they remove the sediment so that predators cannot
ity of overtopping and expected impacts. Any resulting
reach the islands.
damage is repaired by DOFAW.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers uses water gage
DOFAW must inspect the levee and marsh prior to the
information from upstream and within Kawainui to
normal flood season, immediately following a major
confirm whether the flood control project is operating
high-water period, and at intermediate times as neces-
according to the plan.
THE PLAN
4.5 CULTURAL 4.6 EDUCATION-SERVICE
RESOURCES LEARNING PROGRAMS
MANAGEMENT The DLNR mission includes the facilitation of education.
Building a strong educational foundation in the impor-
Beyond managing the natural resources upon which the tance and function of wetlands and the value of cultural
cultural significance of the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex resources is the key to building great community stew-
is based, DLNR is responsible for the cultural resources ards and partnerships and more sustainable resources
with the complex, most notable of which is Ulupō management.
Heiau. If inadvertent discoveries are made, DLNR will
have qualified archaeologists record the site, evaluate Expanding from current DOFAW staff-led service
the significance, and recommend preservation learning trips and educational partnership, DOFAW’s
measures subject to approval by the State Historic objective is to create specific venues at the Kawainui-
Hāmākua Complex for an integrated program of
Preservation Division (Department of Land and Natural
education, scientific research, and community steward-
Resources). Generally, preservation is in the form of
ship/service learning. Based on three themes common
buffers and interpretation.
to managing wildlife sanctuaries—natural resources,
community stewardship, and education—the curriculum
In stakeholder meetings with Hawaiian cultural prac-
and activities will target elementary through gradu-
titioners during the master planning process, leaders
ate level students. Project complexity will increase by
shared that the 1994 Kawai Nui Marsh Master Plan put
education level. At the college level, projects could
Hawaiian culture on exhibit rather than provide places
potentially be student theses. A key component to the
for the Hawaiian community members themselves
program is the integration of students in different age
to teach, learn, share, and practice their culture. In
groups (Table 4-4).
this master plan, four areas have been identified and
conceptualized by the Hawaiian community for liv-
Current service learning projects provide students with
ing culture: a center for Hawaiian studies at Wai‘auia;
“hands on” knowledge about basic wetland function,
a center for agricultural practices and education at
native/invasive species, and management techniques
Ulupō Heiau State Historical Park; an environmental and
for restoring wetland function. The expanded program
cultural center near Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine; and a hale
will allow school groups to collect data and share it with
wa‘a for canoe/voyaging activities at the Kalāheo Sec-
each other and with DOFAW and, in the process, learn
tion of the Kawainui State Park Reserve. DLNR will work
important scientific information-gathering techniques.
with Hawaiian cultural practitioners to implement these
Students will also learn to analyze the data and help to
centers as well as facilitate the use of other areas within
create long-term data sets for use in existing or planned
the complex for cultural practices.
management projects.
DLNR will continue to work with curators to preserve

To ensure consistency and long-term availability, all
and interpret historic, archaeological, and cultural
data collection and projects will be developed using
resources and encourage additional curators and
criteria and techniques currently used by DOFAW.
partners to maintain sites and offer interpretive and
DOFAW has already established a solid foundation for
ecucational opportunities. DSP may solicit requests for
long-term data collection through its relationship with
proposals for a Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex Educa-
the Center for Conservation, Research and Training
tion Center to be located near Nā Pōhaku o Hauwa-
(CCRT) at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. As a first
hine. DSP will also implement interpretive exhibits and
step, an automated sensor is already deployed at the
signage for the complex and develop a program for
Army Corps of Engineers Kawainui Marsh Restoration
on-site interpretation.
Ponds to collect weather and water quality data, and the
data is accessible via a web portal. Eventually, this data
will be available to students and teachers after their
site visits and service projects at the Kawainui-Hāmākua
Complex, thus allowing them to continue their work Approximately 50 to 75 students/teachers/chaperones
for an extended period of time and see the relevance could be accommodated at each of these areas per
of their work to DOFAW management and restoration day. Programs may be fewer in number and in differ-
programs. ent locations during waterbird nesting season or when
regular monitoring determines that adjustments need
Curriculum development and teacher training are also to be made. Buses of student groups will be directed
key elements for establishing this program. The goal is to program staging areas for drop off/pick up and be
to tie the program to the Hawai‘i Department of Educa- met on site by DOFAW staff. The Kawainui Restoration
tion natural resources curriculum. Ponds and the Kahanaiki uplands will also be equipped
with program pavilions where signage and other educa-
Program Logistics tional media can be posted for group orientations.
DOFAW's educational programming will take place
seasonally (when birds are not nesting) in the following Service learning projects will typically be 3 to 5 hours
locations adjacent to waterbird habitats: and accommodate 10 to 20 students/teachers/chap-
erones. However, once or twice a year, a large-group
Ř&RUSVRI(QJLQHHUV.DZDLQXL5HVWRUDWLRQ3RQGV service learning project will be scheduled, compris-
(both north and south): Focus area ing up to 300 students/teachers/chaperones. Service
Ř.DKDQDLNL8SODQGV/HVVIUHTXHQWXVHDQGIHZHU learning activities may occur in any location within the
students than the Kawainui Restoration Ponds Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex that needs maintenance
and provides learning opportunities. Students would
Ř+ÃPÃNXD3XŐXRHKX/HVVIUHTXHQWXVHDQGIHZHU
be tasked with weeding, repairing and maintaining
students than the Kawainui Restoration Ponds
predator fencing, picking up trash, installing new plants,
and/or conducting bird/plant surveys. Portable rest
Trails within the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex will be room facilities would be arranged for the large group
used to move student groups from one area to another. projects.
The education center and interpretive shelter, as well
as facilities within the Hawaiian cultural centers at the
Kalāheo Section, Kapa‘a, Ulupō Heiau State Historical
Park, and Wai‘auia, will also be utilized for educational
programming.
Table 4-4 INTEGRATED WETLAND EDUCATION-STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM

Education Level Curriculum Goals Activities
Basic science and service learning. Introduce

Learn basic wetland function. Identify
students to wetlands, wildlife sanctuaries, and
native plants and animals and non-
Grades 3-6 Students native species. Lay the foundation for natural
native plants and animals. Focus on
resource management and environmental
threats: invasive plants/animals.
protection and getting hands dirty.
Introduce students to basic information

gathering techniques. Bridge the gap Collect and analyze data. Survey
between collecting data and utilizing data water quality, birds/vegetation. Focus
Grades 7-12 Students for implementing projects and management. on identifying effects of invasive
Utilizing collected data, collaborate with younger species and water quality on native
students to demonstrate how restoration work species.
benefits wetlands.
Analyze collected data to theorize or reinforce

wetland management techniques. Work with
and mentor younger students to introduce Collect and analyze data. Work on
the concepts of community involvement and independent projects and research
College Students and College teaching/education. Create awareness for focused on overall wetland/land
Graduates future land mangers about the importance of management. Use data to guide
education, community stewardship, cultural operations and measure success.
awareness, and working with people in non-
science related fields.
THE PLAN
Education-Service Learning Partnerships
To expand natural and cultural educational and service
4.8 THE PHYSICAL
learning programming, DLNR will continue to work
with established partners—‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi,
MASTER PLAN
Hawai‘i Nature Center, Hawai‘i Pacific University, Le
The following pages present descriptions and illus-
Jardin Academy, Pacific American Foundation, and the
trations of the physical master plan for the Kawainui-
University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa—and create new partner-
Hāmākua Complex. To accommodate the large project
ships, such as with the Hawaii State Science Teachers
area within a small document, the complex is divided
Association.
into eight subareas:
Interpretive Programs
• Kawainui State Park Reserve, Kalāheo and Kapa‘a
The objective of DSP interpretive program is to improve Sections
understanding and appreciation of Hawaii's unique
• Kapa‘a
and significant natural and cultural resources. The
• Nā Pōhaku Section, Kawainui State Park Reserve
education center at the Nā Pōhaku Section of Kawainui
State Park Reserve and the interpretive shelter at the • Kahanaiki
Kalāheo Section of the Kawainui State Park Reserve are • Mokulana and DOFAW Management and Research
envisioned as starting points for visitors and education Station
programs for the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex. The • Ulupō Heiau State Historical Park
operation of the education center and shelter may be • Waiauia
handled by a non-profit organization, rather than DSP • Hāmākua and Pu‘uoehu
staff, but DSP will provide oversight for exhibits and
interpretive material. Signage specifications in the The subareas are presented in the same order as they
Hawai‘i State Parks Manual will be used for design and are listed above, moving from the north counterclock-
installation as appropriate. DSP will continue to work wise around the complex.
with curators to provide additional interpretive and
educational opportunities. The subareas are connected by the perimeter path il-
lustrated in Figure 4-13. Materials suitable to respective
4.7 STEWARDSHIP areas will be used to create the path and may include
compacted or reinforced gravel for foot trails and
PROGRAMMING sustainable wood products for boardwalks. The path
will be accessible to the extent feasible in relation to
DLNR welcomes volunteers to support their mission existing slopes.
to care for State lands. The plan is to continue the
volunteer work days that Kailua Hawaiian Civic Club The physical elements are illustrated at their maximum
(Ulupō Heiau State Historical Park) and ‘Ahahui Mālama size based on proposed functions and site sensitivity.
I Ka Lōkahi (Ulupō Heiau State Historical Park and Nā When implemented, the elements could be smaller.
Pōhaku o Hauwahine) have been overseeing since 1987 They could also be implemented incrementally based
and 1998, respectively. Since July 2013, DOFAW has on available funding and staffing.
been conducting a volunteer day at the Kawainui Res-
toration Ponds every first Saturday morning. DOFAW Design Guidelines
is also looking for community organizations to adopt a Implementation of the physical elements included in
pond and commit to maintaining it on a regular basis. the master plan will be based on a strict set of master
DLNR intends to expand stewardship programs as plan design guidelines. Low-impact development
upland reforestation and wetland restoration continues techniques and the use of local and sustainable build-
throughout the complex, all 986 acres of it. This will be ing materials will be integral to the guidelines as will
facilitated by a recent addition to the DLNR website: a a design aesthetic that is in keeping with the natural
volunteer sign-up page for stewardship opportunities setting and cultural heritage of the Kawainui-Hāmākua
throughout the State (Figure 4-12). Complex.
Figure 4-12. Online information about Department of Land and Natural Resources volunteer and area
adoption opportunities. Source: http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/volunteer/.
General Management Ř Potential parking/entry fees to support the cost of

Integral to the successful management of the Kawainui- managing the complex
Hāmākua Complex are the following elements, some Ř Fences to protect wetlands (predator fencing) and
of which are programmatic and are not represented on restricted areas
the physical master plan: Ř Enforcement of commercial use based on the state
administrative rules for State Wildlife Sanctuaries
Ř Property boundary fence around the entire com- and State Parks. For the Kawainui and Hāmākua
plex and located along jurisdictional boundaries Marsh State Wildlife Sanctuaries, commercial use
Ř Locked gates at all entries to be opened/closed at is at the discretion of DLNR and shall not exceed
DLNR discretion, such as closings during bird nest- 100 visitors per day. For State Parks, commercial
ing season uses—such as advertisements; business operations;
Ř Signage posted at each entry with rules and regula- commercial filming, photography, and videotap-
tions, hours of use, and permitted activities within ing—are not allowed without a permit. Group and
designated areas Special Use permits are required for any group
Ř Dedicated security personnel to enforce rules and over twenty-five people.
regulations of the complex
K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA S T E R P LAN
Figure 4-13. The Kawainui-Hämäkua Complex perimeter pedestrian path comprises approximately 5.7 miles of trails, boardwalks,
causeways, and a pedestrian bridge.
4 - 23
THE PLAN
site for paddling practice on Kawainui Canal and
KAWAINUI STATE Kailua Bay. Although the area is not large enough to
accommodate the full memberships of Kailua canoe
PARK RESERVE, clubs, it is of sufficient size for smaller groups, such as
school paddling teams. Activities envisioned for the
KALĀHEO & KAPA‘A canoe/voyaging studies cultural center include not

only paddling but education and practices related
to Hawaiian canoes and voyaging, such as celestial
SECTIONS navigation. The potential exists for a qualified curator
organization to maintain the park and administer canoe/
voyaging activities. Due to the proximity of the site to
residential neighborhoods, the park is intended for
daytime use only.
The limiting factors for use of the site are parking

capacity and the capacity of Kawainui Canal to
accommodate groups of paddlers.
Key Map
Kawainui State Park Reserve, Kalāheo and Kapa‘a

Sections, is under the jurisdiction of the Division of State
Parks and is the northernmost portion of the complex.
In the master plan, this area is connected to the rest Figure 4-14. Precedent for the State Parks interpretive shelter at
of the complex by a system of paths and boardwalks. Kaläheo.
Boardwalks would be implemented only where—after a
comprehensive assessment of existing conditions—there Interpretive Shelter: The shelter is envisioned as
are persistent wet conditions or flooding. The paths/ a wood-framed building of approximately 1,000
boardwalks would be located a distance from Kapa‘a square feet, following a design concept similar to the
Quarry Road to avoid conflicts between pedestrians interpretive shelter at Lapakahi State Historical Park
and heavy vehicles. The volume of heavy vehicles is that houses exhibits and a reception counter. The
expected to increase significantly with implementation slightly larger structure proposed for the Kalāheo
of the Kapa‘a Light Industrial Park. Section includes a gathering space and small office in
addition to the exhibits. Located with a panoramic view
The following are descriptions of the master plan of Kawainui, the site offers the opportunity to orient
elements in Kalāheo Section and the Kapa‘a Section visitors and education groups to the Kawainui-Hāmākua
within Kawainui State Park Reserve. Complex.
Kalāheo Section Hale Wa‘a: Canoe/voyaging activities would take place

The vision for Kalāheo is a variation of the Gateway in and around an approximately 4,200-square-foot hale
Park plan that was developed in the early 2000s. Use wa‘a inspired by traditional Hawaiian architecture. A
of the area as an interpretive center for the Kawainui- secured area accommodates up eighteen six-man
Hāmākua Complex and a cultural center for canoe/ canoes and equipment. A large covered lanai provides
voyaging studies was validated through the information space for educational/cultural activities. The hale wa‘a
gathering and analysis phases for this master planning is situated close to the canoe launch site at the edge of
process. The site’s location provides an ideal launch the canal, an open canoe storage area (accommodating
THE PLAN
Figure 4-15. Kawainui State Park Reserve, Kapa‘a and Kalāheo Sections.
KAWAI NUI - HÄM ÄKUA COMPLEX DR AFT MASTER PLAN 4 - 25

six six-man canoes), and the parking area for loading/ Planting: Existing native kou trees and a selective
unloading vessels. number of existing large canopy trees are retained.
Turf on the canal bank and maintenance road is also
This facility would be constructed and operated retained. Invasive species are replaced by drought-
by a nonprofit organization or canoe club, not DSP. tolerant native and non-native/non-invasive plants.
DSP would issue a lease or revocable permit to the Planting along the street provides a buffer for the site
organization for a portion of the park site, and the yet allows for visibility for security purposes.
organization would be responsible for their own
expenses and programs. Pedestrian Bridge: A pedestrian bridge, approximately
6 feet wide and 200 feet long, connects the Kalāheo
Canoe Launch Site: Since Kawainui Canal is a flood Section to the levee—a popular walking-jogging route—
control channel, no structures are allowed in the canal. and the perimeter paths beyond. The bridge spans the
Instead, a hard edge along the canal embankment, Kawainui Canal without intermediate footings and is
developed in consultation with the U.S. Army Corps of elevated above the top of the levee wall (approximately
Engineers, will facilitate canoe launching. Reinforced 20 feet above mean sea level).
grass between the launch site and the top of the slope
will protect the stability of the canal bank. Utilities: Potable Water – City and County of Honolulu
Board of Water Supply (BWS) would supply potable
Rest Rooms: A small building—approximately 6 feet water for the rest rooms, planting irrigation system,
by 18 feet—matching the character of the interpretive and a hose bib for washing down canoes. Wastewater
station will accommodate one male and one female rest – Rest room wastewater would be conveyed to the
room and a small storage area. The rest rooms will be existing municipal wastewater system along Mōkapu
centrally located for use by individuals participating in Boulevard. Electricity – From an existing distribution
interpretive program or canoe/voyaging activities and line running parallel to Mōkapu Boulevard, Hawaiian
in proximity to Mōkapu Boulevard to be visible to police Electric Company would provide electric power
patrols in the area. The rest rooms will be locked at for security lighting at the interpretive shelter, rest
night. rooms, and hale wa‘a, with battery-powered lighting
as an alternative. Solid Waste —Solid waste will be
Pavilion: A small approximately 300-square-foot roofed collected in State Parks receptacles, and refuse would
structure—matching the character of the interpretive be removed for proper disposal off site by State Parks
station—is located strategically for a dramatic panoramic personnel or the park curators.
view of Kawainui. It will accommodate groups of
around 50 individuals for interpretive talks and would recommend a low vegetation screen to enhance
orientation. It is the only building at the site within the visibility and security. Headlights not a real concern
Kawainui Marsh State Wildlife Sanctuary. A low stone since park closed at night.
retaining wall may be needed to level an area large
enough for the pavilion.
Gated Entry: A gated entry prevents vehicular access

during closed hours. The hours of use and permitted
activities will be posted at the entry.
Parking: Approximately 42 parking stalls, including

handicapped stalls, can be accommodated. The
parking area also accommodates a loading zone for
canoe trailers and school buses. Runoff from the
parking area sheet flows to a bioswale for filtration and
treatment prior to recharging the groundwater.
4 - 26 KAWAI NUI - HÄM ÄKUA CO M P LEX DRAFT M AST ER P LAN

THE PLAN
Kapa‘a Section
From the 0.6-mile path and boardwalk system planned
for the Kapa‘a Section, views across Kawainui to
Pu‘uoehu, Olomana, Ulumawao, and the Ko‘olau
mountains will be stunning. However, since the area
is prone to flooding and there is and will be increased
heavy vehicle traffic on Kapa‘a Quarry Road, the master
plan promotes the view and enhancement of the
existing open space for walking through the area.
Planting: The invasive species, primarily haole koa,

on the steep slopes above Kapa‘a Quarry Road will be
replaced with native plant species that will minimize soil
erosion. On the marsh side of Kapa‘a Quarry Road, the
existing monkeypod trees will be retained but invasive
species will be removed and replaced by native species
to create a protective vegetative buffer for the marsh.
Drainage Study: A drainage study is recommended to

investigate the potential presence of obstructions in the
drainage channels that prevent runoff from flowing into
Kawainui.
Recommended Land Transfer: The transfer of the City

and County of Honolulu’s remnant parcel to the State of
Hawai‘i would consolidate ownership and management
of land on both sides of Kapa‘a Quarry Road.
Utilities: No utilities are needed at the Kapa‘a Section.
The segment of the Kawainui perimeter path at this
KAPA'A location parallels Kapa‘a Quarry Road. This pathway
would provide an important connection between the
Hawaiian Cultural and Environmental Complex and
Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine. A portion of this pathway
segment is located within City and County of Honolulu
Model Airplane Park. This would need to be negotiated
with the City and County as part of the master plan’s
implementation process.
Hawaiian Cultural and Environmental

Center
The purpose of the Hawaiian Cultural and
Environmental Complex is to assure that Hawaiian
knowledge, skills, and practices continue beyond
tomorrow and deep into the future. It is conceived as
a place for kanaka maoli to gather as well as people
in the greater community who support the mission of
Key Map mālama ‘āina of Kawainui, ahupua‘a Kailua, and beyond.
The modern kanaka maoli practitioner of traditional
Located adjacent to the City and County of Honolulu culture will thrive alongside the contemporary
Model Airplane Park and across the street from City practitioner of sustainability. The kumu hula will teach
and County’s Kapa‘a Refuse Transfer Station, Kapa‘a the ancient dances of Hawai‘i as the sustainability
is under the jurisdiction of the Division of Forestry practitioner teaches and applies the science of
and Wildlife. It has been identified for two uses in the collecting and harnessing the energy of the sun. The
master plan. The Hawaiian Cultural and Environmental mahi‘ai will instruct students how to create and sustain
Center—one of four centers of cultural activity on the lo‘i kalo as the contemporary practitioner demonstrates
perimeter of Kawainui—will be located on a nearly and implements the native Hawaiian conservation ethic,
nine-acre site, and the nearly 14-acre site to the north to malama ‘āina.
will be used for marsh vegetation processing. A small
site identified in the 1994 Kawai Nui Marsh Master Plan The complex will be a peaceful place of spiritual,
for maintenance/vegetation processing—an existing cultural, and environmental well-being. Educational
use at the time—was expanded to comprise the full components will include instruction in agriculture,
23-acre Kapa‘a area in the 2000 Management Plan for chant/‘oli, arts and crafts, environmental conservation
Kawai Nui Marsh. However, upon re-evaluation during and stewardship, and recycling, with teaching related
this master plan process, the Division of Forestry and directly to the legends, history, and science of the
Wildlife determined that 14 acres is sufficient to meet Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex. It will be also be a place
their vegetation processing needs. Since the adjacent of exchange with other indigenous cultures.
areas of Kawainui are not a priority for wildlife habitat
restoration, the Division of Forestry and Wildlife does The center will host school groups of 20 to 25 students
not envision a conflict with these proposed uses. For three times per week. At least two times per week,
Kapa‘a, the main limiting factors are remoteness from the center will also conduct stewardship work sessions
municipal wastewater infrastructure and the fact the site for up to 25 volunteers at the site, at Nā Pōhaku o
is fill land. Hauwahine, and other areas within the Kawainui-
Figure 4-16. Concept sketches for traditional buildings for the Hawaiian Cultural and Environmental Center.
THE PLAN
Figure 4-17. The Hawaiian Cultural and Environmental Center and the vegetation processing area at Kapa‘a.
KAWAI NUI - HÄM ÄKUA C OMPLEX DR AFT MASTER PLAN 4 - 29

Hāmākua Complex. Occasional larger gatherings for sun. The buildings will be used for instruction in the
special celebrations and performances will take place Hawaiian cultural and sustainability and environmental
during the year, and the facilities will be available for restoration as well as the practice of cultural arts and
DOFAW and DSP and cultural/environmental groups to crafts The southern cluster comprises the following
host their own activities. buildings (dimensions are approximate):
A Request for Proposal process will be initiated to Ř+DOH+DODZDLVTXDUHIHHWIHHWE\IHHW

seek out nonprofit organizations that are qualified Ř$GPLQLVWUDWLYH%XLOGLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ&HQWHU
to implement the center facilities and programs and square feet (18 feet by 36 feet)
manage the area. In order for a complex of this size Ř&ODVVURRP.LWFKHQHWWHVTXDUHIHHWIHHWE\
to be realized, a long-term lease would be needed 36 feet)
in order to acquire a construction loan. Phased Ř$FFHVVLEOH5HVW5RRPVVTXDUHIHHWIHHWE\
implementation of the complex, beginning with site 24 feet)
restoration, will occur as funding is available.
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by 24 feet)
Grading: Piles of existing fill will either be leveled or
Ř&DUHWDNHUőV&RWWDJHVTXDUHIHHWIHHWE\
removed to produce a mostly level site. The grading
36 feet)
plan will allow for as many existing large canopy trees
(mostly monkeypod) to remain in place as possible.
The northern cluster comprises the following buildings
Gated Entry: A gated entry prevents vehicular access (dimensions are approximate):
during closed hours.
Ř$GPLQLVWUDWLYH5HVHDUFK%XLOGLQJZLWK$'$5HVW
Parking: Approximately 32 parking stalls, including Room: 1,664 square feet (32 feet by 52 feet)
handicapped stalls, are accommodated to satisfy the Ř&ODVVURRPZLWK.LWFKHQVTXDUHIHHWIHHW
daily parking requirement for the center. The parking by 36 feet)
areas also accommodate emergency vehicle access Ř:DWHU6WRUDJH:RUNVKRSVTXDUHIHHWIHHW
and school /shuttle bus drop offs. Bioswales associated by 24 feet)
with the parking areas filter and treat runoff prior to
Ř3ODQW1XUVHU\6KDGH6WUXFWXUHVTXDUHIHHW
recharging the groundwater.
(30 feet by 60 feet)
Planting: Invasive species will be replaced by native

Hula Mound: An east-west oriented raised mound,
and cultural Hawaiian plants, and a vegetation buffer
approximately 50 feet by 60 feet, is located adjacent to
will be established to protect the wetland. A plant
a large open area for practicing and performing hula.
nursery will be used to grow seedlings for food crops to
encourage greater food self-sufficiency. Soil testing will
Imu: A secured, subsurface pit is located at the
take place prior to food growing, and if necessary these
southern end of the area for preparing food for
crops will be grown in raised beds.
celebrations and performances. Since the pit requires
soil excavation, feasibility of this imu will be based on
Gathering Areas: Large non-invasive grassy areas
soil test results.
will accommodate occasional large gatherings such
as special celebrations and performances. For these
Sidewalks: ADA-accessible sidewalks provide
events, parking will be off site and participants will be
connections to the main complex buildings and to the
shuttled to the center. These areas may also be used
Kawainui perimeter path.
for camping as permitted by the Division of Forestry
and Wildlife.
Utilities: Potable Water – Potable water is needed for
kitchens and rest rooms, planting irrigation, and fire
Buildings: The buildings reflect traditional and
protection. The City and County of Honolulu Board of
sustainable design elements, which will be based on
Water Supply (BWS) would supply potable water via a
the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
36-inch line along Kapaa Quarry Road.
(LEED®) Green Building Rating System or other similar
Wastewater – Wastewater requirements will not be met
sustainable building guidelines. They are oriented
by the municipal wastewater system, since the nearest
east-west to align with the rising and setting of the
connection is on Mōkapu Boulevard near Kalāheo Park.

THE PLAN
The feasibility of a septic/leachfield system needs to The following are the master plan elements for the
be studied. A local precedent is the rest room facility marsh vegetation process area.
at the City and County of Honolulu Model Airplane
Park. Electricity – From an existing distribution line Gated Entry: A locked gate prevents vehicular access
running along Kapa‘a Quarry Road, Hawaiian Electric during closed hours.
Company would provide electricity to power the
grinders needed in the first stage of composting. Solid Access Drive: A compacted gravel access drive links
Waste – Solid waste will be collected and removed for the Kapa‘a Quarry Road and the existing launching
proper disposal off site by the Hawaiian Cultural and ramp area. Additional compacted gravel circulation
Environmental Complex personnel. routes for delivery and watering trucks as well as piling
and turning equipment will be also be required.
Marsh Vegetation Processing Area
An important component of the Division of Forestry and Staging Area: A staging area is located as far as
Wildlife’s Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex management possible from Kawainui for parking and equipment
plan is processing the green waste that is collected storage. A bioswale associated with this staging
during regular maintenance activities as well as special area will filter and treat runoff prior to recharging the
wetland restoration and reforestation projects. Nature groundwater.
quickly produces an amazing amount of plant growth in
the roughly 1,000-acre Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex. Launch Ramp: The existing equipment launch ramp
may require renovations to accommodate proper
Composting green waste produces organic material equipment for transferring vegetation from a barge to
that revitalizes soil, promotes health plant growth, and land areas for composting.
improves aeration/water retention. Composting will
also keep green waste out of the landfill and avoid the Marsh Access: The open water channel created by
expense of transporting the waste material to remote the City and County of Honolulu in 1992 that provided
composting areas. access to the central portion of Kawainui will likely need
to be cleared of vegetation.
Composting is an approximately three-month-long
process. As an accelerated version of the natural Planting: Invasive species will be replaced with a
process of decomposition, it does not produce any wetland vegetation buffer. In unprogrammed open
harmful materials that would leach into the marsh. areas, a non-invasive turf will be planted for erosion
And as long as oxygen is a component of the process, control. Native Hawaiian canopy trees and palms will be
composting is virtually odorless. planted to enhance the site and screen the windrows
from view.
The following list summarizes the composting process:
Utilities: Potable Water – Potable water is needed
Ř*ULQGLQJLQWRVPDOOHUSLHFHVVSHHGVWKH for erosion control and to keep the windrows moist.
composting processing. The City and County of Honolulu Board of Water
Ř3LOLQJLQWRZLQGURZVNHHSVWKHJUHHQZDVWH Supply (BWS) would supply potable water via a 36-
moist and builds up heat to kill weed seeds and inch line along Kapa‘a Quarry Road. Wastewater
undesirable pathogens. – Wastewater needs will not be met by the municipal
Ř7XUQLQJWKHZLQGURZVHYHU\WRGD\VNHHSVWKH wastewater system, since the nearest connection is
green waste exposed to oxygen. on Mōkapu Boulevard near Kalāheo. A portable rest
room is recommended. Electricity – From an existing
Green waste would be brought to the site either by distribution line running along Kapa‘a Quarry Road,
truck via Kapa‘a Quarry Road or by barge on Kawainui Hawaiian Electric Company would provide electricity
by Division of Forestry and Wildlife personnel. The to power the grinders needed in the first stage of
processing itself may be conducted through a third- composting. Solid Waste – Solid waste will be
party contract with the Division of Forestry and Wildlife, collected and removed for proper disposal off site.
initiated through a Request for Proposal process.
portion of the area and educational outreach begun in
NĀ PŌHAKU 1998 and overseen by ‘Ahahui Mālama I Kā Lōkahi at
Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine—which remains an inspirational
SECTION, precedent for the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex— will
continue to be a vital part of the Nā Pōhaku Section.
KAWAINUI STATE The area is covered with mostly non-native species. As

part of the Kawainui-Hamakua Complex management
PARK RESERVE plan, most of the invasive and non-native species will be
replaced with native species. Many of the monkeypod
trees will provide an important canopy for these
reforestation efforts. A unpaved maintenance access
road—which doubles as a trail alignment—will be used
for moving restoration and maintenance equipment
through the area.
Trails
The 1994 Kawai Nui Marsh Master Plan included a
north-south trail connecting to an overlook at Nā
Pōhaku o Hauwahine. At the Public Informational
Meeting No. 2 for this master plan, the concept of trails
was the most highly supported master plan concept
as evaluated by community members. After analyzing
opportunities and constraints, trails were incorporated
into the master plan as a major component of the
Key Map Kawainui perimeter trail and as pedestrian circulation
for educational programming and stewardship. The
The 48-acre Nā Pōhaku Section of the Kawainui State two miles of natural surface trails connect with existing
Park Reserve—under the jurisdiction of the Division trails at Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine and to the Hawaiian
of State Parks—is the largest upland area within the Cultural and Environmental Center to the north.
Kawainui- Hāmākua Complex. Since the land was To the south, the trails connect with the Kahanaiki
purchased using a matching federal grant from Land uplands. Future trails could potentially link the site with
and Water Conservation Fund, it must be accessible Holomakani Heiau on the west side of Kapa‘a Quarry
for public outdoor recreation to satisfy the 6(f) Road. The trail system includes a nearly half-mile
requirements attached to the use of these federal funds. accessible trail beginning at the education center.
Its main limiting factor is remoteness from municipal
wastewater infrastructure. Education Center
The education center is envisioned as the starting
The Nā Pōhaku Section—in combination with the point for visitors to and educational programs for the
Kahanaiki uplands immediately to the south—is Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex. The implementation
envisioned as an “outdoor classroom” for placed-based and operation of the education center would
educational programming for O‘ahu students from occur through a Request for Proposal for nonprofit
kindergarten through graduate school. The area has organizations qualified to develop and program
the capacity to accommodate such programming due educational curriculum. Opportunities for reforestation
to its size, its cultural heritage, adjacency to the largest and stewardship activities will be provided through
freshwater wetland in Hawai‘i, and proximity to streams volunteer programs.
and wetlands planned for habitat restoration. The area
has the best sweeping view of Kawainui and the Kailua The education center building is situated on the
ahupua‘a, from the Ko‘olau Mountains to Kailua Bay. upper slope between the wetland and Kapa‘a Quarry
Road. Softly touching the slope with post-and-pier
The master plan includes two main components in this construction, the center provides dramatic panoramic
area: trails and an education center with rest rooms and views of Kawainui and the Kailua ahupua‘a. A covered,
parking. The environmental restoration of a 12-acre outdoor wrap-around walkway leads to a viewing
THE PLAN
Figure 4-18. Nā Pōhaku Section, Kawainui State Park Reserve.
KAWAI NUI - HÄM ÄKUA C OMPLEX DR AFT MASTER PLAN 4 - 33

deck nestled in the canopies of large shade trees. Utilities: Potable Water – Potable water is needed for
The approximately 4,000 square feet of interior space rest rooms, planting irrigation, and fire protection. The
comprises an entry with reception desk, a common City and County of Honolulu Board of Water Supply
area/exhibits room, a multi-purpose room, an office, (BWS) would supply potable water via a 36-inch line
and rest rooms, and storage. along Kapa‘a Quarry Road. Wastewater – Wastewater
requirements will not be met by the municipal
The following descriptions provide additional wastewater system, since the nearest connection is
information about the education center. on Mōkapu Boulevard near Kalāheo. The feasibility
of a septic/leachfield system needs to be studied. A
Gated Entry: A locked gate prevents vehicular access local precedent is the rest room facility at the City and
during closed hours. As a major entry point to the County of Honolulu Model Airplane Park. Electricity
park, this entry will be marked with wooden signage – From an existing distribution line running along
conforming to park standards and landscaping. Kapa‘a Quarry Road, Hawaiian Electric Company would
provide electricity to the education center. Solid Waste
Vehicular Circulation: Vehicular routes are paved, since – Solid waste will be collected and removed for proper
the site is sloped and less permanent materials would disposal off site.
erode over time and be more costly to maintain. These
routes accommodate emergency vehicle access and
school /shuttle bus dropoffs. Bioswales associated
with the paved roadways filter and treat runoff prior to
recharging the groundwater.
Parking: Approximately 35 parking stalls, including

handicapped stalls, can be accommodated. The
parking area also accommodates a dropoff for school/
shuttle buses at the education center entry. Runoff from
the parking area sheet flows to a bioswale for filtration
and treatment prior to recharging the groundwater.
Open Lawn Area: The existing open lawn area is the

result of previous land uses, including more recent
use by Hawaiian community members as a space
for traditional cultural practices. The area will be
designated for non-exclusive use for both cultural and
educational programs.
Figure 4-19. Conceptual section-elevation (below) and interior

layout (above) for the education center at Nā Pōhaku Section.

THE PLAN
KAHANAIKI Kalaniana‘ole Highway. These stalls are intended for
Kawainui perimeter path users and participants in
educational and stewardship activities. Runoff from the
parking area sheet flows to a bioswale for filtration and
treatment prior to recharging the groundwater.
Program Staging Area: A compacted gravel

surface provides space for multiple purposes:
loading/unloading student groups for educational
programming and service learning activities; storing
equipment needed for reforestation and maintenance;
and collecting green waste for transport to the
vegetation processing area near the City and County of
Honolulu’s Model Airplane Park.
Program Pavilion: The approximately 350-square-

foot wooden structure provides a covered area for
Key Map
educational instruction or shelter from the elements.
WIldlife habitat restoration is already underway for upland Maintenance Access Road: The unpaved gravel
and wetland areas in this portion of the complex, and roadway provides access for DOFAW personnel to
phased restoration efforts are anticipated to begin in late conduct restoration and maintenance activities and
summer 2014. This will be the model for continued habitat provides an additional trail alignment. Above the
restoration throughout the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex. terraced wall adjacent to the trailhead parking, a
retaining wall may be required in order to create an
In combination with the Nā Pōhaku Section and alignment wide enough for maintenance equipment.
education center, Kahanaiki is envisioned as an Farther north, a rock and gravel causeway will be
“outdoor classroom” for placed-based educational installed to retain the existing drainage pattern yet
programming for O‘ahu students from kindergarten support the weight of maintenance equipment during
through graduate school. Proximity to habitat rainfall events.
restoration areas as well as to the streams that supply
water to Kawainui make it an ideal environment for Maintenance Causeway: The implementation of a
explorations in natural resources-based curriculum. causeway to Mokulana across Kahanaiki Stream and
the wetland will simplify maintenance operations
Since the Kahanaiki land was purchased with a considerably. Without the causeway, DOFAW would be
matching federal grant from the Land and Water required to load equipment onto a trailer bed in order
Conservation Fund, it must be accessible for public to transport it via public roadways to other locations.
outdoor recreation to satisfy the 6(f) requirements The causeway will be an integral part of the Kawainui
attached to its purchase. Providing trails and wildlife perimeter path.
viewing areas meets this requirement.
The following are the master plan elements for Kahanaiki.
Gated Entries: Locked gates at three access points

prevent vehicular access during closed hours. For
educational and stewardship programs occurring here,
DOFAW will control access, mostly with permits and/
or staff led projects. All activities will be subject to
manager/biologist approval, and protocols will be put
in place to monitor impact to these areas.
Trailhead Parking: Approximately 25 parking stalls,

including handicapped stalls, can be accommodated
near the corner of Kapa‘a Quarry Road and
Foot Trail, Lookout, and Observation Decks: About 0.4
miles of natural surface trails connect this area to the
Nā Pōhaku Section to the north. Accessible paths—a
portion of which are boardwalks—are provided to a
lookout area and observation decks. Visitation to the
observation decks may be prohibited during waterbird
nesting season due to their proximity to open water.
Utilities: Potable Water – The City and County of

Honolulu Board of Water Supply (BWS) would supply
potable water via a 36-inch line along Kapa‘a Quarry
Road. Wastewater and Electricity – These utilities are
not needed at Kahanaiki. Solid Waste – Solid waste will
be collected and removed for proper disposal off site
by Division of Forestry and Wildlife personnel.
THE PLAN
Figure 4-20. Kahanaiki. KAWAI NUI - HÄM ÄKUA C OMPLEX DR AFT MASTER PLAN 4 - 37
MOKULANA-DOFAW DOFAW will control access, mostly with permits and/
or staff led projects. All activities will be subject to
manager/biologist approval, and protocols will be put
MANAGEMENT AND in place to monitor impact to these areas.
RESEARCH STATION Maintenance Access: A paved driveway opposite

Auloa Road connects with a second unpaved driveway
for the program staging area.
Maintenance Vehicle Parking: A paved area is

provided for maintenance equipment parking. Runoff
from the parking area sheet flows to a bioswale
for filtration and treatment prior to recharging the
groundwater.
Program Staging Area: A compacted gravel surface

provides space for several purposes: loading/unloading
student groups for educational programming and
service learning activities; providing stewardship
volunteers with an area to park their vehicles; storing
equipment needed for reforestation and maintenance;
and collecting green waste for transport to the
vegetation processing area near the City and County of
Key Map
Honolulu’s Model Airplane Park.
The two land areas that comprise this portion of the Equipment Storage Container
Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex total nearly 20 acres.
Mokulana is approximately 5.5 acres, and the area Program Pavilion: The approximately 350-square-
identified for DOFAW Management and Research foot wooden structure provides a covered area for
Station is approximately 14.5 acres. Both areas were educational or stewardship instruction or shelter from
purchased with a matching federal grant from the Land the elements.
and Water Conservation Fund. With close proximity to
the Kawainui Marsh Restoration Ponds completed in Maintenance Causeway: The implementation of a
early 2013, these areas are centers for educational and causeway from Mokulana across Maunawili Stream will
stewardship activities and are essential for maintaining simplify maintenance operations considerably. Without
these ponds as habitat for four endangered Hawaiian the causeway, DOFAW would be required to load
waterbird species. equipment onto a trailer bed in order to transport it via
public roadways to other locations. The causeway will
Mokulana be an integral part of the Kawainui perimeter path.
Mokulana is envisioned much the same as it was in the
1994 Kawai Nui Marsh Master Plan: a contemplative Foot Trail: About 0.4 miles of natural surface trails
preserve. A perimeter foot trail and two viewing connect this area to the Nā Pōhaku Section to the north.
pavilions facilitate long, expansive views north across Accessible paths—a portion of which are boardwalks—
Kawainui and enhance Mokulana’s unique sense of are provided to a lookout area and observation decks.
place within the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex. The area Visitation to the observation decks may be prohibited
adjacent to the restoration ponds is the staging area for during waterbird nesting season due to their proximity
the southernmost restoration pond. to open water.
The following are master plan elements for Mokulana. Viewing Pavilions: Two wooden pavilions are situated
to take advantage of the panoramic views of Kawainui.
Gated Entries: Locked gates at two access points A lawn area for picnicking is located adjacent to the
prevent vehicular access during closed hours. For viewing pavilion.
educational and stewardship programs occurring here,

THE PLAN
Figure 4-21. Mokulana-DOFAW Management and Research Station. KAWAI NUI - HÄM ÄKUA C OMPLEX DR AFT MASTER PLAN 4 - 39
Parking: Three separate areas are designated for
Planting: Invasive species will be replaced with native parking: employee, visitor, and maintenance vehicle
Hawaiian plants. The riparian edge of Maunawili parking. Runoff from the parking areas will sheet
Stream will be supplemented with additional buffer flow to bioswales for filtration and treatment prior to
vegetation. recharging the groundwater.
Utilities: Potable Water – The City and County of Buildings: The design of buildings is based on a ranger
Honolulu Board of Water Supply (BWS) would supply station aesthetic. Rainwater from roofs is captured
potable water via a line along Kalaniana‘ole Highway. for use at the nursery for washing down maintenance
Wastewater and Electricity – These utilities are not equipment. The station comprises the following
needed at this site. Solid Waste – Solid waste will be structures:
collected and removed for proper disposal off site by
Division of Forestry and Wildlife personnel. Ř+HDGTXDUWHUVRIŵFH
Ř5HVHDUFKFHQWHU
DOFAW Management and Research Ř1XUVHU\RIŵFH
Station Ř2XWGRRUPHHWLQJDUHD
TheDOFAWManagementandResearchStationisdedicated
Ř5HVWURRPV/DXQGU\DUHD
tofulfillingDOFAW’smissionof protectingnaturalresources
Ř*UHHQKRXVHV
within the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex and fulfilling their
flood control responsibilities. DSP's operations for the Ř6WRUDJHIDFLOLW\
complex will also be located here. The station has been
strategically located adjacent to the restoration ponds to Nursery: A half-acre of the DOFAW station is set aside
oversee the level of effort necessary and to ensure the safety for growing native Hawaiian wetland and lowland
of the waterbirds,especially during nesting season. The site plants for restoration and reforestation efforts in the
is also convenient for students,researchers,and volunteers Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex.
yet inconspicuous from across the marsh.
Program Staging Area: A compacted gravel
The station can accommodate up to thirty employees and surface provides space for several purposes:
researchers. It is secured with a perimeter fence to separate loading/unloading student groups for educational
DOFAWoperationsfrompublicuseof theadjacentfoottrails programming and service learning activities; providing
and outdoor passive recreation area. All activities at the stewardship volunteers with an area to park their
station will be subject to manager/biologist approval, and vehicles; storing equipment needed for reforestation
protocols will be put in place to monitor impact to these and maintenance; and collecting green waste for
areas.For educational and stewardship programs,DOFAW transport to the vegetation processing area near the
will control access with permits and/or staff-led projects. City and County of Honolulu’s Model Airplane Park.
ThefollowingaremasterplanelementsfortheManagement Program Pavilion: The approximately 350-square-foot

and Research Station. wooden structure accommodates accommodate one
male and one female rest room and provides a covered
Gated Entry: A swinging gate prevents vehicular area interpretive displays, educational or stewardship
access during closed hours. For educational and instruction, and shelter from the elements.
stewardship programs occurring here, DOFAW will
control access, mostly with permits and/or staff led Foot Trail: The lowland trails are aligned well above
projects. All activities will be subject to manager/ typical flooding levels in the area, and Maunawili
biologist approval, and protocols will be put in place to Stream is a natural barrier between the lowland trail
monitor impact to these areas. and the restoration ponds. The upland trail connects
with Ulukahiki Street. Together, they form a loop of
DOFAW plans to discuss with the City and County of about 0.6 miles around the DOFAW station. When
Honolulu a potential land transfer of the lower portion the lowland trail is temporarily closed during program
of Ulukahiki Street so as to secure the DOFAW station operations in the staging area, trail users will be
with a gated entry directly on Ulukahiki Street. directed to the upper trail.

THE PLAN
Viewing Decks: Wooden decks for viewing waterbirds Forestry and Wildlife personnel.
in the restoration pond and Maunawili Stream are
approximately 10 to 15 feet in diameter. They are
connected to the foot trail by boardwalks.
Passive Recreation and Education Program Area:

At the west end of the DOFAW station, a 1.5-acre
outdoor passive recreation area provides open space
for picnicking and/or birdwatching and functions as
one of several trailheads for the Kawainui perimeter
path, which connects to Mokulana from this location.
In recent history, this was the location of the Matsuda
Store, the best known and remembered of the Kailua
stores on Auloa Road before Kalaniana‘ole Highway was
constructed. The concrete foundation for the fuel pump
fronting the store is still extant. Even more recently,
this was the headquarters for Martin Knott’s Diamond
K Ranch. A wooden shade pavilion approximately 725
square feet is now the centerpiece for the recreation
area and provides a covered space for interpretive
panels describing the history of this area. A parking
area accommodates 15 stalls, including handicapped
parking.
Utilities: Potable water is provided by the City and

County of Honolulu Board of Water Supply (BWS) from
a water line paralleling Ulukahiki Street. Wastewater –
The existing septic/leachfield system is large enough
to accommodate the master plan capacity of 30
personnel. Electricity – Hawaiian Electric Company
provides electricity from power lines along Ulukahiki
Street. Solid Waste – Solid waste will be collected and
removed for proper disposal off site by Division of
ULUPŌ HEIAU A major planning consideration for Ulupō Heiau State
Historical Park is the proximity to the Windward YMCA
STATE HISTORICAL and the neighboring Kūkanono residential neighbor-
hood. The YMCA property surrounds the heiau on two
PARK sides; the deed that transferred the 5-acre property to

the YMCA in 1961 provides for the State's use of the
former driveway from Kailua Road as the public access
and the sharing of the parking lot on the east side of
the heiau. During this master planning process, the
State and the YMCA began negotiations for the State's
acquisition of at least a portion of the land adjacent to
the heiau to provide a buffer and maintain the historical
setting of the site. Therefore, the Ulupö Heiau Cultural
Resources Management and Landscape Plan encom-
passes the YMCA property on the north and east sides
of the heiau.
Restoration of the Cultural Landscape

Restoring the cultural landscape of Ulupō Heiau to circa
A.D. 1700 seeks to preserve the historical setting of the
heaiu site, which is representative of the Pre-Contact
settlement and subsistence pattern of Kawainui and the
Key Map Kailua ahupua‘a. This includes preserving and protect-
ing the archaeological and cultural sites, establishing
The conceptual plan for Ulupō Heiau in the 1994 Kawai buffers, and planting culturally appropriate native and
Nui Marsh Master Plan was based on the 10990 inter- Polynesian-introduced species. Alien vegetation will
pretive plan for Ulupō Heiau prepared by the Division be removed to enhance view corridors, clear areas for
of State Parks. The plan consisted of a pedestrian trail, cultural landscaping, and provide plants for programs
an interpretive shelter, open lawn areas, and cultural and practitioners.
plantings.
Lo‘i Kalo: Three areas consisting of twenty-two lo‘i have
For this master plan, elements of the Draft Ulupō Heiau already been restored in the area between Ulupō Heiau
Cultural Resources Management and Landscape Plan and Kawainui. These lo‘i perpetuate farming traditions
prepared in 2011 have been incorporated, subject to and provide kalo for cultural programs.
public comment. This plan was prepared by the cura-
tors of Ulupō Heiau (Kailua Hawaiian Civic Club and Canoe Plants: A number of cultivated crop plants vital
‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi) and State Parks with input to subsistence and the culture were brought to Hawaii
from the cultural community. The document addresses on the voyaging canoes. These plants are found in the
restoration of the cultural landscape, cultural protocol agricultural areas around the lo‘i.
and access by cultural practitioners, and improvements
for cultural programs and visitation. This plan recog- La‘au Lapa‘au: A garden area of medicinal plants
nizes the presence and significance of archaeological will provide a resource for practitioners of traditional
and cultural resources within Ulupō Heiau State Histori- healing and an open area for educational and cultural
cal Park and the need for additional archaeological programs.
research and inventory (surveys, mapping, testing, and
data recovery), prior to implementation of the plan. Craft Plants: Plants for traditional crafts, such as lauhala
Archaeological plans and approvals from the State for weaving and wauke for kapa making, will be planted
Historic Preservation Division will also be needed to ad- throughout the site.
dress site restoration and proposed resource manage-
ment measures.
THE PLAN
Figure 4-22. Ulupö Heiau State Historical Park. KAWAI NUI - HÄM ÄKUA C OMPLEX DR AFT MASTER PLAN 4 - 43
Landscaping: Some native Hawaiian and Polynesian- ian cultural plants, traditional agricultural practices (lo‘i
introduced trees and shrubs, such as kukui, kamani, kalo), and the transition to rice and truck farming in the
milo, kou, loulu, and naupaka, will be planted as visual historic era.
buffers alongside modern developments and as shade
for program areas. Viewing Platforms: Several small platforms will be
located along the foot trail following the base of the
Historic Agricultural Plants: In the twentieth century, Kūkanono slope to enhance viewing of Kawainui, the
much of the Kūkanono slope was planted in papaya, restored wetlands, and the wildlife.ā
banana, avocado, and other truck farm crops. As the
interpretive path moves south from Ulupō Heiau, the Fencing
cultural landscape and plantings will shift to this historic Fencing along the property line with the Kūkanono
period and the archaeological sites from this time pe- subdivision, the Kailua United Methodist Church, and
riod will be interpreted. the Kawainui Vista subdivision will delineate the park
boundary and ensure that park visitors do not impinge
Hālau on private property. Vegetation buffers planted along-
A traditional Hawaiian hālau consisting of a rock wall side the fencing will maintain the historical and cultural
foundation, a pole-frame structure, and a thatched setting of the slope.
roof will provide a facility for cultural and educational
programs that is in keeping with the cultural landscape Rest Rooms
and historical setting of Ulupō Heiau. At approximately As visitation increases and people stay for extended pe-
2,500 square feet in size, the hālau will serve as a riods of time to participate in cultural and educational
gathering place for interpretive talks, demonstrations, programs, there will be a need for rest room facilities.
educational programs, and cultural activities. The hālau Service learning and volunteer projects usually involve
could also house displays, exhibits, and interpretive a stay of at least four hours, and some volunteers may
panels. An open area adjacent to the hālau provides a stay longer. In addition, hosting cultural groups and
gathering area for activities. events, such as Ulupō Heiau Ho‘ike, involves large
numbers of people for extended visits. A location ad-
Interpretive Devices jacent to the YMCA facility as been tentatively identified
to consolidate modern development and an existing
Kiosk: A small kiosk with two to three interpretive signs septic system.
at the entry to the site provides an introduction to the
site, an overview of the cultural history, and resource Parking
management messages. The existing parking lot on the YMCA property to the
east of the heiau currently accommodates sixteen stalls,
Path: A designated path provides opportunities to view of which five are set aside for visitation of the heaiu.
the heiau, experience the restored cultural landscape, This is not adequate for current or future visitation and
and connect with the foot trail running along the the cultural use. Because of the close proximity of the
Kūkanono slope from the levee. The path is designed parking lot to the heiau, there is a desire to identify an
to direct visitors to areas being interpreted and avoid alternate parking area. However, due to limited space
sensitive cultural and archaeological sites. and ownership of the adjacent land by the YMCA, an
alternate location is not currently available. Also incor-
Path: A designated path provides opportunities to view porated into the plan are foot trails with viewing decks
the heiau, experience the restored cultural landscape, along the slope below Kūkanono to the south and a
and connect with the foot trail running along the foot trail to the north toward the levee.
Kūkanono slope from the levee. The path is designed
to direct visitors to areas being interpreted and avoid Funding has been obtained by the Division of State
sensitive cultural and archaeological sites. Parks for purchasing land if an agreement with the
YMCA can reached. Reopening the driveway from
Wayside Exhibits: Interpretive signs placed along the Kailua Road and increasing parking stall should be ex-
path share various cultural themes, including the Hawai- plored. Prior to purchase, an engineering study would

THE PLAN
be conducted to evaluate the condition of a large drain-
age culvert.
Utilities
Potable Water – Water is needed for the nursery, water-
ing plants, and general cleanup. Electricity – Electricity
is not required. Wastewater – Possibly construct a flush
toilet in conjunction with the YMCA facility and septic
system. Solid Waste – Solid waste will be collected and
removed for proper disposal off site by the curators of
the park.
Parking: Since parking is available in Kailua town and
WAI'AUIA Wai‘auia is a small, narrow area, parking is limited to 14
stalls at the eastern end of Wai‘auia. Runoff from the
parking areas will sheet flow to bioswales for filtration
and treatment prior to recharging the groundwater.
Use of the City and County of Honolulu’s pump station
driveway for access to the parking will be discussed as
part of the master plan implementation process.
Planting: As part of the Kawainui-Hamakua Complex

management plan, invasive species will be replaced by
native Hawaiian plants, and a wetland vegetation buffer
will be established to protect the edges of Kawainui
and the Wai‘auia wetland.
Utilities: Potable Water – Potable water is needed

for rest rooms, planting irrigation, and fire protection.
The City and County of Honolulu Board of Water
Key Map Supply (BWS) would supply potable water via a 24-
inch waterline along Kailua Road. Wastewater – Rest
Wai‘auia’s narrow uplands comprise approximately 8.4 room wastewater would be conveyed to the existing
acres between Kawainui Canal and Ulupō Heiau State municipal wastewater system along Kailua Road.
Historical Park. The area is adjacent to both Kawainui Electricity – Hawaiian Electric Company would provide
and the Wai‘auia wetland. A segment of the Kawainui electricity from power lines along Kailua Road. Solid
perimeter path is aligned through the area, connecting Waste – Solid waste will be collected and removed for
Kailua town with the levee and Kawainui. The site has proper disposal off site.
been selected as a burial preserve for iwi kupuna of
Kailua. With close proximity to Kailua town, the area Center for Hawaiian Studies
provides an alternate location for Kailua cultural events. The master plan for Wai‘auia celebrates the cultural
A Center for Hawaiian Studies is located at the eastern importance of this area, where the waters of Kawainui
end of Wai‘auia. once joined the waters of Hāmākua. A one-acre
Center for Hawaiian Studies in practical, performing,
The following are master plan elements for Wai‘auia. and literary arts—one of four Hawaiian culture centers
identified for the Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex—is
State Wetland Sanctuary Designation: The Wai‘auia located in a restored landscape of native Hawaiian and
wetland will be designated as a State Wildlife Sanctuary. culturally significant plants. Hale, based on traditional
Hawaiian architecture, provide indoor spaces for dance,
Wetland Maintenance Access: Locked gates will language, and arts instruction and practice as well as
prevent unauthorized vehicular access. The existing iwi kupuna curation. The center’s burial preserve will
maintenance road to the levee will be modified for provide a final resting place for the iwi kupuna. A hula
erosion control. mound and open lawn area are envisioned for center
activities as well as open cultural events such as the “I
Pedestrian/Maintenance Path: The perimeter path Love Kailua” series.
between Kailua town and the levee is 8 feet wide
and doubles as a DOFAW maintenance path. It also Implementation of the Center for Hawaiian Studies
provides an accessible route to the interpretive viewing will occur through a Request for Proposal for nonprofit
deck overlooking the adjacent Wai‘auia wetland. The organizations qualified to be caretakers for the
perimeter path from the levee to Ulupō Heiau State burial preserve and the 1-acre site. Implementation
Historical Park includes a natural surface foot trail and a is expected to occur in phases, beginning with site
boardwalk where the upland area is too narrow and too restoration.
close to the Kawainui Vista residences for a foot trail.
THE PLAN
Figure 4-23. Wai‘auia. KAWAI NUI - HÄM ÄKUA C OMPLEX DR AFT MASTER PLAN 4 - 47
Figure 4-24. Hämäkua and Pu‘uoehu.

THE PLAN
HĀMĀKUA- Program Staging Area: A compacted gravel surface
provides space for several purposes: loading/unload-
PU'UOEHU ing student groups for educational programming
and service learning activities; providing stewardship
volunteers and Pu‘uoehu trail users with an area to park
their vehicles; storing equipment needed for reforesta-
tion and maintenance; and collecting green waste for
transport to the vegetation processing area near the
City and County of Honolulu’s Model Airplane Park.
A proposed rest room/storage facility will be located
adjacent to the staging area. Existing fill in the area will
need to be leveled in order to implement the staging
area. Some of the fill will be used to level a low point in
the maintenance road.
Maintenance Access: The existing maintenance road

will be realigned the maximum distance possible from
the wetland and extended to Wetland Basin D, where
a loop will allow maintenance vehicles to U-turn. The
Key Map maintenance road will also function as a pedestrian
path for educational and stewardship activities.
At Hāmākua, current recovery efforts for endangered
Hawaiian waterbirds and plant species will continue, Foot Trail: Natural surface foot trail will bring hikers,
along with providing habitat for migratory seabirds. volunteers, and management personnel to the sum-
State ownership of both Hāmākua and Pu‘uoehu will al- mit of Pu‘uoehu and down the slope to Kailua Road or
low for further enhancement of the wetland habitat and across the hillside at a lower elevation. The trailheads
ensure that Pu‘uoehu continues to function as a water- are located as far from the wetland as possible to mini-
shed for Hāmākua. Since the makai edge of Hāmākua mize disruption to the waterbirds that inhabit Hāmākua.
is influenced by urban Kailua, the mauka side will be
preserved as a safe haven for birds, and human pres- Wetland Expansion: The existing wetland will be
ence will be limited to management activities—including expanded by 2 to 4 acres, to maximize the amount of
service learning projects—and DOFAW regulated and waterbird habitat at Hāmākua.
supervised place-based educational programming. All
activities will be subject to manager/biologist approval, Planting: At Hāmākua, invasive species will continue to
and protocols will be put in place to monitor impacts to be removed and replaced with native Hawaiian species.
these areas. The vegetation buffer between the maintenance road
and the wetland will be supplemented. At Pu‘uoehu,
Since neither Hāmākua nor Pu‘uoehu was owned by invasive species will be removed and replaced with na-
the State of Hawai‘i in 1994 when the Kawai Nui Marsh tive Hawaiian species, including Hibiscus brackenridgei,
Master was completed, there are no previous master Schiedea adamantis, Abutilon menziesii, and Cenchurus
plans for these areas. agriminoides.
The following are master plan elements for Hāmākua- Open Lawn Program Areas: Open lawn areas allow
Pu‘uoehu. for educational and stewardship groups to gather at a
distance from the edge of the wetland.
Gated Entry: A locked gate prevents vehicular access
during closed hours. A sign at the gate posts hours and Power Line Relocation: As part of the master plan
permitted activities. For educational and stewardship implementation process, the State of Hawai‘i will dis-
programs occurring here, DOFAW will control access cuss with Hawaiian Electric Company the relocation of
with permits and/or staff-led projects. the existing power line crossing Hāmākua.
Engender Community Support: Land owners in Kailua
town center are encouraged to learn about and create
landscape areas for treating stormwater runoff, which
currently drains through subsurface pipes and flows into
Kawainui Canal, which is adjacent to Hāmākua.
Utilities: Potable Water – The existing water line will be

extended from Wetland Basin A/B to Wetland Basin D.
For occasions when additional toilet facilities are need-
ed, portable toilets will be provided by the Division of
Forestry and Wildlife. Wastewater – The proposed rest
room will be connected to the City and County of Ho-
nolulu wastewater system. Electricity – Electrical power
is not required for this area. Solid Waste – A policy of
pack in-pack out applies to this area. However, when
littering occurs, the solid waste will be collected and
removed for proper disposal off site.
P L A N I M P L E M E N TAT I O N
"That it become a living cultural

classroom combining education, culture,
and stewardship for generations"
5PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 OVERVIEW OF PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
This master plan is intended to serve as a guide for the State
DLNR, DOFAW and DSP to implement future improvements to the
The Master Plan serves as a guide for
Kawainui-Hāmākua Complex which support their agency missions,
the public interest, and help sustain and enhance the natural and
implementation and future decision-
cultural resources associated with this complex. It reflects an making.
assessment of the current site conditions within the project area,
current views of the community, and the future vision desired for the complex.
It is not practicable to expect all the concepts included in this plan to be implemented immediately or within a short
timeframe such as a couple years. The master plan covers activities and uses that can be implemented over the next
20+ years subject to various factors. There will be changes occurring over time that will influence priorities along
with the feasibility and practicability of implementing various concepts (e.g. funding). However, this master plan
provides the overall framework on which to base future decisions , and establish priorities for funding requests to
the State Legislature or other sources, such as grants.
View of USACE Ponds at Kawainui (June 2013)

In reflecting upon the prior 1994 report, it can be conditions that may result in future modifications to
seen that only a few of those plan components have restoration methods, priority areas, etc. The site design
actually been implemented after 20 years. Similarly, for particular uses, such as a cultural center, may result
other plans created for areas of Kawainui have yet to be in refinements to the specific location of building
implemented, such as the City’s Gateway Park project, footprints or number of buildings.
and other aspects of proposed plans have evolved over
time. Such refinements typically occur during the design
phase of projects. However, proposed uses would be
With land ownership of the project area now under the evaluated during implementation in the context of the
State, the opportunity and desire of the State DLNR to master plan for overall consistency and conformance.
implement the master plan concepts in a phased and The master plan would also provide the framework for
managed approach is being realized. Completion of evaluating future partnerships established with non-
the USACE ponds, implementation of further wetland profit organizations. Design guidelines could also
and upland restoration work, ongoing restoration of be included with the final master plan to provide a
the lowland native forest at Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine, framework that can be used in evaluating an activity’s
and improving the cultural landscape at Ulupō Heiau consistency and compliance with master plan concepts.
are examples of initiatives moving forward under
the State DLNR. These initiatives have generated
considerable interest from educational and cultural 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL
organizations, and subsequent opportunities to create
and expand interpretive, educational, and stewardship
REVIEW AND LAND
USE ENTITLEMENTS
The environmental review process would be completed
for the master plan because implementation of plan
concepts, such as restoration and site development, will
most likely involve the use of State funds and lands. An
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) will be prepared
for this project under Chapter 343, Environmental
Impact Statements, Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), and
Title 11, Chapter 200 (Environmental Impact Statement
Rules) of the State Department of Health’s Hawaii
Administrative Rules (HAR). A summary of this process
The EIS process will provide the

public with additional opportunities
Potential Interpretive Exhibit to review master plan concepts in
partnerships. The master plan concepts are intended to
relation to environmental effects.
reflect the general types of activities (e.g. restoration,
cultural practices, outdoor recreation), locations for is provided.
these activities and support facilities, and intensity of 1. EIS Preparation Notice. Initiation of this
uses within the project area that support the overall environmental review process will commence with
vision. Therefore, refinements to the activities and the preparation and publication of an EIS Preparation
conceptual site plans included in this master plan may Notice. This will initiate a 30-day public review period
result when actually designed and implemented. As for comments by agencies and the public. The purpose
an example, DOFAW conducts adaptive management for the EIS Preparation Notice is to inform the public
of the wetland by monitoring and evaluating changing of the project and obtain comments on the issues that
should be studied in the Draft EIS document.
Master Plan concepts would be 2. Draft EIS. A Draft EIS will subsequently be prepared
implemented over time, and changes and published initiating a 45-day public review period
occurring will influence priorities for comments. The Draft EIS will include discussion
and timing. of the probable impacts resulting from the project,

and cover several areas such as natural resources,
infrastructure, public facilities, and conformance with
5.3 PHASING PRIORITIES
government plans and policies. A public informational
Implementation of master plan concepts would be
meeting is planned to be held during the 45-day
done in phases based upon DOFAW and DSP priorities
comment period to present the public with another
and funding availability. The ability to effectively
opportunity to provide comments.
manage the project area by these agencies is of high
3. Final EIS. A Final EIS will be prepared based upon
priority, therefore, areas would only be opened up
the comments received on the Draft EIS. Publication of
for public access and activities when these agencies
this document completes the EIS process.
are able to properly manage them. A summary of the
major core priorities is provided.
Land use entitlements would be applied for after
completion of the EIS process. The purpose for this
is to have these discretionary approvals obtained and Areas would only be opened for
entitled so that implementation of master plan concepts public access when DOFAW/DSP are
can proceed. Any conditions associated with approvals able to manage them.
would be known, and can be programmed as part of
implementation. These approvals include the following:
Core Priorities
1. Conservation District Use Permit. Portions of the • Management, Protection, Preservation and
project area are situated within the State’s land use Conservation of Resources
district’s “Conservation District” that fall under the • Resources Restoration and Habitat
jurisdiction of the State Board of Land and Natural Enhancement.
Resources (BLNR). As a result, a Conservation District
• Cultural Resources and Practices.
Use Permit from the BLNR would be required.
• Public Access and Outdoor Recreation.
2. Special Management Area Use Permit. The project
• Education and Interpretation Opportunities
area is situated within the City’s Special Management
and Partnerships
Area (SMA), and fall under the regulations of Chapter
25 (SMA), Revised Ordinances of Honolulu. Regulated • Stewardship Opportunities and Partnerships.
improvements will thus require a SMA Use Permit • Public Health, Safety, and Maintenance.
Primary Actions to Implement Core Priorities
• Wetland Restoration and Habitat Enhancement.
Discretionary land use approvals
• Upland Forest Restoration.
required consist of a Conservation
District Use Permit and a Special • Cultural Landscape Restoration.
Management Area Use Permit.
(Major) from the City Council.

The implementation of specific uses and activities
would require ministerial permits from the State or
City. Ministerial permits are approvals given by the
regulatory agency under established procedures
without exercising individual judgment or discretion.
Examples of such permits include a National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit for
construction activities from the State Department of
Health, and grading, grubbing, and trenching permits
from the City Department of Planning and Permitting.
Photo of Educational Activities at Hämäkua.

• Hawaiian Cultural Centers Supporting Some of the proposed elements of the Master Plan
Traditional Cultural Practices. would be undertaken by non-profit organizations and
• Public Access and Pedestrian Trails. community groups, such as proposed Hawaiian cultural
• Passive Outdoor Recreation and Support centers and a canoe complex. Their ability to improve
Facilities. areas, construct facilities, and operate programs will
be dependent on their ability to obtain funding and
• Management of Visitors and Activities
demonstration their organizational capacity. It is
• Educational and Interpretative Programs
anticipated that these improvements would also be
Through Partnerships with Community.
implemented in phases.
• Managed Security and Public Safety
Certain activities are occurring now, and would
5.3.1 Phasing By Timeframes continue as long as deemed necessary. Other new
activities and improvements planned are associated
Implementation of master plan concepts would be with the core priorities, and would therefore be
determined by priorities and other factors such as programmed to occur throughout the timeframe.
available funding and staff requirements. However, Remaining activities and improvements are generally
shifts in these priorities may occur over time as programmed to occur within either: 1) immediate to 10-
circumstances change or unforeseen opportunities year timeframe; or 2) beyond 10-year timeframe. These
arise. More specific activities and improvements activities are identified below.
currently programmed by general timeframes are
provided. Core Priority Activities Occurring Throughout
• Wetland Restoration and Habitat Enhancement
Adaptive management will be implemented by DOFAW - Wetland Expansion and Management Activities
to provide long-term management of the habitat area. at Hāmākua
Kawainui and Hāmākua are natural resources influenced
- Restoration and Management Activities at
by various environmental conditions that change over
Kawainui
time, and result in the need for adaptive management.
• Upland Reforestation
This will require monitoring of vegetation growth, water
flow into the wetlands from streams and upland areas, - Reforestation of Upland Areas at Kawainui
and waterbird nesting activities. - Management Activities of Upland Areas at
Kawainui
Adaptive management involves developing measurable • Native Lowland Forest Restoration at Nā Pōhaku o
objectives, monitoring to determine the effectiveness Hauwahine
of management practices, evaluation to determine if • Storm Water Runoff Mitigation along Kapa‘a Quarry
the objectives are being reached, and adaptation in Road
decisions based on the results. Therefore, resource • Perimeter Boundary Fencing at Kawainui
managers must maintain flexibility in their decisions and • Predator Fencing Along Wetland at Kawainui
the implementation of improvements and operations, • Ulupō Heiau Cultural Landscape Restoration with
knowing that uncertainties exist and management Trails and Interpretation
actions could change. This will improve DOFAW’s • Educational Programs with Schools and
understanding of the marsh’s ecological system and Organizations
help future decision-making to improve restoration
• Stewardship Programs with Schools, Volunteers,
progress and effectiveness.
and Organizations
The State's ability to manage and maintain lands

Immediate to 10-Year Timeframe
and park areas will also influence how much area is
• Kawainui State Park Reserve (Nā Pohaku Section)
improved and the level of visitation accommodated.
Priority is being given to those park areas that are - Pedestrian Trails with Interpretive Signs and
already accessible to the public, and where the Viewing Areas
community has initiated restoration and educational - Parking
programs, such as Ulupō Heiau State Historical Park and - Restroom and Storage Facilities
the Nā Pōhaku o Hauwahine section of Kawainui State - Interim Educational Center (Pavilion/Rain Shelter
Park Reserve. Concept)
• Kawainui State Park Reserve (Kalaheo Section)
- Canoe Launch Site • Kapa‘a
- Halau Wa‘a (Canoe Storage) - Pedestrian Path (Nā Pōhaku to City Model
- Interpretive Shelter with Exhibits Airplane Park)
- Parking Area • DOFAW Management and Research Station–
- Restrooms Mokulana
• Kawainui State Park Reserve (Kapa‘a Section) - Pedestrian Path From Research Station to Ulupō
Heiau
- Guardrails along Kapa‘a Quarry Road (Restrict
Off-Road Vehicle Activities) - Pedestrian Path From Research Station to
Mokulana and Kahanaiki
- Low-Maintenance Landscaping (Promote Open
Space and View Corridors) - Interpretive Viewing Pavilions at Mokulana
• Kapa‘a - Program Staging and Viewing Area (Near
Maunawili Stream)
- Vegetation Processing Area
• DOFAW Research Station Maintenance Access
- Hawaiian Cultural and Environmental Complex
Across Wetland to Kahanaiki
• Kahanaiki
• Ulupō Heiau State Historical Park
- Pedestrian Trails with Interpretation
- Pedestrian Path (Ulupō Heiau to DOFAW
- Parking Area
Research Station)
- Wildlife Viewing Platforms
• Pu‘uoehu
- Educational Program Areas
- Maintenance Trail (Mid-Level Along Ridge)
• DOFAW Management and Research Station–
- Pedestrian Trail (Top of Ridge)
Mokulana
- DOFAW Research Station Improvements
- Mokulana Program Staging Area
• Ulupō Heiau State Historical Park
- Paths with Interpretive Signage
- Cultural Landscaping with Nursery
- Traditional Halau for Cultural Programs/Events
- Parking
- Restrooms
• Wai‘auia
- Pedestrian Path (Levee to Ulupō Heiau)
- Reinterment Site
- Cultural Center of Advanced Studies
• Hāmākua Marsh
- Program Staging Area and Pavilion
- Parking Area
- Restrooms
Beyond 10 Years Timeframe

• Kawainui State Park Reserve (Nā Pohaku Section)
- Educational Center (Build-Out)
• Kawainui State Park Reserve (Kapa‘a Section)
- Pedestrian Path from City Airplane Park to
Kalaheo Section
• Kawainui State Park Reserve (Kalaheo Section)
- Pedestrian Bridge from Kalaheo Park Across
Kawainui Canal to Levee

5.3.2 IMPLEMENTATION BY and improvements based upon this master plan and
priorities. Other funding sources are also available such
REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL as Federal grants, foundation grants, and private-public
PROCESS joint ventures, or joint funding by various partners.
The majority of master plan concepts would be DSP generates revenues from their State parks through
implemented by DOFAW and DSP through Capitol such sources as entry fees (e.g. Diamond Head State
Improvement Projects funds appropriated by the Monument), parking fees, camping fees, recreational
State Legislature or from grants. DLNR may also enter leases, and concessions. These revenues are deposited
into lease or management agreements with qualified into the State Parks Special Funds where they are
non-profit organizations to develop and implement available to assist with personnel costs, park operations,
programs through a Request for Proposal (RFP) process. repair and maintenance, and interpretive programs.
Whether it would be the responsibility of the State or
the non-profit to construct program facilities, such as an
A listing of some of these potential sources is provided.
Education Center, may be dependent on the availability
of State funds or other funding sources for this purpose. • State Wildlife Grant program administered by the
In other situations, leases or permits may be issued U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS).
to non-profit organizations for cultural or recreational • Pacific Coast Joint Venture: Funding from North
purposes. These uses may include the following: American Waterfowl Conservation Act funds
• Cultural Center for Advanced Studies at Wai‘auia • National Coastal Wetland Conservation Act fund
• Hawaiian Cultural and Environmental Complex at from the USFWS
Kapa‘a • National Park Service, Land and Water Conservation
• Halau Wa’a at Kawainui State Park Reserve (Kalaheo Fund
Section) • U.S. Endangered Species Act, Traditional Section 6
• Vegetation Processing Area at Kapa‘a Program
- A non-profit or recycling business could • Office of Hawaiian Affairs
undertake this operation jointly with DOFAW • Harold K.L. Castle Foundation (Castle Foundation)
grants
Under the RFP process, the State DLNR would issue • State Agencies
a solicitation for non-profit organizations to submit a - Example: State DOH, Clean Water Branch - (Kaha
proposal package to develop a particular use included Park BMP demonstration project)
under the master plan. A non-profit organization • Joint Funding Partnerships
would then be selected to utilize the designated - Example: NOAA, Hawaii Community Foundation,
area for use (e.g. complex for cultural practices), and Castle Foundation, Kualoa Ranch, and USFWS for
issued a lease or right to develop through another Hakipu‘u Stream Restoration project
permit authorization. Factors considered in evaluating - Example: USFWS, Castle Foundation, and others
proposals would include financial business plan, history for Kawainui Marsh Restoration project
and experience of organization, their institutional
capacity to complete and manage the use, consistency
with intended use for area, and stewardship and
educational partnership opportunities.
5.4 FUNDING
OPPORTUNITIES
There are several funding opportunities available
to implement the master plan concepts. DOFAW
and DSP regularly receive funding from the State
Legislature as part of the bi-annual operating budget
and capital improvements projects funding. These
agencies would continue to program and develop
budget requests seeking appropriations for operations

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TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S

Chapter 5: Plan Implementation

ii K AWAINUI-HÄM ÄKUA CO M PL E X D RAF T M AS TE R P L A N

K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MAST ER P LAN iii

* Each chapter opening includes a wish written by a community member

PROJECT OVERVIEW AND

The project area comprises 986.02 acres of State-

Wetlands comprise approximately 748 acres, or over

1-2 KAWAINUI-HÄM ÄKUA CO M PL E X D RAF T M AS T E R P L A N

their function as habitat for four endangered Hawaiian

The wetlands and uplands of the Kawainui-Hāmākua

Figure 1-2. Kailua ahupua‘a.

K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA S T ER P LAN 1-3

1-4 KAWAINUI-HÄM ÄKUA CO M PL E X D RAF T M AS T E R P L A N

cultural resources on the lands and the missions

With Kawainui, Hāmākua, and Pu‘uoehu hillside now

K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA S T ER P LAN 1-5

DSP manages and administers ﬁfty-ﬁve State parks

STATE AGENCY MISSIONS

Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW):

Division of State Parks (DSP):

Division of Conservation and Resources Enforcement (DOCARE):

1-6 KAWAINUI-HÄM ÄKUA CO M PL E X D RAF T M AS T E R P L A N

K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA S T ER P LAN 1-7

The great waters of Kawainui tell the story of modern

1-8 KAWAINUI-HÄM ÄKUA CO M PL E X D RAF T M AS T E R P L A N

In the early 1970, several development plans—housing

K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA S T ER P LAN 1-9

"That it be maintained in as natural

K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA S TER P LAN 2-1

2.3 LAND USE CONSTRAINTS 2.3.2 STATE WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES

Table 2-1 PROJECT AREA PARCELS AND OWNERSHIP

4-2-003: 030 ,ĈŵĈŬƵĂ 22.72 State of Hawai‘i (DOFAW)

4-2-013: 005 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹ<ĂŚĂŶĂŝŬŝ 97.22 State of Hawai‘i (DOFAW)

4-2-013: 038 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹhůƵƉƃ,ĞŝĂƵ^ƚĂƚĞ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůWĂƌŬ 19.51 State of Hawai‘i (DSP)

4-2-016: 002 Kawainui – Wai‘auia 9.10 State of Hawai‘i (DOFAW)

4-2-016: 015 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹDĂƌƐŚEŽƌƚŚ 604.16 State of Hawai‘i (DOFAW)

4-2-017: 020 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹ^ƚĂƚĞWĂƌŬZĞƐĞƌǀĞ͕<ĂƉĂ͚Ă^ĞĐƟŽŶ 18.32 State of Hawai‘i (DSP)

4-2-103: 018 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹhůƵƉƃ,ĞŝĂƵ 2.50 State of Hawai‘i (DSP)

4-2-103: 035 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹhůƵƉƃ,ĞŝĂƵ^ƚĂƚĞ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůWĂƌŬ 6.65 State of Hawai‘i (DSP)

4-4-034: 025 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹ^ƚĂƚĞWĂƌŬZĞƐĞƌǀĞ͕<ĂůĈŚĞŽ^ĞĐƟŽŶ 1.90 State of Hawai‘i (DSP)

4-2-016: 010 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹZĞŵŶĂŶƚWĂƌĐĞů 4.20 City and County of Honolulu

4-2-016: 014 <ĂǁĂŝŶƵŝʹDŽĚĞůŝƌƉůĂŶĞWĂƌŬ 10.60 City and County of Honolulu

K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA S TER P LAN 2-3

K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA S TER P LAN 2-5

Figure 2-7. LWCF project area parcels.

K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA S T ER P LAN 2-7

2.3.7 NATURAL AND CULTURAL

Figure 2-9. Cultural resources within the project area.

K AWA I N U I - H Ä MÄ K UA C O MP L E X D R A F T MA S TER P LAN 2-9

Many studies have been prepared for the Kawainui-

State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan 2008

• Develop management plans for core and supporting wetlands.

In 1990, the legislature mandated the fee simple

The transfer of Kawainui from the City and County

It was 1995 when Hāmākua was donated to the State.

Permits from other divisions within the DLNR or from

As funding permits, the Board agreed to: 2.7 EDUCATIONAL/

in restoration opportunities. A major part of this

2 - 22 KAWAINUI-HÄM ÄKUA CO M PL E X D RAF T M AS T E R P L A N

Kahanaiki Stream entering the marsh

Aerial ÿAlae keÿokeÿo in Maunawili Stream

Kalāheo Section is one of two sections within the Current Uses

Kaläheo Section and Vicinity