TM3140 – Teknik Reservoir II

Oil and Gas Displacement

Ir. Achmad Irzam, M. Eng

ITSB
Nov 05, 2016
 Silabus Teknik Reservoir II
• Pemodelan aliran fluida dalam reservoir 
– Persamaan difusivitas dan solusinya
– Aplikasi
• Perembesan air (water influx) 
– Konsep material balance
– Model Aquifer
• steady state vs. unsteady state
• infinite vs. finite
• Edge vs. bottom
– Aplikasi
• Pendesakan tak tercampur (immiscible displacement)
– Pendesakan linier
– Pendesakan torak (piston-like)
– Fractional flow
– Aplikasi
• Pengantar simulasi reservoir
 Pendesakan Tak Tercampur
• Referensi:
– Oil Reservoir Engineering, Ch. 11 (Pirson)
– Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering, Ch. 9 ( Craft & Hawkins)
• Pendahuluan
– Menjelaskan bagaimana menghitung faktor perolehan minyak akibat
pendesakan tak tercampur oleh fluida lain, dalam hal ini air.
– Tujuan di atas dicapai dengan menggunakan persamaan fractional flow dan
Buckley-Leverett .
 Recovery Efficiency
• E = EvEd
• Ev = Volumetric/Macroscopic Displacement.
How well displacing fluid contacted the
porous rocks.
• Ed = Microscopic Displacement (fluid). How
well the displacing fluid mobilizes the residual
oil
 Macroscopic Displacement Efficiency
• Affected by:
– Heterogeneities and anisotropy
– Mobility of displacing fluids vs mobility of
displaced fluids
– Physical arrangement of injection and production
wells
– Type of rock matrix
 Heterogeneities and Anisotropy
• variations of porosity, permeability, and clay
cement.
• Limestone formations have wide fluctuations
in porosity and permeability
• Fractures
 Mobility
• Relative measures of how easily a fluid moves
through porous media.
• Apparent mobility = Ratio of effective
permeability to fluid viscosity.
• Viscous fingering is when mobility of
displacing phase is much greater than the
mobility of the displaced phase
 Arrangement of
Injection and production wells
 Microscopic Displacement Efficiency
• Affected by:
– Interfacial and surface tension forces
– Wettability
– Capillary pressure
– Relative permeability
 Interfacial Tension
• “When a drop of one immicible fluid is immersed
in another fluid and comes to rest on a solid
surface, the surface area of the drop will take a
minimum value owing to the forces acting at the
fluid-fluid and rock-fluid interfaces.”
• The forces per unit length acting at the fluid-fluid
and rock-fluid interfaces are referred as
interfacial tensions.
• A measure of immiscibility of two fluids.
• Typical values of oil-brine = 20-30 dynes/cm
 Wettability Concept
• The preference of a solid to be in contact with one fluid rather than
another (both fluids are immiscible).
• The tendency of one fluid to spread on, or adhere to, a solid surface in
the presence of other immiscible fluids.
• Wettability refers to the interaction between fluid and solid phases.
• Usually measured in term of contact angle or Amott Wettability Index
 Wettability in Oil and Gas
• Binary: water-wet or oil-wet.
• Oil-wet rock surface prefers contact with oil.
• Water-wet prefers contacts with water.
• A drop of preferentially wetting fluid will displace
other fluid.
• A drop of non-wetting fluid onto a surface
covered by wetting fluid will create a bead-up,
minimizing the contact with solids.
• If neither strongly water-wetting/oil-wetting, it
will create contact angle.
Wetting in Pores: Phase Distribution
 Wettability in Oil and Gas
• Quartz, carbonate, and dolomite (most
reservoir) = water-wet
• Imbibition = an increase in the saturation of
wetting phase (water).
• Drainage = process of with increasing oil
saturation
Wetting, Capillary Pressure, and
Saturations
Wettability Determination – USBM Method
 A1 
WUSBM  log 
 A2 
If :
WUSBM > 0 then preferentially water wet
WUSBM < 0 then preferentially oil wet

The centrifuge method

is fast, but the saturations
must be corrected
because the centrifuge
induces a nonlinear
capillary-pressure gradient
in the sample.
Wettability Determination – Amott Method

Schematic diagram of Amott’s Method for determining Wettability

Va Vc
Iw  Io 
Va  Vb WIA  I w  I o Vc  Vd
 Wettability
One million $$$ question:

What are the causes of wettability variation?

 Capillary Pressure Concept
• Capillary pressure is the pressure difference existing across the interface
separating two immiscible fluids.
• Capillary pressure is as a result of the interfacial tension existing at the
interface separating two immiscible fluids.
• If the wettability of the system is known, then the capillary pressure will
always be positive if it is defined as the difference between the pressures
in the non-wetting and wetting phases ( Pc = Pnw – Pw ).

nw-w
2   nw w  cos 
PC  Pnw
r 

Pw
2r
 Capillary Pressure Concept

Po2 = Pw2 because no capillary on flat surface

Pw2 = Pw1 + rw g hw
Po2 = Po1 + ro g hw
Since, Po2 = Pw2 then
Pw1 + rw g hw = Po1 + ro g hw

Po1 - Pw1 = ( rw - ro ) g hw
Pc = ( rw - ro ) g hw

capillary pressure on capillary tube

Capillary Pressure Concept

1 2 3 4

AIR

WATER

Rise of wetting phase varies with capillary radius

What is the implication in the reservoir ?

 Drainage & Imbibition Processes
Drainage
• Fluid flow process in which the
saturation of the nonwetting phase
increases
Capillary Pressure

• Mobility of nonwetting fluid phase

increases as nonwetting phase
saturation increases

Imbibition
• Fluid flow process in which the
saturation of the wetting phase
Pd increases
• Mobility of wetting phase increases as
wetting phase saturation increases
Sirr Sm
Swetting phase

Si = irreducible wetting phase saturation

Sm = 1 - residual non-wetting phase saturation
Pd = displacement pressure, the pressure required to
force non-wetting fluid into largest pores
The Importance of Capillary Pressure
The Importance of Capillary Pressure
 Pc(Sw) Depends on k,f
Core Pore Petrophysical Gamma Ray Flow
Core Lithofacies
Plugs Types Data Log Units
Capillary
f vs k Pressure

Hi. Quality 5

Lo. Quality 1
 Relative Permeability
Definition
• Absolute permeability – ability of the porous media to transmit fluids
• Effective permeability – permeability of a given phase when more than one
phase is present
• Relative permeability is the ratio of the effective permeability for a particular
fluid to a reference or base permeability of the rock. Base permeability is
typically defined as –absolute permeability ( kabs )
k eff
kr 
k abs
Applications
• Modeling a particular fluid flow process, for example, fractional flow, fluid
distributions, recovery and predictions
• Determination of the free water surface; i.e., the level of zero capillary
pressure or the level below which fluid production is 100% water.
• Determination of residual fluid saturations
 Typical Relative Permeability

Typical water-wet, oil-water Typical oil-wet, oil-water

relative permeability curves relative permeability curves
Relative Permeability Hysteresis

Relative permeability hysteresis, imbibition vs. drainage

The use of Rel Perm & Capillary Pressure
1

kro
Relative permeability krw
What fluids will we
produce initially if we
perforate the well at A,
B, C, D, E ?

0 0.3 Sw 0.9 1

A
Capillary pressure or
Height above FWL

D
0 0.2 Sw 0.9 1 E
The use of Rel Perm & Capillary Pressure
1

kro
Relative permeability krw
Oil & water

Water only
Oil only

0 0.3 Sw 0.9 1
Irreducible water saturation

Region of
water sat.

irreducible
Critical

Oil only
Capillary pressure or
Height above FWL

water satruration

Oil only
Transition
Zone

Oil & water

WOC WOC
Water only
FWL
0 0.2 Sw 0.9 1
Effect Wettability on Rel Perm
See you Next Week