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DCB6223
Building Services Design

Topic 1: COLD WATER

SERVICES DESIGN

DCB6223- Building Services Design

1.1 Cold Water Services Design Checklist

DCB6223- Building Services Design

 Table for Cold Water Services Design Checklist

No. Item Note

1 Identify the cold water distribution system – direct / indirect

system
2 Calculate the cold water storage size – using BS6700
1987 (Provision of storage) or based of LU method.
3 Calculate the water pipe size – Thomas Box
Formula/Loading Unit (LU) /Monogram based on BS 6700
4 Draw schematic and detailed drawings using CADD
software
5 Choose suitable location for placing the tank and material
for storage tank in catalogue
DCB6223- Building Services Design
1.2 Requirement for Cold Water Services Design Process

DCB6223- Building Services Design

 1.2.1 Standard Requirement for Cold Water
Services Design

Laws, Standard , Rules, Authority

• WATER SERVICE S INDUSTRY ACT-
LAWS OF MALAYSIA (act 655)
• BS 6700
• MS.. UC
• SURUHANJAYA PERKHIDMATAN AIR NEGARA
(SPAN)-technical guidelines
• GUIDE TO WATER SUPPLY RULES-JKR
• LOCAL WATER AUTHORITY

DCB6223- Building Services Design

 1.2.1 Standard Requirement for Cold Water
Services Design

Other References:
• PLUMBING ENGINEERING
SERVICE DESIGN GUIDE
COMPLIED AND PUBLISHED BY:-
THE INSTITUE OF PLUMBING

• CARRIER SYSTEM
DESIGN MANUAL–PART 3
PIPING DESIGN

DCB6223- Building Services Design

1.3 Cold Water Services Design Calculation

DCB6223- Building Services Design

Example : MULTY -STOREY
 DESIGN PROCEDURE: BASIC APPROACH TO COLD
WATER SUPPLY DESIGN

Step 1 Water demand estimation

Step 2 System design

Step 3 Equipment layout

Step 4 Location and sizing of main supply riser and dropper

Step 5 Detail piping layout and schematic drafting

Step 6 Pipe sizing

 STEP 1 :
WATER DEMAND ESTIMATION

• Mainly three(3) methods are being used:

(1) Based on local water authority (e.g SYABAS) and

Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air (SPAN).
(2) Base on rule 224 (Guide to water supply rules and
panduan kaedah-kaedah bekalan air- Cawangan Bekalan
air JKR)
– - By Building
– - By People
– - By Fitting
– - By Area
(3) Based on actual recording of daily consumption ( used for
hospital) NOTE: NOT INCLUDE FIRE FIGHTING REQUIREMENTS
Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara
(SPAN)
CONSUMPTION BY LOCAL WATER
AUTHORITY

SOURCE :PBAPP SDN BHD

CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF BUILDING
 CONSUMPTION BY PERSON

BUILDING CONSUMPTION/DAY

HOSTEL 270 LITERS/RESIDENT

OFFICES WITHOUT 70 LITERS/PERSON
CANTEEN
OFFICES WITH 90 LITERS/PERSON
CANTEEN

RESTAURANTS 14 LITERS
 CONSUMPTION BY FITTING

FITTINGS CONSUMPTION/FITTING/DAY

SHOWER(SH) 450-900 LITERS

SLIPPER BATH 900 LITERS
WATER 180 LITERS
CLOSET(WC)
LAVATORY 90 LITERS
BASIN(WCT)
SINK(WB) 90 LITERS
URINAL(IR) 180 LITERS
BED PAN WASHER 180 LITERS
WASH-UP SINK 225 LITERS
 EXAMPLE 1: TANK SIZING

A block in the hostel will be occupied by 120 students.

Calculate the daily water requirement for this block.
• Design calculation:
Requirement
(Based on total occupied)
= 120 (people) x 180 liter/day
= 21,600 liter/day
= 4,800 gallons/day
 EXAMPLE 2: TANK SIZING

• Calculate the daily water requirement of the 16-storey

office building to be built. Given every level: -
• 4 wash basin (WB),
• 2 urinal (UR),
• 4 water closet (WC) dan
• 4 water closet tap (WCT).
• Design calculation :
• requirement (based on installation)
= 4x(WB) + 2x(UR) + 4x(WC) + 4x(WCT)
= 4x(90) + 2x(180) + 4x(180) + 4x(90)
= 1,800 liter/day/level.
= 28,800 liter/day
 EXAMPLE 3: TANK SIZING

• For buildings in Example 2, the requirement is 28,800 liters of water a day.

Calculate the capacity of suction tanks and storage tanks. Use the FRP
tank.
• Design Calculation:
Panel FRP: 1220mm(P) x 1220mm(L),
 Tangki sedutan 1/3 keperluan sehari,
= 1/3 x 28,800
= 9,600 liter

 Saiz tangki = 3 panel (P) x 1 panel (L) x 2 panel (T)

= 3.66m x 1.22m x 2.44m
= 10, 895 liter (nominal)
(-)Pampasan untuk TWL (125mm) dan BWL (50mm)
= 10, 895 – 781
= 10,114 liter kapasiti sebenar (ok).
 STEP 2 : SYSTEM DESIGN

The questions normally arise are:

• Size of storage tanks

• Is suction tank required
• Size of suction tank
• Size of roof storage tank
• Tank Location
• Pneumatic Hydro Pump for flush valve
 Step 2 : continues

• Tank Sizing
• Storage capacity should not less than one day.
• In certain areas with inconsistent and insufficient main
pressure, booster pump with suction tank and roof tank are
introduced.
• Suction tank= 1/3 of total demand
• Roof tank = 2/3 of total demand
• Tank size should reflect net capacity not nominal capacity
Example internal water plumbing system
 STEP 4; DETAIL PIPING LAYOUT AND
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

SKEMATIK PIPING LAYOUT

Note : Isometric is better

 STEP 5; PIPE SIZING

Basic Parameters to understand :-

Velocity (m/s)

Flowrate ( L/s)

Friction loss/pressure drop( meter head)

Basic continuity equation laminar flow

Q= VELOCITY X AREA
 EXAMPLE
GRAPH : Q, V, f, A(dia), LU
 OBJECTICE : PIPE SIZING

• To provide a safe and healthy supply

• To provide adequate pressure to all plumbing

fixtures/fitting e.g water closet, tap, basin, shower,
sink etc

• To provide optimum pipe size

TERMINOLOGY NEED TO KNOW IN THE
CALCULATION SIZE PIPE

• PIPE FRICTION LOSS (UNIT METER HEAD OR FEET HEAD/METER RUN/FEET RUN)

• ACTUAL LENGTH PIPE (UNIT: METER OR FEET)

• EQUIVALENT LENGTH( UNIT: METER OR FEET)

• STATIC HEAD (UNIT: METER HEAD OR FEET HEAD)

• RESIDUAL HEAD(UNIT: METER HEAD OR FEET HEAD)

• AVAILABLE STATIC HEAD(UNIT: METER HEAD OR FEET HEAD)

• FRICTION LOSS DUE TO FITTINGS(UNIT METER HEAD OR FEET HEAD)

• LOADING UNITS
 OTHER SIGNIFICANT TERMINOLOGY

• LOADING UNITS:
Loading units are factors taking into account the
flow rate at the appliance, the length of time in use
and the frequency of use.

Head loss in fitting and valve

Should be expressed as the loss of head through an equivalent length of
pipe.
Approximation may be made by adding an equivalent length as percentage
of actual length to cover all head losses in pipe fitting. Percentage added
10% hingga 40% depending on the complexity of the pipe layout

Source : BS6700
 Residual Head at fittings

Source: Uniform Technical Guideline for Water Reticulation and Plumbing (SPAN)- 2014
EXAMPLE :TABLE LOADING UNIT

SOURCE: PLUMBING ENGINEERING

SERVICE DESIGN GUIDE
 Graph : Loading Unit

SOURCE:
GUIDE TO WATER SUPPLY RULES & PANDUAN
KAEDAH-KAEDAH BEKALAN AIR
CAW.BEKALAN AIR Ibu Pejabat JKR
Pipe Sizing Chart-plastic

Velocity vs LU/Q

SOURCE : GRAPH 4:
PLUMBING ENGINEERING SERVICE DESIGN GUIDE
 EQUIVALENT PIPE LENGTHS

SOURCE : MWA GUIDELINES FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM /BS6700

 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SIZING SYSTEM
OF PIPE WORK : BS 6700
STAGE DESCRIPTION
1 Prepare pipework diagram
2 Enter pipe reference on calculation sheet
3 Determine the loading units for each length of pipe
4 Convert loading unit to design flow rate
5 Starting from the source and using a straight pipe
6 Determine the vertical distance between inlet and outlet
7 Determine the available head
8 Measure the actual of pipe
9 Determine the effective length of the pipe
10 Determine the actual head loss
11 Determine an equivalent length of pipe
12 Deduct actual head loss
13 Residual pressure
DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SIZING SYSTEM OF
PIPE WORK :
stage
1 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS ULTIMATE (FLOOR PLAN
AND ELEVATION PLAN)
2 ACTUAL PIPE LINES(DESIGNER)

3 DO schematic drawings(DESIGNER)

4 LOCATION OF THE TANK(DESIGNER)

5 SET PIPE LINES THE MOST WORST(not the farthest)

6 SET PRESSURE NEEDED IN DRAW-OFF OUTLET
EXECISE : PIPE SIZINGlatihan

TOILET 2

TOILET 1

TOILET 3
 TYPICAL LOSS OF HEAD THROUGH TAPS AND
EQUIVALENT PIPE LENGHTS
TAP FLOW RATE LOSS OF HEAD EQUIVALENT PIPE
(L/S) (M) LENGTH
(M)
NOMINAL SIZE 0.15 0.5 3.7
½”(15MM)
NOMINAL SIZE 0.20 0.8 3.7
½”(15MM)
NOMINAL SIZE 0.30 0.8 11.8
¾”(20MM)

NOMINAL SIZE 0.60 1.5 22.0

1”(25MM)

SUMBER : BS6700 Table 22

Kuiz : Kalau tap lebih besar 25mm ?
 First …Determine loading Unit(L) in
each pipe section
• Demand unit/loading Unit(LU)…. Base medium frequency use
• Table 14 plumbing engineering services design guide (nota)

QUANTITY LU /APPLIANCE SUB-TOTAL LU

TOILET 1 SHOWER 1 3 3
BASIN 1 2 2
WC 1 2 2
7
TOILET 2 SHOWER 1 3 3
BASIN 1 2 2
WC 1 2 2
7
TOILET 3 SHOWER 1 3 3
BASIN 1 2 2
WC 1 2 2
7
GARDEN TAP 1 1 1 1

TOTAL (LU) 22
 …next
Size the pipe within each toilet
Demand (LU) for each toilet = 7 LU
Assume friction loss between 0.03 m wg/m run
till 0.05m wg/m run …..take 0.03 m wg/m run

Refer graph 4:-

• Flow rate= 0.26 l/s
• Pipe dia.= 25mm -32mm (take 32mm)
• Velocity= 0.5 m/s
Pipe Sizing Chart-plastic
GRAPH :4
7 LU

V=0.5m/s

0.03m wg/m
run

Pipe size=25-32mm OD
V=0.5-0.75 m/s
Q=0.25L/S
 …..next
• Repeat the same process for each
branch of distribution pipe to each
appliance group, FROM GRAPH 4 we
get:-

Branch LU Q(l/s) Pipe Velocity

Dia.(mm) (m/s)
Tap 1 0.07 20 <0.5
BASIN 2 0.12 20 0.5
SHOWER 2 0.12 20 0.5
 ….next
• REFER SCHEMATIC .. SOURCE OF
WATER SUPPLY

• FROM THE SOURCE WE HAVE TO

SERVE 3 TOILTES AND 1 TAP

• LET’S SIZE THE PIPE SIZE

BETWEEN NODE
• (A) TO (B)
 …next
• FROM GRAPH 4
NODE LOADING (LU) Q(L/S) PIPE DIA.(MM)

(A-B) 22 0.5 40

(C-D) 15 0.38 40

(E-F) 8 0.28 32

(G-H-I) 7 0.25 32

FINISH, PIPE SIZING

 ……next

• Check pressure availability of gravity system

node A to node K (worst case)

Vertical gravity static head 3.0 m head

Vertical nett difference 3.5-1.0 m head

STATIC HEAD AVAILABLE 2.5 M HEAD

 ….CONTINUE
• Pressure head loss calculation via equivalent length method.
Worst hydraulic case is from Node A to B to K
NODE PIPE SIZE FITTING TYPE EQUIVALENT EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TOTAL
IN FEET IN METER FITTING QUANTITY
LENGTH IN
METER
A-B 40MM ELBOW 4.5 1.37 3 4.11
40MM VALVE 0.95 0.29 1 0.29

B-K 40MM TEE 9 2.74 1 2.74

32MM REDUCER 2.75 0.84 1 0.84
32MM VALVE 0.8 0.24 1 0.24
32MM ELBOW 3.5 1.07 3 3.21
32MM REDUCER 3 0.91 1 0.91
20MM VALVE 0.5 0.15 1 0.15
20MM ELBOW 2 0.61 1 0.61
SHOWER HEAD 5 1.52 1 1.52

TOTAL 14.62
METRE RUN
 ….next

• WE ESTABLISH THE;-
Node A to K
Fitting equivalent lenght 14.62 meter run
Actual pipe lenght 20 meter run
(5+5+3.5+2.5+2.5+1.5)
Total equivalent lenght 34.62 meter run
• Earlier we assume pipe friction loss=0.03m/meter
run
• Therefore loss due to pipe and fitting:
• =34.62 meter run x 0.03 m/meter run
• =1.04 m head
 ….CONTINUE

• FINALLY CHECK:
• AVAILABALE PRESSURE AT ‘OUTLET’ AFTER CONSIDER ALL THE LOSSES

STATIC HEAD AVAILABLE 2.5 M HEAD

PIPE LOSSES 1.04 M HEAD

RESIDUAL PRESSURE 1.46 M HEAD……

DESIGN PIPE IS NOT ACCEPTABLE SINCE RESIDUAL PRESSURE AT FITTINGS < 7.0m. HAVE TO INCREASE PIPE
SIZES OR USE PUMP IF NOT NECESSARY.
1.4 Cold Water Services Drawing

DCB6223- Building Services Design

PENTING KOORDINASI DENGAN
ARKITEK

RUANG TANGKI
SERVIS SHAFT UNTUK
AIR YANG
PIPE/DROPPER
MENCUKUPI
EXAMPLE 1: SCHEMATIC DRAWING

Q TAP=……L/S ( 0.05 L/s), V=0.8m/s

Q WC =…….L/S
Dia pipe=…….mm(50mm)
EXAMPLE 2: SCHEMATIC DRAWING
EXAMPLE 3: Floor Plan