SPÆNDINGSAFHÆNGIG FRIKTIONSVINKEL

GSK MODEL

S V E N K R A B B E N H Ø F T,
A A L B O R G U N I V E R S I T E T, E S B J E R G
Ponce & Bell

Ponce & Bell 1971

ID = 0.05
1 psi = 6.9 kPa
σ1
−1
σ3
sin ϕ tr =
σ1
+1
σ3
Ponce & Bell

Ponce & Bell 1971

ID = 0.94
1 psi = 6.9 kPa
σ1
−1
σ
sin ϕ tr = 3
σ1
+1
σ3
GSK model - Bolton

Triaxial compression conditions : ϕtr = ϕcv + 3I R

Plane strain conditions : ϕ pl = ϕcv + 5I R
I R = I D (Q − ln p ') − R, I R ≤ 4.0

OPTUMG2 4
GSK model
Forsøg ved Aalborg Universitet, Esbjerg
Spændingsafhængig friktionsvinkel
Særlig relevant ved lave spændingsniveauer
 Kohæsionsløs jord :
Mohr Coulomb :

τ = σ ⋅ tan ϕ , ϕ = ϕ ( I D )
1 + sin ϕ
σ1 = h ⋅σ 3 , h =
1 − sin ϕ
GSK model :
a1 − a2
σ 1 = a2 ⋅ σ 3 + k (1 − exp(− σ 3 )),
k
1 + sin ϕ1 1 + sin ϕ2
a1 = , a2 = ,
1 − sin ϕ1 1 − sin ϕ2
2c ⋅ cos ϕ2
k= ,
1 − sin ϕ2
ϕ = ϕ (I D ,σ 3 )
NGI forsøg
NGI forsøg
NGI - Bolton
Plane friction angle versus triaxial friction angle :

ϕ pl = ϕtr
9
ϕ pl = ϕtr
8
ϕ pl = 1.1ϕtr
ϕ pl = ϕtr (1 + 0.163I D ) − used in this presentation
GSK model

Mulige beregningsværktøjer :
1. Limit state, dvs øvre – og nedreværdi
2. Elasto plastisk beregning

Ad 1 : kræver associeret materiale; dvs friktionsvinkel = dilatationsvinkel

Ad 2 : associeret materiale ikke et krav men hvis ψ < ϕ
opstår der nemt numeriske problemer.

OptumG2 kan regne efter limit state

Både Plaxis og OptumG2 kan regne ikke associeret.
Limit state

Limit state assumes the normality condition to be fulfilled.

For all real soils :
The non associated material is transformed to an associated materiale by the
Davis equation :

sin ϕ cosψ
tan ϕ ass =
1 − sin ϕ sinψ

Rule of thumb : ψ = ϕ − 30

By this transformation – for practical values - ϕ is reduced by about 4-5

degrees

(point of controversy in the geotechnical community worldwide.)

NGI forsøg - GSK model

a1 − a2
σ 1 = a2 ⋅ σ 3 + k (1 − exp(− σ 3 )),
k
GSK model

a1 − a2
σ 1 = a2 ⋅ σ 3 + k (1 − exp(− σ 3 )),
k
GSK model

a1 − a2 1 + sin ϕ1 1 + sin ϕ 2
σ 1 = a2 ⋅ σ 3 + k (1 − exp(− σ 3 )), a1 = , a2 = ,
k 1 − sin ϕ1 1 − sin ϕ 2
2c ⋅ cos ϕ 2
k= , ϕ = ϕ (I D ,σ 3 )
1 − sin ϕ 2
GSK model – plane strain – ass. plasticity
For any value of ID in the interval 0.20 – 1.00 the parameters a1, a2, k, φ1, φ2 and c can be expressed as
functions of the relative density ID.

For a1, a2, φ1, φ2 the following equation apply :

f(ID) = a∙exp(b∙ID) + e∙exp(d∙ID).

The constants a, b, e, d can be found from the table below.

a b e d
φ1 2.489 -2.298 27.13 0.6247
φ2 23.42 -0.03091 4.748 1.336
a1 2.804 0.6174 0.05138 3.983
a2 2.676 0.1483 0.1041 2.769

k can be found from the equation : k = 50∙ID + 32

c can be found from the equation : c = -6.975∙ID^2 + 16.62∙ID + 9.174

φ1 and φ2 are found in degrees, k and c in kPa, a1 and a2 are dimensionless.

The values for input in Optum are highlighted

ϕ1 ( I D ) = a ⋅ exp(b ⋅ I D ) + e ⋅ exp(d ⋅ I D ), ϕ2 ( I D ) = ..., c( I D ) = ...

GSK model – axial symmetry - ass. plasticity

ϕ1 ( I D ) = a ⋅ exp(b ⋅ I D ) + e ⋅ exp(d ⋅ I D ), ϕ2 ( I D ) = ..., c( I D ) = ...

GSK model – plane strain - non ass. plasitcity

ϕ1 ( I D ) = a ⋅ exp(b ⋅ I D ) + e ⋅ exp(d ⋅ I D ), ϕ2 ( I D ) = ..., c( I D ) = ...

GSK model – axial symmetry – non ass. plasticity

ϕ1 ( I D ) = p1⋅ I D 2 + p 2 ⋅ I D + p3, ϕ2 ( I D ) = ..., c( I D ) = ...

Example – sheet pile wall
 3 4
ϕtr = 30 − + (14 − ) I D , Cu = 4, I D = 0.55 ⇒ ϕtr = 36.4
Cu Cu
Parametre til øvre- og nedreværdiberegninger
Design values :
Mohr - Coulomb(ULS) :
ϕtr = 36.4, I D = 0.55
sin ϕtr cosψ
ψ = 36.4 − 30 = 6.4, Davis : tan ϕtr ,ass = ⇒ ϕtr ,ass = 32.3
1 − sin ϕtr sinψ
tan ϕ pl ,ass
ϕ pl , ass = (1 + 0.163I D )ϕtr ,ass = 35.2, tan ϕ pl , d = , γ ϕ = 1.2 ⇒ ϕ pl ,d = 30.4
γϕ
GSK(ULS) :
ϕ1 = 2 ⋅ 489 exp(−2.298 ⋅ 0.55) + 27.13 ⋅ exp(0.6247 ⋅ 0.55) = 38.96
ϕ2 = 23.42 ⋅ exp(−0.03091⋅ 0.55) + 4.748 ⋅ exp(1.336 ⋅ 0.55) = 32.93
c = −6.975 ⋅ 0.552 + 16.62 ⋅ 0.55 + 9.174 = 16.21
tan ϕ pl , ass
tan ϕ1,d = , γ ϕ = 1.2 ⇒ ϕ1,d = 34.0
γϕ
tan ϕ pl ,ass
tan ϕ2,d = , γ ϕ = 1.2 ⇒ ϕ2, d = 28.4
γϕ
16.21
cd = , γ ϕ = 1.2 ⇒ cd = 13.5
γϕ
Parametre til elasto – plastiske beregninger

SLS values (non ass.) :

Mohr - Coulomb(SLS) :
ϕtr = 36.4, I D = 0.55
ψ = 36.4 − 30 = 6.4,
ϕ pl = (1 + 0.163I D )ϕtr = 39.7,
GSK(SLS) :
ϕ1 = −4314 exp(0.966 ⋅ 0.55) + 4346 ⋅ exp(0.9637 ⋅ 0.55) = 45.09
ϕ2 = 31.37 ⋅ exp(0.2673 ⋅ 0.55) + 0.05455 ⋅ exp(4.80 ⋅ 0.55) = 37.10
c = −18.72 ⋅ 0.552 + 36.4 ⋅ 0.55 + 9.487 = 23.84
Main results from the calculations using OptumG2

The bending moments are taken as mean values of upper and lower bound results.
The deviation between the upper and lower bound values was approximately 5%.
The ULS calculations were carried out with 10000 elements and 4 adaptivity steps
Skråning med 2 m bredt centralt belastet fundament placeret1 m fra
skråningstop

Bæreevne : Mohr Coulomb : 132 kPa, GSK 195 kPa

Sammenligning GSK model – associeret limit state - med centrifugeforsøg
udført af D. White, University of Western Australia, Perth (UWA)

Cirkulære fundamenter på sand