CLASS:8TH MICROORGANISMS BY :MIR MURTAZA 9797284068

MODERN TRUST OF EDUCATION BRATH KALAN SOPORE

CLASS :8TH SUBJECT: SCIENCE CHAPTER: 1 TERM 1ST

MICRO ORGANISMS:FRIEND AND FOE

Q1 Fill in the blanks:

1. Microorganisms can be seen with the help of a microscope.

2. Blue green algae fix nitrogen directly from air to enhance fertility of soil.

3. Alcohol is produced with the help of yeast.

4. Cholera is caused by bacteria.

Q2 ■ Tick the correct answer:

(i): Yeast is used in the production of

a. Sugar

b. Alcohol

c. Hydrochloric acid

d. Oxygen

Answer: (b) Alcohol

(ii): The following is an antibiotic

a. Sodium bicarbonate

b. Streptomycin
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c. Alcohol

d. Yeast

Answer: (b) Streptomycin

(iii): Carrier of malaria-causing protozoan is

a. female Anopheles mosquito

b. cockroach

c. housefly

d. butterfly

Answer: (a) Female Anopheles mosquito

(iv): The most common carrier of communicable diseases is

a. ant

b. housefly

c. dragonfly

d. spider

Answer: (b) Housefly

(v): The bread or idli dough rises because of

a. heat

b. grinding

c. growth of yeast cells

d. kneading

Answer: (c) Growth of yeast cells

(vi): The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol is called

a. nitrogen fixation

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b. moulding

c. fermentation

d. infection

Answer: (c) Fermentation

Q3■ Match the organisms in Column I with their action in Column II.

Column I Column II

(a) Bacteria (1) Fixing nitrogen

(b) Rhizobium (2) Setting of curd

(c) Lactobacillus (3) Baking of bread

(d) Yeast (4) Causing malaria

(e) A protozoan (5) Causing cholera

(f) A virus (6) Causing AID

Answer: (a) → 5, (b) → 1, (c) → 2, (d) → 3, (e) → 4, (f) → 6

Answer these questions:

Question 1: Can microorganisms be seen with the naked eye? If not, how can they be seen?

Answer: Micro-organisms are too small to be seen through naked eyes. They can be seen with the help of a
magnifying glass or microscope.

Question 2: What are the major groups of microorganisms?

There are five major groups of micro-organisms:

(i) Bacteria − They are single celled disease-causing micro-organisms. They can be spiral or rod- shaped.

(ii) Fungi − They are mostly multicellular disease-causing microbes. Bread moulds are common examples of fungi.

(iii) Protozoa − They mainly include organisms such as Amoeba, Plasmodium,etc.

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They can be unicellular or multicellular.

(iv) Virus −Viruses are disease-causing microbes that reproduce only inside the host organism.

(v) Algae − They include multicellular, photosynthetic organisms such as Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, etc.

Question 3: Name the microorganisms which can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.

Answer: Bacteria such as Rhizobium and certain blue-green algae present in the soil can fix atmospheric nitrogen
and convert it into usable nitrogenous compounds.

Question 4: Write 10 lines on the usefulness of microorganisms in our lives.

Answer: Usefulness of microorganisms:

● Lactobacillus helps in making curd from milk.

● Yeast helps in rising of dough and batter while making various food items.

● Yeast helps in fermentation and thus in production of wine.

● Antibiotics are made from microbes.

● Microbes help in cleaning the environment by decomposing dead remains of plants and animals.

● Microbes help in nitrogen fixation in soil.

● Some microbes in our digestive system help in digestion of food.

● Weak strains of some microbes are utilized to make vaccine against diseases.

● Microbes help in making of compost.

● Certain microbes are also used in the biological treatment of sewage and industrial effluents.

Question 5: Write a short paragraph on the harms caused by microorganisms.

Answer: Many microorganisms are harmful for us. Some microbes enter our body and cause diseases,such as
T.B,cholera,Typoid etc.Some of the infectious diseases can be highly debilitating in nature.

Some microbes infect cattle an and poultry and thus cause heavy loss to us.In cattle foot and mouth disease is
caused by virusand Anthrax caused by bacteria. Some microbes damage the crops and reduce the crop yield.

Microbes also spoil our food. For example; fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, milk, etc. can easily get spoiled due to
microbes.

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Question 6: What are antibiotics? What precautions must be taken while taking antibiotics?

Answer: Medicines which kill or stop the growth of disease causing microbes are called antibiotics.

Following precautions need to be taken while taking antibiotics:

☆Always follow a doctor’s prescription while taking an antibiotic.

☆Never take an antibiotic without consulting a doctor.

☆Always complete the prescribed dose of antibiotic. Don’t stop taking an antibiotic in between.

☆Keep antibiotics away from children.

☆Never use an antibiotic which is past its expiry date.

Extra Questions

♢ Multiple Choice Questions:

Question 1: Which microbe is used for production of alcohol?

a. Yeast

b. Plasmodium

c. Lactobacillus

d. Rhizobium

Answer: (a) Yeast

Question 2: How much nitrogen is present in the atmosphere?

a. 78%

b. 88%

c. 68%

d. 58%

Answer: (a) 78%

Question 3: Malaria is caused by which type of microbe?

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a. Bacteria

b. Fungi

c. Algae

d. Protozoa

Answer: (d) Protozoa (plasmodium)

Question 4: Common cold is caused by which type of microbe?

a. Bacteria

b. Virus

c. Algae

d. Fungi

Answer: (b) Virus

Question 5: Which of the following diseases is caused by a fungus?

a. Cholera

b. Common cold

c. Ringworm

d. Dengue

Answer: (c) Ringworm

Question 6: Which of the following helps in making curd from milk?

a. Lactobacillus

b. Plasmodium

c. Yeast

d. Salmonella

Answer: (a) Lactobacillus

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Question 7: Antibiotics are effective against which of the following?

a. Bacteria

b. Fungi

c. Virus

d. All of the above

Answer: (a) Bacteria

Question 8: Penicillin was discovered by which scientist?

a. Edward Jenner

b. Louis Pasteur

c. Alexander Fleming

d. Robert Koch

Answer: (c) Alexander Fleming

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. What are microorganisms?

Answer: Organisms which cannot be seen by naked eyes are called microorganisms or microbes.

2. What is an antibiotic?

Answer: A substance which kills or stops the growth of bacteria is called antibiotic.

3. What is fermentation?

Answer: The process of conversion of sugar into alcohol by yeast through anaerobic respiration is called
fermentation.

4. What is Polio?

Answer: Polio is a disease which affects nerves and results in paralysis; especially of legs.

5. What is communicable disease?

Answer: A disease which can spread from one person to another is called communicable disease.
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6. What is a pathogen?

Answer: A microorganism which causes disease is called a pathogen.

7. What is food preservation?

Answer: Use of some techniques to prolong the shelf life of a food is called food preservation.

8. What is nitrogen fixation?

Answer: The process of changing atmospheric nitrogen into compounds of nitrogen so that plants can take up
nitrogen is is called nitrogen fixation.

9. What is nitrogen cycle?

Answer: The sequence of events by which nitrogen is channelized to the living world and back to atmosphere is
called nitrogen cycle.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1: Write a short note on bacteria.

Answer: Bacteria are microscopic organisms which have cell walls but do not have nucleus. Some bacteria are
autotrophs but most are heterotrophs. Bacteria are found in different shapes; like rod-shaped, spiral, spherical and
comma-shaped. Examples: Rhizobium, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, etc.

Question 2: What are viruses?

Answer: Viruses are also microscopic but they are not considered as living beings. They are considered as a
borderline case between living and non-living. A virus behaves as non-living when it is outside a host cell, i.e. a
virus does not carry on nutrition, respiration or reproduction when it is outside a host. But once it is inside a host, it
behaves like a living being, i.e. it carries on nutrition, respiration and reproduction when it is inside a host.
Examples: HIV, Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), etc.

Question 3: What is a vaccine? How does it work?

Answer: A vaccine is made by a weak or killed strain of a disease-causing microbe. When a vaccine is inoculated in
the body, the body prepares antibodies against it. Thus, the body learns and remembers how to fight with that
microbe in future. Thus, vaccination helps in preventing against a particular disease.

Question 4: How do the microbes help in cleaning the environment?

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Answer: Many microbes feed on dead remains of plants and animals. Thus, these microbes play the role of
decomposers. Thus, microbes help in clearing organic waste from our surroundings. Dead cattle, waste from meat
and fish shop, waste from vegetable market, etc. are decomposed because of microbes.

Question 5: What do you understand by food poisoning?

Answer: Some bacteria produce a toxic substance in food. Consuming a food item with toxic substance can result
in food poisoning. Food poisoning is a serious case and needs immediate hospitalization. Lack of timely care in case
of food poisoning may prove fatal.

Question 6: How does salt help in food preservation?

Answer: When a food item is kept in plenty of salt, water from food comes out because of osmosis. It results in
dehydration of the food item. Absence of moisture helps to prevent the growth of microbes. Fish, meat and pickles
are preserved by adding salt.

Question 7: What do you understand by pasteurization?

Answer: Pasteurization is the process of heating milk up and then quickly cooling it down to eliminate certain
bacteria. For effective pasteurization, milk can be heated up to 70°c for 15 to 30 minutes.Pasteurization helps in
killing the microbes which may be present in milk.

Question 8: Explain chemical method of food preservation.

Answer: Some chemicals prevent the growth of microorganisms in food. These chemicals are used in pickles and
jams to preserve them. Salt, acids and oil are also used as food preservatives. Examples: sodium benzoate and
sodium metabisulphate.

Question 9: what are the ways to prevent Malaria and Dengue:

Answer: ● Malaria and dengue spread through mosquitoes. So, breeding of mosquito should be prevented.

● Don’t allow water to stagnate in surroundings because mosquitoes lay eggs in stagnant water.

● Frequently clean the water in cooler.

● Keep the overhead tank covered.

● Keep the drains properly covered.

●Fill any ditch with sand or soil.

● Use mosquito repellant creams and mosquito nets to prevent mosquito bite.

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Question 10: Describe nitrogen cycle in nature?

Answer: The nitrogen fixing bacteria and lightning fix nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and convert it into
components of notrogen which go into soil.The plants absorb the components from the soil through roots and
convert them into plants protiens and other compounds. The plants are eaten by animals and animals convert
plant proteins into animal proteins. When plants and animals die,the complex nitogen compounds present in their
dead bodies are decomposed and converted into somple compounds of nitrogen. Some denitrifying bacteria
decompose nitrogen compounds into nitrogen gas that goes back into the atmosphere.In this way nitrogen
remains constant in the atmosphere.

THE NITROGEN CYCLE

STICK TO THE TRUTH,EVEN IF

IT KILLS YOU

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