Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UPCORE™ Mono
90’s
UPCORE™
80’s
C.C.R. Packed Bed
Upflow
70’s
C.C.R. Block
• Water
• Air
Co-current • Inert 60’s
Systems
50’s
Time Evolution
Major Demineralizer Systems
LEGEND
SAC-WBA-DT
SAC - Strong Acid Cation Unit
WBA - Weak Base Anion Unit
DT - Decarbonator Tower
1 SBA - Strong Base Anion
MB - Mixed Bed Unit
SAC-DT-SBA
2
Major Demineralizer Systems
LEGEND
SAC - Strong Acid Cation Unit
SAC-WBA-DT-SBA
WBA - Weak Base Anion Unit
DT - Decarbonator Tower
3 SBA - Strong Base Anion
MB - Mixed Bed Unit
SAC-DT-SBA-SAC-SBA
4
Major Demineralizer Systems
LEGEND
SAC - Strong Acid Cation Unit
WBA - Weak Base Anion Unit
MB
DT - Decarbonator Tower
5 SBA - Strong Base Anion
MB - Mixed Bed Unit
SAC-DT-MB
6
Major Demineralizer Systems
LEGEND
SAC-WBA-DT-MB SAC - Strong Acid Cation Unit
WBA - Weak Base Anion Unit
7 DT - Decarbonator Tower
SBA - Strong Base Anion
MB - Mixed Bed Unit
SAC-DT-SBA-MB
8
Water Demineralization Technology
Basics
Co-Current Counter-Current
Raw Regenerant Raw Blocking
Water Chemical Water Flow
Waste
Raw
Water
Ca2+
K+
Na+
H+
Product
Water Demineralization Basics
Regenerant
Acid
H+
CO - CURRENT
REGENERATION
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
Na+
Regeneration
Waste
Water Demineralization Basics
Co-Current Systems
Advantages
Proven process
Reliable
Resin bed cleaned every cycle
Disadvantages
High chemical cost
Lower water quality
Lower productivity
High wastewater generation
Water Demineralization Basics
Regeneration
Waste
Ca2+
Mg2+ COUNTER - CURRENT
K+
REGENERATION
Na+
H+
Regenerant
Acid
Water Demineralization Basics
Counter-Current Systems
Advantages
Optimized chemical cost
High productivity
High water quality
Disadvantages
Can be complicated
High Wastewater
Generation
Water Demineralization Basics
Counter-Current Systems
Blocked Systems
Freeboard
Regeneration
Middle Collector Waste
Product Regenerant
Chemical
Water Demineralization Basics
Counter-Current Systems
Blocked Systems
Advantages Disadvantages
High chemical efficiency High capital cost
Excellent water quality Complex regeneration
Prone to operational upsets
In-situ backwash
Requires a middle distributor
Prone to mechanical failure
Backwash every 10-15 cycles
Requires extra time / labor
Double or triple regeneration
needed
Demineralization - Trouble Shooting
Commonly Seen Performance Problems:
1) Short Capacity:
-Faulty Flow Instrument / High Service Flow Rate
- Resin Loss
-Inadequate Regeneration
-Variation In Feed Water Quality
2) Adverse Change In Treated Water Quality:
-Change In Feed Water Quality
-Change In The Regenerant Used (And/OR Impurity)
-Resin Fouling
-Mechanical Failure
3) High Pressure Drop And/Or Reduced Flow Rate:
-Accumulation of Debris On The Resin Bed
-Broken Or Fine Resins
-Precipitation of Calcium Sulfate or Other Salts