Manuscript Number: 2461

Indian Journal of Ecology (2016) 43 (2): 613-614 NAAS Rating: 4.47

Management of Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformison

Cowpea by using Botanicals

Jaydeep Patil, M.K. Sharma and Saroj Yadav

Department of Nematology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur-313 001, India
E-mail: rajhau99@gmail.com

Abstract: A screen house study was undertaken for evaluating different plant extracts of ashwagantha (Withania somnifera), lantana
(Lantana camara) and aak (Calotropis gigantea)as seed soaking treatment against reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis infesting
cowpea extracts 20 and 30 per cent concentrations. The aqueous extracted soaked seeds were sown in Reniform nematode infested soil
having 3J2/g soil. The growth parameters cowpea plants were better and reniform nematode, (R. reniformis) reproduction and populations
were reduced in all the treatments compared to inoculated control.

Key Words: Plant extracts, R. reniformis, Vignaunguiculata

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is one of the
important Kharif pulse crop grown in India. It is a warm
season crop, well adapted to any areas of the humid tropics
and subtropical zones. In Rajasthan, crop is cultivated on
1.22 lakh ha with production of 64.36 thousand tonnes and
average productivity being 529 kg ha-1 (Anonymous, 2010-
11). The demand for cowpea in Indian and world market is
increasing day by day. But the production is threatened by
several biotic and abiotic stresses. Among biotic stresses
nematodes are one of the major and conspicuous limiting
factors for spices production. The reniform nematode is one
of the major nematode responsible for severe losses in
cowpea production. It attacks over 140 species of more than
115 plant genera with losses in yield of cotton, maize, finger
millet, cowpea, and black gramvary from 8.1. to 14.9 per cent
(Jonathan, 2001) Hence, in order to manage R.reniformis
infesting cowpea, studies were conducted to evaluated the
efficacy of different plant extracts viz., ashwagantha (W.
somnifera), lantana (L. camara) and aak (C. gigantea) and
carbosulfan as seed soaking treatment
The experiment was conducted under screen house
condition in earthen pots (15 cm diam.) containing one kg
R.reniformis infested soil with 3 larvae/g of soil. The required
quantity of plant extracts formulation measured separately for
each seed treatment. The cowpea seeds (cv. VU-89) were
soaked with aqueous extract of ashwagantha (W. somnifera),
lLantana (L. camara) and aak (C. gigantea) at @ 20 and 30 per
cent concentrations. The seeds were sown in pots filled with
nematode infested soil with four replications. After 10 days of
germination one plant ineach pot was maintained with two
control one with nematode alone (control) and other with
chemical check (carbosulfan 25 EC @1 per cent).
Plants were harvested 45 days after sowing. The
observation on shoot length, shoot weight, root length and
root weight were taken at harvest. Then the root was washed
carefully and stained with 0.1 per cent acid fuchsin (Mc Beth
et al., 1941) and after wash kept in clear lacto phenol for 24
hrs. The roots were examined thoroughly under a
stereoscopic binocular microscope for counting number of
female / plant, number of egg mass / plant, number of eggs
and larvae / egg mass, population / 200cc soil and total
population.
After removing the plant from the pot, soil was
thoroughly mixed and 200cc soil from each pot were taken
and processed by Cobb´s sieving and decanting technique
followed by Baermann´s funnel technique for estimation of
nematode population in soil (Cobb, 1918).
All the plant extracts were found significantly
effective in reducing reproduction of R. reniformis as
compare to untreated check. The minimum hatching was
with L. camara (1.67 per cent) followed by C. gigantea (2.78
per cent) and W. somnifera (3.89 per cent) at 7th day
Among the tasted concentrations, 30 per cent
concentration of all the plant extracts was found effective
while extract of lantana (L. camara) leaves was found most
effective in comparison to aak (C. gigantea) leaves and
ashwagantha (W. somnifera) leaves extract in improving
plant growth. Further observations on plant extract and their
concentrations indicated that extract of lantana leaves
followed by aak leaves and ashwagantha leaves at 30 per
cent concentration were found most effective in improving
plant growth and reducing the nematode reproduction over
other treatments.
This investigation is in adjustable conformity with
614 Jaydeep Patil, M.K. Sharma and Saroj Yadav

the finding of Umamaheswari et al. (2005) who reported the

FNP

1.13
0.99
1.05
0.89
1.07
0.96
0.20
2.26
Total nematode INP
Rf

effectiveness of aqueous leaf extract of neem as foliar and

soil application at two concentrations (10 and 15%) on R.
population

434.52
reniformis infecting cowpea. Soil application with 15% extract
3409
2986
3165
2673
3233
2885

6792
613
recorded increase in growth parameters and yield (25.5 g
plant-1) and minimum nematode population in soil (109.5
/250cc soil) and root (10 g-1). Shambhu and Sharma (2007)
also found that seed treatment with mahua seed kernel at 20
population in
200 cc soil
Table 1. Efficacy of plants extracts seed soaking treatment against reniform nematode, R. reniformis infecting cowpea under pot experiment

346.00
318.00
322.00
296.00
338.00
308.00
196.00
744.00
Larval

per cent w/w was highly effective against R. reniformis on

9.85
mung bean.
Nematode reproduction

Note: Initial inoculum level: 3larvae/g soil. Rf: Reproduction factor, FNP- Final nematode population, INP-Initial nematode population
Hence, seed soaking with extracts of lantana leaves
(Lantana camara), aak leaves (C. gigantea), and
No. of eggs &

ashwagantha leaves (W. somnifera) at 30% w/wwere found

larvae egg

114.25
mass-1
98.50
97.25
98.25
92.00
97.50
96.00
31.75

most effective over others in reducing R. reniformis

5.95

population and in enhancing the plant growth character.

REFERENCES
No. of egg
masses
plant-1
25.50
22.25
23.75
20.75
24.25
21.75

42.75

Anonymous 2011.Directorate of Agriculture, Government of

3.75

4.80

Rajasthan, Jaipur.
Cobb NA 1918. Estimating the nematode population of soil. U.S.
Department Agriculture Bureau Plant Industry Agriculture
Technology Circular 1: 1-48.
female's
No. of

plant-1
30.25
28.00
26.25
22.00
29.50
25.00

48.00
5.25

5.53

Jonathan EI 2001. Nematology fundamental applications, New India

Publishing Agency, New Delhi.
Mc Beth CW, Taylor AL and Smith AL 1941. Note on staining
weight
Root

nematodes in root tissues. Proceeding of

1.82
2.25
1.95
3.15
1.92
2.77
3.65
1.67
1.11
(g)

Helminthological Society of Washington 8: 26.

Shambhu Dayal and Sharma MK 2007. Management of reniform
Plant growth characters

nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis on mung bean

weight
Shoot

14.15
12.02
16.47
10.85
15.55
19.90
9.90

6.60
4.00

through seed dressing. Indian Journal of Nematology 37:

(g)

89-91.
Umamaheswari R, Rajeswari Sundarababu and Ramakrishnan S
2005. Bio management of reniform nematode,
length

13.45
16.68
15.85
19.45
14.50
17.12
22.60
Root

(cm)

9.10
4.87

Rotylenchulus reniformis on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

by neem. Indian Journal of Nematology 35: 127-129.

Received 07 May, 2016; Accepted 25 September, 2016

length
Shoot

26.55
31.87
29.82
35.32
28.52
33.37
36.30
23.60
(cm)

3.47
Ashwagantha leaves (Withania somnifera) at 20% conc.
Ashwagantha leaves (W. somnifera) at 30% conc.

Chemical check (Carbosulfan 25 EC @ 1% a.i.)

Lantana leaves (Lantana camara) at 20% conc.

Aak leaves (Calotropis gigantea) at 20% conc.

Lantana leaves (L. camara) at 30% conc.

Aak leaves (C. gigantea) at 30% conc.

Untreated check
CD (p=0.05)
Treatments