V INGEPET 2005 (EXPR-4-DU-14)

ENE BASIN HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL

Dennys E. Uyén ─ Pluspetrol Norte

Abstract
The Ene basin is located in the south east of Peru, approximately 300 km east from Lima, 100 km west
from the Camisea area.

According to the field geology data and the biostratigraphic studies, in the Ene basin has been identified
sediments ranging in age from Ordovician to the present.

From the structural point of view it is located in the thrusted and folded belt, between the eastern Andean
chain and the foreland and there is a good correlation between the rate of convergence of the Nazca and
South American plates and the evolution of the basin at least from Triassic-Jurassic times to the present.

The petroleum system in this basin could be defined and characterized by Paleozoic source rocks,
Cretaceous and Paleozoic reservoirs, sealed by interbedded shaly sequences and large, faulted and
thrusted anticlines as traps.

The Paleozoic formations with the best potential as source rocks are: the Permian Ene formation (related
to some oils from Madre de Dios and Ucayali basins), the Lower Carboniferous Ambo Group (correlated
with the gas and condensate fields from Camisea area) and the Devonian Cabanillas Group (related to
some of the oils from Madre de Dios Basin). Additionally there is a possibility of the Triassic-Jurassic
Pucará Group presence, which has been drilled in the well Oxapampa 7-1 and has been correlated with
the oils of the southern Marañon basin and northern Ucayali basin.

The sequences with the best characteristics as reservoirs are the Cretaceous Cushabatay, Agua Caliente
and Vivian Formations with proved oil production in Oriente, Marañon and Ucayali basins with and upside
potential of the Permian Mitu and Ene sandstone which produce gas and condensate in the Camisea
area.

The most conspicuous and regional seals are the Red Beds above the Vivian Formation, The limestone
and shale of the upper Chonta Formation, The plastic shale of the Izcozacin Formation, above the
Cushabatay Formation and the shaly sequences interbedded with the reservoirs in the Mitu and Ene
Formations.

The traps are constituted by large thrusted and faulted anticlines, historically related to the Andean
tectonics evolution; the Quechua III tectonic phase is the responsible of the present structural
configuration.

Traces of residual hydrocarbons have been detected in Tertiary cutting samples obtained from seismic
drilling holes on the western side of the line 109.

According to preliminary modeling the hydrocarbon generation started at the beginning of the Paleocene
age (65 my).

The Ene basin is a high potential high-risk exploration area.

V INGEPET 2005 (EXPR-4-DU-14) 2

Introduction
Location
The Ene basin is located in the south east of Peru, approximately 300 km east from Lima, 100 km west
from the Camisea area, Figure 1.

From the structural point of view it is located in the thrusted and folded belt, between the eastern Andean
chain and the foreland.

PERU

SEPA

SATIPO
CAMISEA
M
IPAYA-1

ENE BASIN

Fig. 1 - Ene Basin Location Map

Exploration History
Several exploration campaigns have been carried out in this basin, some of them are:

1965-1966
• Field work geology (IPC).

1978
• Radar images 1:250 000 (AEROSERVICE).

1990
• Geochemical analysis (ROBERTSON RESEARCH).

1992-1993 (EUROCAN TEA)

• 21 000 km2 of High Resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (INTERA).
• 5 058 km of Aeromagnetic data (GEONEX).
• Field work geology in the central and northern part of the basin.
• Geochemical analysis (DGSI).
• Petrophysical analysis (CORE LAB).

1995-1999 (ELF LICENSE CONTRACT)

• 5 350 km of Aerogravimetry/Aeromagnetometry, (8x8 km grid), 1995-1996
V INGEPET 2005 (EXPR-4-DU-14) 3

• 267 km of 2D seismic, 1996 (400 km programmed).

• 28 km of 2D seismic, 1997 (220 km programmed).
• Field work geology (5 months in 1996).
• Field work geology (3 months in 1997).
• Source rock, reservoir and biostratigraphic analysis.

Stratigraphy
According to the field geology data and the biostratigraphic studies, in the Ene basin, have been identified
sediments ranging in age from Ordovician to the present. A brief outline of the stratigraphy is summarized
below and showed in the Figure 2.

AGE FORMATION LITHOLOGY

T
Lower Tertiary “REDBEDS”
Maestrichtian to Huchpayacu
Paleocene
Cretaceous

Campanian to Cachiyacu
Maestrichtian Vivian
Turonian to Chonta
Lower Senonian
Cenomanian - Turonian A. Caliente
Cenomanian Izcosacin
Albian to Cenomanian Raya

Aptian to Albian Cushabatay

Jurassic

Upper Jurassic to Sarayaquillo

Neocomian?

Upper Triassic to Pucara

Lower Jurassic

Upper Permian to Triassic Mitu

Paleozoic

Permian Ene
Upper Carboniferous to Copacabana
Lower Permian
Upper Carboniferous Tarma
Lower Carboniferous Ambo

Upper Devonian Cabanillas

Ordovician - Silurian? Contaya

Fig. 2 - Ene Basin Stratigraphic Column

Paleozoic
• The oldest deposits recognized belong to the Ordovician Contaya Formation.
• The Paleozoic thickness variations are mainly related to the presence of the unconformity
between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments (Tardi-Hercynian tectonics).
• There are few distribution control points.

Triassic-Jurassic
• The Mitu and Pucara Groups have been recognized in the northwestern part of the basin
(Oxapampa well 7-1).
• The Sarayaquillo Formation has larger distribution than the Mitu and Pucará Groups.

Cretaceous
• The Cretaceous depocenter does not coincide with the axial part of the present day Ene basin.
• The Cretaceous sequence shows important lateral thickness variations with clear thinning from
West to East in the central part of the basin.
V INGEPET 2005 (EXPR-4-DU-14) 4

Tertiary
• Uncompleted section descriptions due to poor outcrop condition.

The formations with the best potential as source rocks belong to the Paleozoic sequence: Cabanillas
Group (Devonian), Ambo Group (Lower Carboniferous) and Ene Formation (Permian).

The formations with good reservoir characteristics have been identified in the Cretaceous sequence:
Cushabatay, Agua Caliente, Chonta Basal and Vivian formations. However there are potential reservoirs
in the Paleozoic sequence: Ene, Mitu and the Tarma basal sandstone formations.

Structure
Based on aerogravimetric, magnetometric, seismic, remote sensors and surface geology data, a
structural style has been determined, (Fig. 3) and a tectonic evolution of the basin is proposed.

SEISMIC LINE 11
SW NE

1 Tertiary

2 Cretaceous

3
Paleozoic

4 SHIRA

Fig. 3 - 2D Seismic Line 11 showing a typical thin skinned structural style

• The Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the basin is not completely understood because there is not
enough data to describe it. However, it is possible to distinguish some influence of the Hercynian
tectonics on the geometry of the Jurassic and Cretaceous basins.
• There is a good correlation between the rate of convergence of the Nazca and South American
plates and the tectonic evolution of the basin at least from Triassic-Jurassic times to the present.
• From Triassic to early Cretaceous times the tectonic was mainly extensional.
• The Mochica phase (Albian) was characterized by extensional movements associated with
volcanism.
• During the Peruana phase (Turonian-Upper Campanian) occurred the inversion of the previous
tectonics features.
• During the Incaica phase the basin was part of a foreland environment in a tectonic plate setting
with oblique convergence direction (anomaly 18) that conducted to the opening of the strike slip
basins.
• The Quechua phase, since Miocene, constitutes the main compressive event responsible for the
present-day thin-skinned structural style of the basin.
V INGEPET 2005 (EXPR-4-DU-14) 5

Source Rock
Three potential source rocks have been identified in this basin: The Ene Formation (Permian), the Ambo
Group (Lower Carboniferous) and the Cabanillas Formation (Devonian); additionally an organic rich shaly
interval has been sampled in the lower part of the Cushabatay Formation in the Paucartambo-Villarica
section and there is an strong seismic evidence that the Pucará Group is present in the western side of
the basin.

o Ene Formation
Composed of dark gray shale, slightly calcareous interbedded with medium dark gray dolomitic
limestone, argillaceous dolomite, fine grained white quartz sandstone and light gray to cream siltstone.
This Formation has been sampled in many locations around the Camisea area as well as in the Ene
basin, Figure 4.

0.8
OIL Ro %
0.6
SHIRA
0.4
INMATURE
6 0.2

14
5
SEPA
0.0
13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SATIPO

8
4 MIPAYA-1 CAMISEA
2
ENE BASIN 15
7 1 12
12 11
TOC % 9
9 10

6 3

3 VERY GOOD
GOOD
POOR 40 Km.
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 11 13 15

Fig. 4 - Organic richness and maturity level of the Ene Fm.

Richness: The average TOC values for each of these locations span from 1 to 10%. Indicating that
this Formation has a good to excellent quality as a potential source rock, also the S2 parameter from
pyrolysis ranges from 5 to 18 mg HC/g rock confirming that this Formation has a very good potential to
generate hydrocarbons, Figure 4.

Maturity: The Vitrinite reflectance values vary from 0,5 to 0,7%. The Maximum Temperature values
from pyrolysis are ranging from 432-440°C. These values suggest an early to middle mature stage for
the organic matter in the Ene Formation, Figure 4.

Kerogen Type: The Hydrogen Index calculated from pyrolysis data varies from 350 to 745 mg HC/g
TOC suggesting the presence of kerogen Type I - II with very good characteristics to generate liquid
hydrocarbons.
V INGEPET 2005 (EXPR-4-DU-14) 6

o Ambo Group
Composed of fluvial to shallow marine sandstone intercalated with thin layers of black to gray shale,
siltstone and coal with organic rich horizons. The sampling locations are showed in the Figure 5.

1.4
GAS
Ro %
3 1.0
SHIRA OIL

0.6
INMATURE

8 0.2
SEPA

7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SATIPO

6
5 MIPAYA-1 CAMISEA

ENE BASIN 4
10 2
TOC
TOC%(%)
8
6
1
4
VERY GOOD
2 GOOD
0 POOR 40 Km.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Fig.5 - Organic richness and maturity level of the Ambo Group

Richness: The average TOC values for the sampled locations varies from 0,65 to 8,2% and the S2
values from 11 to 18 mg HC/g rock indicating that this formation has a good to very good potential to
generate hydrocarbons, Figure 5.

Maturity: The Vitrinite reflectance (0,9-1,37%) and the Maximum Temperature from pyrolysis (453-
462°C), indicate that the organic matter in the Ambo Group is in the late mature stage of liquid
hydrocarbons generation, Figure 5.

Kerogen Type: The Hydrogen Index values for this formation (120-200 mg HC/g TOC), suggest the
presence of a kerogen type II to III with good potential to generate oil and gas.

o Cabanillas Group
Thin interbedded dark gray to black shale, siltstone and mudstone deposited in a moderately deep-
water environment. It has been recognized and sampled in few locations, Fig. 6.

Richness: The TOC values (0,65-0,87%) and the S2 from pyrolysis (0,34-0,7 mg HC/g rock), indicate
that this Formation has a fair to good potential to generate hydrocarbons, Figure 6.

Maturity: The values of Vitrinite reflectance ranging from 1,1 to 1,3% and the Maximum Temperature
from pyrolysis (443-458°C) indicate that the organic matter in this Formation is highly mature to
generate liquid hydrocarbons, Figure 6.

Kerogen Type: The Hydrogen Index (48-52 mg HC/g TOC) suggests a kerogen type III, with good
potential to generate gas.
V INGEPET 2005 (EXPR-4-DU-14) 7

1.4
GAS
Ro %
1.2
2
SHIRA 1.0
OIL
0.8

0.6
SEPA
1 2 3

SATIPO

3
3
MIPAYA-1 CAMISEA

ENE BASIN
1.0
TOC %
0.8

0.6 1
POOR

0.4

0.2 40 Km.

0.0
1 2 3

Fig. 6 - Organic richness and maturity level of the Cabanillas Group

Migrated Hydrocarbons
Traces of residual hydrocarbons have been detected in Tertiary cutting samples (MIY 532 and 533)
obtained from seismic drilling holes on the western side of the line 109 (SP 2433 and 2441), Figure 7.

Three hydrocarbon families have been differentiated based on their maturity state of evolution:
• High reflectivity bitumen (1% reflectivity).
• Low reflectivity bitumen (0,15% reflectivity).
• Non-fluorescent and low reflectivity bitumen (0,15% reflectivity).

The biomarker information suggests that these hydrocarbons were generated from a shaly carbonated
source rock with maturity level of 0,7-0,9 % equivalent Ro. The carbon isotope value of the total extract is
–27% PDB.

Due to the poor biomarker information, it has not been possible to find a definitely correlation between
these hydrocarbons and any of the potential source rocks present in the basin. It could have been
generated by different source rocks or from the same source rock at different maturity levels.
V INGEPET 2005 (EXPR-4-DU-14) 8

Bitumen

SHIRA

Horizontal width = 0.30 mm

Fig. 7 - Migrated hydrocarbons in Tertiary cuttings, Seismic Line 9

1D Generation Modeling
In order to understand the petroleum system evolution history of the southern Ene basin it has been
modeled using the Basin-Mod software. Since there is not temperature data available within the basin it
was necessary to utilize the heat flow calculated in the Camisea area (800 HFU). Indirect indication of the
maximum burial depth is given by a fluid inclusion study from the Cushabatay reservoir at Paucartambo
(37 my, end of the Incaica Phase).

This is a preliminary modeling and it needs to be adjusted according to the Tertiary tectono-stratigraphic
evolution, which is not completely understood to the present because of its poor outcrop characteristics.

The main conclusions derived from this modeling (Figure 8) are:

-The Ene Formation entered the oil window during the middle Eocene (35-40 my ago) and to the present
time continues generating oil.

-The Ambo Group entered in the oil window between the late Paleocene to early Eocene (50 to 55 my
ago), and to the present time is generating mainly oil.

-The Cabanillas Group began to generate oil in the early Paleocene (65-60 my ago) and at the present
time is mature enough to generate oil and some gas.
V INGEPET 2005 (EXPR-4-DU-14) 9

OIL WINDOW
SHIRA

Fig. 8 - Western Ene Basin Hydrocarbon Generation Model

Reservoir
The Ene Basin has Cretaceous and Paleozoic stratigraphic units capable of storing hydrocarbon fluids.
The sandstone of the Vivian, Lower Chonta, Agua Caliente, Cushabatay, Mitu and Ene Formations
should be considered as primary objectives. Petrophysical parameters summary is shown in Figure 9.

This study is based on the information from 41 stratigraphic columns and from the analysis of 89 outcrop
samples obtained from the Ene Basin by IPC, Eurocan and Elf; Core and drill stem test data from the
Cashiriari and San Martin fields (Camisea area), were used as analogs.

The analysis performed on the samples are: petrography (74 thin sections), whole sample x-ray
diffraction’s (8 samples), radiometric dating (3 samples), fluid inclusions (2 samples), Helium porosity, air
permeability and density analysis (28 samples).

9 Vivian
Vivian is a Campanian to Maastritchian gas and condensate reservoir, proven in the Cashiriari field, 130
kilometers to the East of the Ene Basin (the Cashiriari-1 well production test had a maximum rate of 31
MM scfg/d and 743 BPD of 66,4° API condensate from sandstone with 15,2% average porosity and 1 004
md permeability).

Vivian reservoir facies is composed of light brown, fine to coarse grained, massive to cross-bedded,
coarsening downwards, rippled quartzarenitic sandstone, with very small lateral variations in facies.

The reservoir facies is 28 to 26 meters thick along the eastern flank of the basin (Pongo Paquitzapango,
Tarobeni, and Nevati outcrops), thinning to 10 meters westwards (Pacchari anticline), and thickening to
30 meters in the northern part of the basin (Oxapampa 19-1 well). Vivian is locally eroded in some of the
Andean structures currently outcropping.

Helium Porosity in the northern part of the Basin (Oxapampa 19-2 well) is up to 15,3% but close to the
basin axis (Saoreni outcrop), it can be as low as 6,8%.
V INGEPET 2005 (EXPR-4-DU-14) 10

Permeability in the northern part of the basin spans from 40,7 md (Oxapampa 19-2 well), to 0,78 at the
basin axis (Saoreni outcrop).

Fm ENE BASIN CAMISEA

Parameter ø (%) K (md) ø (%) K (md)
VIVIAN 7 - 15 1 - 41 5 - 21 1000
BASAL CHONTA 4 - 16 2 - 18
A. CALIENTE 15 - 16 3 - 23 14 - 17 148
CUSHABATAY 10 - 16 480
JURASSIC SAND 23
ENE
MAIN Ss (Noi) 10 1 - 15 3 - 18 20
BASAL Ss 10 - 17 5 - 35 1 - 13 23 - 34

Fig. 9 - Ene Basin Reservoirs Characteristics Summary

9 Lower Chonta
Lower Chonta is a gas and condensate reservoir of Turonian to Coniacian age, proven in the Cashiriari
and San Martín fields, 130 kilometers to the East of the Ene Basin. (San Martín-3 well has 13,9 to 17%
porosity and 41,5 md permeability).

Lower Chonta reservoir facies is composed of gray, coarsening upwards, low angle cross stratified, wave
rippled, laminated or bioturbated, fine grained, restricted marine beach sandstone, with calcite and pyrite
cement. The reservoir facies is intercalated either with gray shale in the middle part of the basin (Auti-
Autiki, Rio Perene and Boca Satipo outcrops) or intercalated with green and red siltstone, with syn-
depositional slumping towards the eastern flank of the basin (Chiriari-Rio Mazamari outcrop).

Chonta reservoir thickness is 23 meters in the central part of the basin (Boca Satipo and Naranquiari
outcrops), but pinches out towards the north, besides Chonta is absent locally by erosion or faulting
related to Andean tectonics.

The point count porosity in the Ene basin varies from 16,2% in Paucartambo–Villa Rica, 8% in Tarobeni-
Tabesharo to 4% in Boca Satipo.

9 Agua Caliente
It (known as Upper Nia in the southern Ucayali basin), is a gas and condensate reservoir of Cenomanian
to Turonian age, proven in the Cashiriari and San Martin fields, 130 kilometers to the East of the Ene
basin. (Cashiriari-1 well production test had a maximum rate of 30,8 MM scfg/d and 784 BPD of 64,5° API
condensate from sandstone with 16% average porosity and 148 md permeability).

Agua Caliente reservoir facies is composed of white, well sorted, medium grained cross bedded to
laminated, locally rippled fluvial to coastal plain subarkosic quartzarenites, with authigenic Kaolinite and
Pyrite cement and occasionally with lithic fragments and mica grains. The reservoir facies is intercalated
V INGEPET 2005 (EXPR-4-DU-14) 11

with green shale in the western flank of the basin (Rio Tambo outcrop), and with yellowish gray siltstone
in the northwestern part of the basin (Puente Paucartambo outcrop).

Reservoir facies thickness ranges from 30 meters in the northern part of the basin (Oxapampa 7-1 well),
to 13 meters in the eastern flank (Rio Tambo outcrop).

The point count porosity of the Agua Caliente reservoir facies in the central part of the basin (Boca Satipo
outcrop) is 15% (Helium porosity is 14%).

Permeability in the central part of the basin (Boca Satipo outcrop) is 3 md, whereas in the eastern flank
(Pongo Paquitzapango outcrop) it is up to 22,8 md.

9 Cushabatay
It is a proven gas and condensate reservoir of Aptian to Albian age, currently producing at the Aguaytía
field, in the northern part of the Ucayali Basin, 450 to the North of Ene Basin. (Aguaytia –2 well produced
6,48 MM scfg/d and 300 BPD of 63,4°API condensate from sandstone with 13,3% porosity and 60 md
permeability). A sample from this unit taken in the northern part of the basin, at the Paucartambo-Villa
Rica outcrop (sample MHX240), has hydrocarbon bearing fluid inclusions.

Cushabatay is represented by braided fluvial sandstone in most of the sections. It is associated with a
thick section of breccia, conglomerates and sandstone a long the western border (Rio Satipo section).
Towards the East and the south, very few control points are available at present (Tabesharo and Pongo
de Paquitzapango sections) and do not give a clear idea of the Cushabatay evolution.

Cushabatay is up to 165 meters thick (Oxapampa 7-1 well), in the northeastern flank of the basin,
thinning westwards to 158 meters (Puente Paucartambo outcrop). In the eastern flank of the basin (Rio
Tambo outcrop) Cushabatay is only 50 meters thick. The reservoir facies might be locally eroded in
outcropping anticlines due to Andean tectonism.

Cushabatay porosity is influenced by its Feldspar and lithic fragments content and by its proximity to a
fault zone. The Boca Satipo outcrop, located in the central part of the basin, has 7 to 3% porosity in thin
section. The Chiriari-Mazamari outcrops, located in the eastern flank of the basin have: 6% thin section
porosity, but 9,5% Helium porosity due to fractures. The Puente Paucartambo outcrops, located in the
northern part of the basin, have 17% to 20% thin section porosity values and 5% to 22,9% Helium
porosity values, indicating again the influence of fracture porosity.

Permeability at the Chiriari-Mazamari outcrops is 0,15 md. At the Puente Paucartambo outcrop
permeability ranges from 109 to 480 md.

9 Mitu
The sandstone facies tentatively correlated to the Mitu group (known as Lower Nia in the southern part of
the Ucayali Basin) is considered to be a lateral equivalent of the gas and condensate reservoir of Permo-
Triassic age (Rhaetian-Tatarian?), that has been proven in the Cashiriari and San Martin fields, 130
kilometers to the East of the Ene Basin. (San Martin-3 well has 0,14% porosity and 42,5 md permeability
in the reservoir).

The Mitu Reservoir facies is composed of gray to red, medium grained, tabular cross-bedded, fluvial,
subarkosic and sublitharenitic, micaceous sandstone, with local basal pebbly lags. Authigenic Illite, Pyrite,
detrital clay and Quartz overgrowths partially occlude its pores. The reservoir facies is occasionally
intercalated with brick red siltstone in the Northwestern part of the basin (Puente Paucartambo outcrop).

Up to 167 meters of this unit were measured in the northwestern part of the basin (Puente Paucartambo
outcrop), and over 160 meters were encountered in the eastern flank of the basin (Chiriari-Mazamari
outcrop). Local thickening is expected by faulting (In the Bella Esperanza outcrop the reservoir facies is
700 meters thick).

Point count porosity is 1% in the Puente Paucartambo outcrop. Permeability at the Pongo Paquitzapango
outcrop is 208 md.
V INGEPET 2005 (EXPR-4-DU-14) 12

Ene

o Main Sand
Ene Main sand reservoir, known as Noi in the Camisea area, is a gas and condensate reservoir of
lower Permian age, proven in the Cashiriari, San Martin and Mipaya fields, located 130 kilometers to
the East of the Ene Basin. (Cashiriari-1 well production test had a maximum rate of 22,9 MM scfg/d
and 601 BPD of 64,8°API condensate from sandstone with 8,4% average porosity and 20 md
permeability).

Ene Main sand is a medium grained cross-bedded coastal plain quartzarenite cemented either by a
dolomitic cement, with traces of calcite, quartz overgrowths, and minor amounts of Plagioclase or
Feldspar grains. Its pores are partially filled by authigenic Illite or Chlorite.

The reservoir thickness in the eastern flank of the basin (Pongo Paquitzapango outcrop) is 27 meters,
thickening eastwards towards the Ucayali Basin (Quebrada Anacayari outcrop) to 97 meters.

Porosity is dominantly intergranular, ranging from 5,9% to 9,6% in the eastern flank of the basin,
Pongo Paquitzapango outcrop.

In the eastern part of the basin (Pongo Paquitzapango outcrop), permeability ranges from 0,17 to 14,8
Md.

o Basal Sand
Ene Basal sand reservoir is a gas and condensate reservoir of Lower Permian age, proven in the
Cashiriari and San Martin fields, located in the southern part of the Ucayali basin, 130 kilometers to
the East of the Ene Basin. (San Martín-1 well production test had a maximum rate of 18 MM scfg/d
and 690 BPD of 62,5°API condensate from sandstones with 9,2% average porosity and 23 to 34 md
permeability).

Ene basal is a light yellow to light brownish gray, trough cross bedded to laminated, fairly sorted, fine
grained feldspar rich, coastal plain quartzarenite with quartz overgrowth cement, some detrital clay
matrix, minor amounts of Fe oxides, Pyrite and organic matter. Diagenetic events favour de
development of secondary porosity in this unit.

Thickness at the eastern flank of the basin ranges from 18 meters (Pongo Paquitzapango outcrop), to
34 meters (Rio Tambo outcrop), but the reservoir facies might be missing locally due to Triassic syn-
rift erosion.

Porosity is dominated by grain dissolution processes. The Pongo Paquitzapango outcrop sample has
9,7% Helium porosity. The Rio Tambo outcrop has 8 to 19% point count porosity and 17,4% Helium
porosity.

Permeability at the Pongo Paquitzapango outcrop is 21,3 md. The Rio Tambo outcrop has 4,5 md.

Petroleum System
The petroleum system in this basin could be defined and characterized by Paleozoic source rocks,
Cretaceous and Paleozoic reservoirs, sealed by interbedded shaly sequences and large, faulted and
thrusted anticlines as traps, Figure 10.
V INGEPET 2005 (EXPR-4-DU-14) 13

DEV CAR PER TRIASSIC JURASSIC CRETACEOUS TER Q TIME

M IS PEN E L E M L E M L EARLY LATE PAL NEO

NEO APT ALB CEN TUR CON SAN CAM MAA EVENTS

CAB AMB TAR COP ENE MITU PUCARA SAR CUSH ISC AC CHO VIV CA YAH ROCK UNIT

SOURCE ROCK

SEAL ROCK

RESERVOIR ROCK

OVERBURDEN ROCK

TRAP FORM ATION

GEN/MIGR/ACCUM

PRESERVATION

CRITICAL MOMENT

Fig. 10 - Ene Basin Petroleum System Elements

As we mentioned before the Paleozoic formations with the best potential as source rocks are: the
Permian Ene formation (related to some oils from Madre de Dios and Ucayali basins), the Lower
Carboniferous Ambo Group (correlated with the gas and condensate fields from Camisea area) and the
Devonian Cabanillas Group (related to some of the oils from Madre de Dios Basin). Additionally there is a
possibility of the Triassic-Jurassic Pucara Group presence, which has been drilled in the well Oxapampa
7-1 and has been correlated with the oils of the southern Marañon and northern Ucayali basins.

The sequences with the best characteristics as reservoir are the Cretaceous Cushabatay, Agua Caliente
and Vivian Formations with proved oil production in Oriente, Marañon and Ucayali basins with and upside
potential of the Permian Mitu and Ene sandstones which produce gas and condensate in the Camisea
area.

The most conspicuous and regional seals are the Red Beds above the Vivian Formation, The limestone
and shale of the upper Chonta Formation, the plastic shale of the Izcozacin Formation, above the
Cushabatay Formation and the shaly sequences interbedded with the reservoirs in the Mitu and Ene
Formations.

The traps are constituted by large thrusted and faulted anticlines, which are historically related to the
Andean tectonics evolution; the Quechua III tectonic phase is the responsible of the present structural
configuration.
V INGEPET 2005 (EXPR-4-DU-14) 14

Conclusions
• In the Ene basin are present sediments ranging in age from Ordovician to Quaternary.

• The Ene basin is characterized by thin-skinned structural style.

• The prospective exploratory leads in the basin are large, thrusted and faulted anticlines.

• The potential source rocks are the Permian Ene formation, the Lower Carboniferous Ambo Group and
the Devonian Cabanillas Group.

• The potential Cretaceous reservoirs are: Vivian, Lower Chonta, Agua Caliente and Cushabatay
Formations.

• The potential Paleozoic reservoirs are The Mitu Group and the Ene Formation.

• There is an active petroleum system in the basin tested by the presence of migrated hydrocarbons.

• This is a high risk-high potential exploratory area.

Technical and Economical Contributions

• Evaluation of the frontier area.
• Probability of discovering new plays.
• Probability of findings new hydrocarbon reserves.

References
• CORE LAB, 1996: Regional Geochemical Study of oils and source rocks in the Santiago, Marañon,
Ene, Huallaga, Ucayali and Madre de Dios basins.
• EUROCAN VENTURES, 1992: Onshore Peru, Ene basin Technical Review
• EUROCAN VENTURES, 1993: Technical Evaluation Agreement Final Geological Report
• ELF PETROLEUM PERU: 1999: Block 66 Final Report, Vol I,II,III
• ELF AQUITAINE PRODUCTION, 1996: Unpublished Reports
• IPC, 1966: Field Note books 765, 753 and 754
• IPC, 1966: Ene basin Geological Map
• SHELL, 1987: Final Report Blocks 38-42
• SHELL, 1995: Camisea Feasibility Study
• SHELL, 1996: Geological Fieldwork Report, Ucayali Basin
• SHELL: Unpublished Geochemical Reports
• SIMON PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY, 1993: Geology, hydrocarbon Potential and Prospect
Analysis, Ucayali Basin.