UNIT 4- CANALS

HYDROLOGY & IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

V SEM
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Canals
Canals artificial ( man made) channels, generally regular in shape,
Which are constructed to convey water to the farm fields from a
River or Reservoir.
Types of Canals- Perennial Canals

Examples: The Bhakra Canal, The Eastern Yamuna Canal, The Indira Gandhi Canal (Rajasthan)
Types of Canals- Productive & Protective Canals
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Types of Canals- Irrigation Canals
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Types of Canals- Carrier & feeder Canals
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Types of Canals- Navigation Canals
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Types of Canals- Power Canals
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Types of Canals- Unlined Canals
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Types of Canals- Lined & Unlined Canals
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Field Channels/water course
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Types of Canals- Canal network
Types of Canals- Ridge Canal
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Types of Canals- Contour Canal
Design Parameters
1. Cross sectional Area (A)
2. Depth of water over the bed (D)
3. Slope of the bed (S)
4. Rugosity Co-efficient (N)
5. Hyd Mean Depth ( R)
6. Velocity of Flow (V)
7. Non-Silting Velocity/Non Scouring Velocity / Critical Velocity (Vo)
8. Discharge (Q)
9. Silt Factor (f)
10. B/D ratio
Kennedy’s Theory
1. Based on the Upper Bari Doab Canal System
2. Flowing water experiences friction against the canal bed which causes eddies on the
surface
3. These eddies are responsible to keep the silt in suspension
4. Hence the bed width is proportional to the silt supporting power
5. Critical Velocity Vo= 0.55mD0.64
5. Critical Velocity Ratio m= critical velocity for the area/ critical velocity of UBD canal
Type of Silt Critical Velocity Ratio (m)
Light sandy silt ( northern India) 1.0
Coarser light sandy silt 1.10
Sandly loamy silt 1.2
Hard soil 1.3
Indus river 0.7
Kennedy’s Theory
7. Mean velocity of flow is given by Kutter’s formula:

V=C*√RS
where
Kennedy’s Theory-Design Steps
Case 1: Q, N, m and S are known
Step1: Assume a value of D
Step 2: Calculate Vo from Vo= 0.55mD0.64
Step 3: Find A from A=Q/Vo
Step 4: Knowing D and A Find bed width B for a trapezoidal channel ( side slope is ½:1)
A= BD+ (D2/2)
Step 5: Calculate Perimeter and hydraulic mean depth
P=B+D√5 R=A/P
R=(BD+ (D2/2) /(B+D√5)
Step 6: Calculate the mean velocity by Kutter’s equation

V= √RS

If the value of V=Vo, the assumed depth is correct, if not repeat the calculations by changing D till the
velocities are same
Kennedy’s Theory-Design Steps
Case 2: Q, N, m and B/D=x ratio are known
Step1: Calculate A in terms of D, A= BD+ (D2/2) = D2 (x+0.5)
Step 2: We know that Vo= 0.55mD0.64
Find Discharge Q= A*Vo = 0.55m(x+0.5)D2.64

D= (Q/ (0.55m(x+0.5))(1/2.64)
Step 3: Calculate Vo from Vo= 0.55mD0.64
Step 4: Calculate the Slope S by Kutter’s equation by trial & error

V= √RS
Kennedy’s Theory-Problem

DESIGN AN IRRIGATION CHANNEL ON KENNEDY’S THEORY, TO

CARRY A DISCHARGE OF 40 CUMECS. TAKE N=0.0225 AND
m=1.05. THE CHANNEL HAS A BED SLOPE OF 1IN 5000
Kennedy’s Theory-Problem
Given:
Q=45 cumecs, N=0.025, m=1.05
Solution:
Step1: Assume a value of D =2 m
Step 2: Vo from Vo= 0.55mD0.64 = 0.9m/s
Step 3: Find A from A=Q/Vo = 50sqm
Step 4: Knowing D and A Find bed width B for a trapezoidal channel ( side slope is ½:1)
A= BD+ (D2/2) , B=24m
Step 5: Calculate Perimeter and hydraulic mean depth
P=B+D√5 =28.47m R=A/P
R=(BD+ (D2/2) /(B+D√5), =1.756m
Step 6: Calculate the mean velocity by Kutter’s equation

V= √RS = 0.926 m/s

V>VO ( INCREASE THE VALUE OF D & TRY AGAIN)

Kennedy’s Theory-Problem
Given:
Q=45 cumecs, N=0.025, m=1.05
Solution:
Step1: Assume a value of D =2 .2m
Step 2: Vo from Vo= 0.55mD0.64 = 0.957m/s
Step 3: Find A from A=Q/Vo = 47.04sqm
Step 4: Knowing D and A Find bed width B for a trapezoidal channel ( side slope is ½:1)
A= BD+ (D2/2) , B=20.28m
Step 5: Calculate Perimeter and hydraulic mean depth
P=B+D√5 =25.2m R=A/P
R=(BD+ (D2/2) /(B+D√5), =1.867m
Step 6: Calculate the mean velocity by Kutter’s equation

V= √RS = 0.965 m/s

V= VO Hence the assumed D is correct. For further precision, D can be assumed as 2.23m
Kennedy’s Theory-Problem

DESIGN AN IRRIGATION CHANNEL TO CARRY A DISCHARGE OF

14 CUMECS. ASSUME N=0.0225, M=1 AND B/D=5.7
Kennedy’s Theory-Design Steps
GIVEN
Q=14cumecs, N=0.0225, m=1 and B/D=5.7
Solution:
Step1: Calculate A in terms of D, A= BD+ (D2/2) = D2 (x+0.5), A=6.2D2
Step 2: We know that Vo= 0.55mD0.64
Find Discharge Q= A*Vo = 0.55m(x+0.5)D2.64

D= (Q/ (0.55m(x+0.5))(1/2.64) =1.71m

Step 3: Calculate Vo from Vo= 0.55mD0.64 = 0.775m/s
Step 4: Calculate the Slope S by Kutter’s equation by trial & error by V=Vo

V= √RS

S= 1/5100
Lacey’s RegimeTheory
1. Based on the Upper Bari Doab Canal System
2. Flowing water experiences friction against the canal bed which causes eddies on the
surface
3. These eddies are responsible to keep the silt in suspension
4. Hence the bed width is proportional to the silt supporting power
5. Critical Velocity Vo= 0.55mD0.64
5. Critical Velocity Ratio m= critical velocity for the area/ critical velocity of UBD canal
Type of Silt Critical Velocity Ratio (m)
Light sandy silt ( northern India) 1.0
Coarser light sandy silt 1.10
Sandly loamy silt 1.2
Hard soil 1.3
Indus river 0.7
Lacey’s Regime Theory
REGIME CHANNEL: