Professional Documents
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Training Manual
January 1997 ATM-610100 Version 1.2
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Confidential
This information is confidential and is trade secret property of Anadrill. It must not be
copied in whole or in part, and should be filed accordingly by the holder. It must not
be shown to or discussed with anyone outside the Schlumberger organization and must
be returned to Anadrill upon request or when the holder leaves the employ of Anadrill.
© 1997 Anadrill - unpublished work
All rights reserved under copyright law.
Schlumberger
Anadrill
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1 Introduction Page
1.1 HISTORY AND APPLICATIONS OF DIRECTIONAL DRILLING .......................................... 1-1
2 Fundamentals Page
2.1 PETROLEUM GEOLOGY ............................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY ................................................................................ 2-15
4 Surveying Page
4.1 MAGNETIC & NON-MAGNETIC REQUIREMENTS ......................................................... 4-1
4.2 MAGNETIC SINGLE SHOTS & MULTISHOTS ............................................................... 4-15
4.3 GYROSCOPES ............................................................................................................ 4-19
4.4 MEASUREMENTS WHILE DRILLING ........................................................................... 4-40
14 Glossary Page
14.1 DRILLING FLUIDS .................................................................................................... 14-1
14.2 DIRECTIONAL DRILLING ....................................................................................... 14-29
1 Introduction Page
Figure 1-1 Side tracking............................................................................................... 1-3
Figure 1-2 Inaccessible locations................................................................................. 1-3
Figure 1-3 Salt dome drilling....................................................................................... 1-4
Figure 1-4 Fault controlling ......................................................................................... 1-4
Figure 1-5 Multiple exploration wells from a single well bore ................................... 1-4
Figure 1-6 Onshore drilling ......................................................................................... 1-5
Figure 1-7 Offshore multiwell drilling ........................................................................ 1-5
Figure 1-8 Multiple sands from a single well bore ...................................................... 1-5
Figure 1-9 Intercepting a high pressure zone............................................................... 1-6
Figure 1-10 Horizontal wells ....................................................................................... 1-6
2 Fundamentals Page
Figure 2-1 Cross section of earth with crust, mantle, core and inner core................... 2-2
Figure 2-2 Uplifted horst and down dropped graben................................................... 2-2
Figure 2-3 Weight of overlying unconsolidated sediments (B) compacts layer (A) into
sedimentary rocks...................................................................................... 2-4
Figure 2-4 Simple faults - normal (a), reverse (b), thrust (c) and lateral (d) ............... 2-9
Figure 2-5 Reverse fault............................................................................................... 2-9
Figure 2-6 Folding and cleavage................................................................................ 2-10
Figure 2-7 Unconformities......................................................................................... 2-11
Figure 2-8 In map view, fault traps may be simple (a) or compound (b) .................. 2-12
Figure 2-9 Discontinuous peripheral traps around piercement salt dome ................. 2-12
Figure 2-10 Common types of stratigraphic traps ..................................................... 2-13
Figure 2-11 Artesian well .......................................................................................... 2-14
Figure 2-12 The first order (straight line) equation ................................................... 2-17
Figure 2-13 Angles a and b are supplementary.......................................................... 2-17
Figure 2-14 The sum of all angles around one point is 360° ..................................... 2-18
Figure 2-15 This figure shows the relationship of angles.......................................... 2-18
Figure 2-16 In this figure, angle a is equal to angle a' ............................................... 2-19
Figure 2-17 The sum of internal angles of a triangle is 180°..................................... 2-19
Figure 2-18 ln this figure, angle a + c = angle e ........................................................ 2-20
Figure 2-19 This figure can be solved as above......................................................... 2-20
Figure 2-20 lf angle c = 29°17’, what are angles a and b .......................................... 2-21
Figure 2-21 Projections from a right-angle triangle................................................... 2-21
Figure 2-22 Similiar triangles .................................................................................... 2-22
Figure 2-23 Right angle triangle ................................................................................ 2-22
Figure 2-24 Right angle triangle ................................................................................ 2-23
Figure 2-25 Example of right angle triangle.............................................................. 2-24
Figure 2-26 Right-angle triangle example ................................................................. 2-25
Figure 2-27 Equality of segments .............................................................................. 2-25
Figure 2-28 Circle and chord ..................................................................................... 2-26
4 Surveying Page
Figure 4-1 Earth’s magnetic field - rotation of liquid core.......................................... 4-2
Figure 4-2 Earth's magnetic field - dynamo theory ..................................................... 4-2
Figure 4-3 Earth’s magnetic field ................................................................................ 4-3
Figure 4-4 Fluctuation's in the earth's magnetic field .................................................. 4-3
Figure 4-5 Magnetic field strength .............................................................................. 4-4
Figure 4-6 Magnetic dip angle..................................................................................... 4-5
Figure 4-7 Magnetic dip angles at poles and equator .................................................. 4-6
Figure 4-8 Magnetic declination angle ........................................................................ 4-7
Figure 4-9 Drill string magnetism................................................................................ 4-8
Figure 4-10 Effect of hole angle on drillstring magnetic interference......................... 4-8
Figure 4-11 Effect of azimuth on drillstring magnetic interference ............................ 4-9
Figure 4-12 Drillstring magnetic interference at different latitudes .......................... 4-10
Figure 4-13 Magnetic lines of force in the drillstring................................................ 4-11
Figure 4-14 Effect of magnetic hot spot in MWD collar........................................... 4-12
Figure 4-15 NMDC requirements.............................................................................. 4-13
Figure 4-16 Deviation of Universal Gravitation Constant......................................... 4-14
Figure 4-17 Simplified diagram of a typical gyroscope ............................................ 4-20
Figure 4-18 Realistic view of the configuration of a typical gyroscope.................... 4-21
Figure 4-19 Gyro rotation around outer gimbal axis ................................................. 4-22
Figure 4-20 Gyro rotation around inner gimbal axis ................................................. 4-22
Figure 4-21 Single degree of freedom gyro............................................................... 4-24
Figure 4-22 Two degree of freedom gyro.................................................................. 4-24
Figure 4-23 Representation of nutation ..................................................................... 4-26
Figure 4-24 Relationship of celestial and ecliptic poles ............................................ 4-27
Figure 4-25 Origin of precession ............................................................................... 4-27
Figure 4-26 Free gyro ................................................................................................ 4-28
Figure 4-27 Two degree gyro..................................................................................... 4-29
Figure 4-28 Rate gyro ................................................................................................ 4-31
Figure 4-29 Rate gyro accelerometer operation......................................................... 4-32
Figure 4-30 Rate gyro accelerometer principle of operation ..................................... 4-32
Figure 4-31 Three step process to calculate survey from rate gyro........................... 4-33
Figure 4-32 Rate gyro survey axes ............................................................................ 4-34
Figure 4-33 Mud pulse telemetry............................................................................... 4-40
Figure 4-34 MWD signal transducer ......................................................................... 4-41
Figure 4-35 Positive pulse telemetry ......................................................................... 4-41
Figure 4-36 Negative pulse telemetry........................................................................ 4-42
Figure 4-37 Continuous carrier wave telemetry ........................................................ 4-42
Figure 4-38 Slim 1 pulser in collar ............................................................................ 4-43
Figure 4-39 Slim 1 pulser principle of operation....................................................... 4-44
Figure 4-32 Rate gyro survey axes ............................................................................ 4-34
2 Fundamentals Page
Table 2-1 Geologic time scale ..................................................................................... 2-3
Table 2-2 Common evaporites..................................................................................... 2-8
4 Surveying Page
Table 4-1 Common relative values of total magnetic field strength............................ 4-5
Table 4-2 Common relative values for dip angle......................................................... 4-5
Confidential
This information is confidential and is trade secret property of Anadrill. It must not be
copied in whole or in part, and should be filed accordingly by the holder. It must not
be shown to or discussed with anyone outside the Schlumberger organization and must
be returned to Anadrill upon request or when the holder leaves the employ of Anadrill.
© 1997 Anadrill - unpublished work
All rights reserved under copyright law.
Schlumberger
Anadrill