Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Textbook: Ch. 6)
1
1
Laplace Transform
1
17-03-10
∫ x(t ) dt < ∞
−∞
∫ h (t ) dt < ∞
−∞
Laplace transform
• Laplace transform analysis equation:
∞
− st Also called bilateral
X (s ) = ∫ x (t )e dt
Laplace transform
−∞
where s = σ + jω
σ + j∞
1
• Laplace synthesis equation: x(t ) = ∫ X (s )e st ds
2πj σ − j∞
2
17-03-10
x(t ) = e − at u(t )
5
5
⎧ 1
1 −(s+a)t ∞ ⎪ Re[s] > −a
=− e =⎨ s+a
a+s 0
⎪ undifined
⎩ Re[s] ≤ −a
3
17-03-10
Laplace transform
∞
− st
X (s ) = ∫ x(t )e dt
−∞
7
We will use this equation often for Laplace transform. 7
Activity 1
Calculate the Laplace transform for:
a) x(t ) = δ (t )
b) x(t ) = u(t )
8
8
4
17-03-10
Activity 2
Calculate the Laplace transform for x(t):
x(t)
1
0 2 4 t
9
9
10
5
17-03-10
∞
− jω t
X (ω ) = ∫ x (t ) e dt = X(s) s= jω
−∞
11
11
12
12
6
17-03-10
13
13
14
7
17-03-10
x(t ) = e −3t u (t )
15
15
16
16
8
17-03-10
17
L
x1 (t ) ⎯
⎯→ X 1 (s ) with ROC : R1
and
L
x2 (t ) ⎯
⎯→ X 2 (s ) with ROC : R2
Then a1 x1 (t ) + a2 x2 (t ) ⎯L⎯
→ a1 X1 ( s) + a2 X 2 ( s)
9
17-03-10
then
x(t − t0 ) ⎯L
⎯→ e − st0 X (s ) with ROC : R
dx L
⎯→ sX (s ) − x 0 −
then dt ⎯ ( ) with ROC : R
d nx L
Hence,
dt n
n n −1
( ) ( )
⎯→(s ) X (s ) − (s ) x 0 − − ...sx (n − 2 ) 0 − − x (n −1) 0 −
⎯ ( )
with ROC : R
20
20
10
17-03-10
and
L
x2 (t ) ⎯
⎯→ X 2 (s ) with ROC : R2
Then: L
x1 (t )* x2 (t ) ⎯
⎯→ X 1 (s )X 2 (s )
containing at least ROC : R1 ∩ R2
21
21
Linearity: a1 X 1 ( s) + a2 X 2 ( s)
a1 X 1 (ω) + a2 X 2 (ω)
a1 x1 (t ) + a2 x2 (t ) ROC : at least R1 ∩ R2
Time Scaling: 1
1 X ( as )
X ( ωa ) |a|
x( at ) |a|
with ROC : aR
Time Shifting: e − st 0 X ( s )
x(t − t0 ) e − jω0t X (ω)
with ROC : R
Frequency / s-domain Shifting: X ( s − s0 )
X (ω − ω 0 )
x(t )e jω0t or x (t )e s0t with ROC : R + Re{s 0 }
Time Differentiation: jωX (ω) sX ( s ) − x 0 − ( )
dx / dt with ROC : R
t X (s)
X ( ω)
Time Integration: ∫ x (τ )dτ jω
+ πX (0)δ(ω) s
−∞ with ROC : R ∩ Re{s} > 0 ,
Frequency / s-domain
− jdX / dω dX / ds
Differentiation: (−t ) x(t )
Duality:
2π x(ω) Not applicable
X (t )
Time Convolution: X 1 ( s) X 2 ( s)
X 1 (ω) X 2 (ω)
x1 (t ) ∗ x2 (t ) ROC includes R1 ∩ R2
1 X 1 (s) ∗ X 2 (s)
Frequency / s-domain 1 2π
X 1 (ω) ∗ X 2 (ω)
Convolution: x1 (t ) x2 (t ) 2π
ROC includes R1 ∩ R2
∞ ∞
2 2
Parsevals Relationship: ∫ x (t ) dt = 21π ∫ X (ω ) dω Not applicable
−∞ −∞
∞ lim sX (s)
Initial value: 1 s →∞
x(0+) if it exists 2π ∫ X (ω)dω provided s = ∞ is included
−∞
in the ROC of sX(s).
lim sX (s)
Final value: s→0
Not applicable
x(∞) if it exists provided s = 0 is included
22 of sX(s).
in the ROC
22
11
17-03-10
Activity 3
Calculate the Laplace transform for x(t):
23
23
12