Trigonometric Identities

In mathematics, an "identity" is an equation which is always true. These can be "trivially"

true, like "x = x" or usefully true, such as the Pythagorean Theorem's "a2 + b2 = c2" for
right triangles. There are loads of trigonometric identities, but the following are the ones
you're most likely to see and use.

Basic & Pythagorean, Angle-Sum & -Difference, Double-Angle, Half-

Angle, Sum, Product

Basic and Pythagorean Identities

\csc(x) = \dfrac{1}{\sin(x)}csc(x)=sin(x)1

\sin(x) = \dfrac{1}{\csc(x)}sin(x)=csc(x)1

\sec(x) = \dfrac{1}{\cos(x)}sec(x)=cos(x)1

\cos(x) = \dfrac{1}{\sec(x)}cos(x)=sec(x)1

\cot(x) = \dfrac{1}{\tan(x)} = \dfrac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)}cot(x)=tan(x)1=sin(x)cos(x)

\tan(x) = \dfrac{1}{\cot(x)} = \dfrac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}tan(x)=cot(x)1=cos(x)sin(x)

Notice how a "co-(something)" trig ratio is always the reciprocal of some "non-co" ratio.
You can use this fact to help you keep straight that cosecant goes with sine and secant
goes with cosine.

The following (particularly the first of the three below) are called "Pythagorean" identities.
sin2(t) + cos2(t) = 1

tan2(t) + 1 = sec2(t)

1 + cot2(t) = csc2(t)
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Note that the three identities above all involve squaring and the number 1. You can see
the Pythagorean-Thereom relationship clearly if you consider the unit circle, where the
angle is t, the "opposite" side is sin(t) = y, the "adjacent" side is cos(t) = x, and the
hypotenuse is 1.

We have additional identities related to the functional status of the trig ratios:

sin(–t) = –sin(t)

cos(–t) = cos(t)

tan(–t) = –tan(t)

Notice in particular that sine and tangent are odd functions, being symmetric about the
origin, while cosine is an even function, being symmetric about the y-axis. The fact that
you can take the argument's "minus" sign outside (for sine and tangent) or eliminate it
entirely (for cosine) can be helpful when working with complicated expressions.

Angle-Sum and -Difference Identities

sin(α + β) = sin(α) cos(β) + cos(α) sin(β)

sin(α – β) = sin(α) cos(β) – cos(α) sin(β)

cos(α + β) = cos(α) cos(β) – sin(α) sin(β)

cos(α – β) = cos(α) cos(β) + sin(α) sin(β)

\tan(\alpha + \beta) = \dfrac{\tan(\alpha) + \tan(\beta)}{1 - \tan(\alpha)

\tan(\beta)}tan(α+β)=1−tan(α)tan(β)tan(α)+tan(β)
\tan(\alpha - \beta) = \dfrac{\tan(\alpha) - \tan(\beta)}{1 + \tan(\alpha)
\tan(\beta)}tan(α−β)=1+tan(α)tan(β)tan(α)−tan(β)

By the way, in the above identities, the angles are denoted by Greek letters. The a-type
letter, "α", is called "alpha", which is pronounced "AL-fuh". The b-type letter, "β", is called
"beta", which is pronounced "BAY-tuh".

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Double-Angle Identities

sin(2x) = 2 sin(x) cos(x)

cos(2x) = cos2(x) – sin2(x) = 1 – 2 sin2(x) = 2 cos2(x) – 1

\tan(2x) = \dfrac{2 \tan(x)}{1 - \tan^2(x)}tan(2x)=1−tan2(x)2tan(x)

Half-Angle Identities
\sin\left(\dfrac{x}{2}\right) = \pm \sqrt{\dfrac{1 - \cos(x)}{2}}sin(2x
)=±21−cos(x)
\cos\left(\dfrac{x}{2}\right) = \pm \sqrt{\dfrac{1 + \cos(x)}{2}}cos(2x
)=±21+cos(x)

\tan\left(\dfrac{x}{2}\right) = \pm \sqrt{\dfrac{1 - \cos(x)}{1 + \cos(x)}}tan(2x

)=±1+cos(x)1−cos(x)
= \dfrac{1 - \cos(x)}{\sin(x)}=sin(x)1−cos(x)
= \dfrac{\sin(x)}{1 + \cos(x)}=1+cos(x)sin(x)

The above identities can be re-stated by squaring each side and doubling all of the angle
measures. The results are as follows:

\sin^2(x) = \frac{1}{2} \big[1 - \cos(2x)\big]sin2(x)=21[1−cos(2x)]

\cos^2(x) = \frac{1}{2} \big[1 + \cos(2x)\big]cos2(x)=21[1+cos(2x)]
\tan^2(x) = \dfrac{1 - \cos(2x)}{1 + \cos(2x)}tan2(x)=1+cos(2x)1−cos(2x)

Affiliate

Sum Identities
\sin(x) + \sin(y) = 2 \sin\left(\dfrac{x + y}{2}\right) \cos\left(\dfrac{x -
y}{2}\right)sin(x)+sin(y)=2sin(2x+y)cos(2x−y)
\sin(x) - \sin(y) = 2 \cos\left(\dfrac{x + y}{2}\right) \sin\left(\dfrac{x -
y}{2}\right)sin(x)−sin(y)=2cos(2x+y)sin(2x−y)
\cos(x) + \cos(y) = 2 \cos\left(\dfrac{x + y}{2}\right) \cos\left(\dfrac{x -
y}{2}\right)cos(x)+cos(y)=2cos(2x+y)cos(2x−y)
\cos(x) - \cos(y) = -2 \sin\left(\dfrac{x + y}{2}\right) \sin\left(\dfrac{x -
y}{2}\right)cos(x)−cos(y)=−2sin(2x+y)sin(2x−y)

Product Identities
\sin(x) \cos(y) = \frac{1}{2} \big[\sin(x + y) + \sin(x - y)\big]sin(x)cos(y)=21
[sin(x+y)+sin(x−y)]
\cos(x) \sin(y) = \frac{1}{2} \big[\sin(x + y) - \sin(x - y)\big]cos(x)sin(y)=21
[sin(x+y)−sin(x−y)]
\cos(x) \cos(y) = \frac{1}{2} \big[\cos(x - y) + \cos(x + y)\big]cos(x)cos(y)=21
[cos(x−y)+cos(x+y)]
\sin(x) \sin(y) = \frac{1}{2} \big[\cos(x - y) - \cos(x + y)\big]sin(x)sin(y)=21
[cos(x−y)−cos(x+y)]

You will be using all of these identities, or nearly so, for proving other trig identities and
for solving trig equations. However, if you're going on to study calculus, pay particular
attention to the restated sine and cosine half-angle identities, because you'll be using
them a lot in integral calculus.

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