Analytic Geometry Lecture Slides

Holy Cross College of Calinan
Calinan, Davao City
Analytic Geometry
Mr. Raffy S. Centeno

College Instructor
Course Outline
1. Fundamental Concepts of Analytic Geometry

Cartesian Coordinate System
Distance Formula
Midpoint Formula
Slope of a Line
Course Outline
2. Linear Equations and Inequalities

Standard Form of Linear Equation
Slope-intercept Form
Point-Slope Form
Writing Linear Equations
Graphing Linear Equations
Linear Inequalities
Graphing Linear Inequalities
Course Outline
3. Introduction to Conic Sections
Definition
Review: Completing the Squares
4. Parabola
Equation of a Parabola in Standard Form
Classifying Parabola
Graphing a Parabola
Determining the Standard Form of the Equation of a Parabola
Course Outline
5. Circles
Equation of a Circle in Standard Form
Graphing a Circle
Determining the Standard Form of the Equation of a Circle
6. Ellipses
Equation of an Ellipse in Standard Form
Classifying Ellipses
Graphing an Ellipse
Determining the Standard Form of the Equation of an Ellipse
Course Outline
7. Hyperbola
Equation of a Hyperbola in Standard Form
Classifying Hyperbola
Graphing a Hyperbola
Determining the Standard Form of the Equation of a Hyperbola
8. Classifying Conic Section
9. Application of Conic Sections

Course Outline
10. Systems of Nonlinear Equation

Substitution
Elimination
Using Computer Application
11. Application of Systems of Nonlinear Equation

Chapter I
Fundamental Concepts of
Analytic Geometry
Cartesian Coordinate System
Definition
A Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system that speci-
fies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates,
which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpen-
dicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length.
Plot the points and
state the quadrant or
axis that each point lies
in.
I R(−8, −3)
I S(−4, 7)
I T (−9, 1)
I U (−6, 0)
I V (2, 7)
Distance Formula
Remarks
If we want to find the distance between two points in a coordinate
plane we use a formula that is based on the Pythagorean Theorem
were (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) are the coordinates and d marks the dis-
tance:
p
d = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
Remarks
However, if the location of the point relative to the other is either
vertical or horizontal, then we use the given formula.
(1) d = |x2 − x1 | or (2) d = |y2 − y1 |
We choose (1) if x differs on each points, otherwise we choose (2).

Example 1.1
Solve the distance between the points
(−7, 5) and (−7, −23)

Example 1.1
(−7, 5) and (−7, −23)
Answer
The distance is 28.
Example 1.2
(6, −9) and (−20, −9)

Example 1.2
(6, −9) and (−20, −9)
Answer
The distance is 26.
Example 1.3

43 17
, −3 and − , −3
2 2
Example 1.3

43 17
, −3 and − , −3
2 2
Answer
The distance is 30.
Example 1.4
(−3, 2) and (6, 2)

Example 1.4
(−3, 2) and (6, 2)
Answer
The distance is 9.
Example 1.5
(0, 7) and (−6, 2)

Example 1.5
(0, 7) and (−6, 2)
Answer
√
The distance is 61.
Example 1.6
(3, −6) and (8, 1)

Example 1.6
(3, −6) and (8, 1)
Answer
√
The distance is 74.
Example 1.7
(7, 2) and (4, −5)

Example 1.7
(7, 2) and (4, −5)
Answer
√
The distance is 58.
Example 1.8
(−6, 7) and (−8, 3)

Example 1.8
(−6, 7) and (−8, 3)
Answer
√
The distance is 2 5.
Example 1.9
Example 1.9
Answer
√
The distance is 13.
Example 1.11
Example 1.11
Answer
The distance is 5.
Example 1.12
Example 1.12
Answer
√
The distance is 3 13.
Midpoint Formula
Definition
The midpoint is the middle point of a line segment. To find the
coordinates of the midpoint between points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ), we
use the formula

x1 + x2 y1 + y2
,
2 2
Example 1.7
Find the midpoint of the points
(−7, 5) and (−7, −23)

Example 1.7
(−7, 5) and (−7, −23)
Answer
The midpoint is at (−7, −9).

Example 1.8
(6, −9) and (−20, −9)

Example 1.8
(6, −9) and (−20, −9)
Answer
The midpoint is at (−7, −9).

Example 1.9

43 17
, −3 and − , −3
2 2
Example 1.9

43 17
, −3 and − , −3
2 2
Answer

13
The midpoint is at , −3 .
2
Example 1.10
Find the midpoint of the line given by the graph
Example 1.10
Answer

3
The midpoint is at − , −2
2
Example 1.11
Example 1.11
Answer
The midpoint is at (0, 3)

Example 1.12
Example 1.12
Answer

3
The midpoint is at ,0
2
Example 1.13
Find the other endpoint of the line segment with the given endpoint
and midpoint.
Endpoint: (0, −10) Midpoint: (−1, 7)

Example 1.13
and midpoint.
Answer
The other endpoint is at (−2, 24)

Example 1.14
and midpoint.
Endpoint: (3, 0) Midpoint: (5, −4)

Example 1.14
and midpoint.
Endpoint: (3, 0) Midpoint: (5, −4)
Answer
The other endpoint is at (7, −8)

Example 1.15
and midpoint.

Example 1.15
and midpoint.
Answer
The other endpoint is at (−10, 18)

Example 1.16
and midpoint.
Endpoint: (−3, −6) Midpoint: (6, 10)

Example 1.16
and midpoint.
Endpoint: (−3, −6) Midpoint: (6, 10)
Answer
The other endpoint is at (15, 26)

Example 1.17
and midpoint.
Endpoint: (10, −8) Midpoint: (5, 4)

Example 1.17
and midpoint.
Endpoint: (10, −8) Midpoint: (5, 4)
Answer
The other endpoint is at (0, 16)

Slope of a Line
Definition
If P (x1 , y1 ) and P (x2 , y2 ) are points on a nonvertical line, then the
slope m of the line is defined by:
y2 − y1
m=
x2 − x1
which is equivalently, rise over run.
Remark
The slope of a line is a number that measures its ”steepness”, usually
denoted by the letter m. It is the change in y for a unit change in x
along the line.
Example 1.18
Find the slope of the line that passes through the pair of points.
(−20, 7) (−5, −2)

Example 1.18
(−20, 7) (−5, −2)
Answer
3
The slope is − .
5
Example 1.19
(−4, −1) (−19, 1)

Example 1.19
(−4, −1) (−19, 1)
Answer
2
The slope is − .
15
Example 1.20
(9, 20) (−9, 19)

Example 1.20
(9, 20) (−9, 19)
Answer
1
The slope is .
18
Example 1.21
(8, −5) (−14, −19)

Example 1.21
(8, −5) (−14, −19)
Answer
7
The slope is .
11
Example 1.22
(−8, −13) (4, −16)

Example 1.22
(−8, −13) (4, −16)
Answer
1
The slope is − .
4
Example 1.23
Find the slope of the line.
Example 1.23
Answer
The slope is 2.
Example 1.24
Example 1.24
Answer
1
The slope is − .
6
Example 1.25
Example 1.25
Answer
3
The slope is − .
2
Example 1.26
Example 1.26
Answer
3
The slope is .
4
Example 1.27
Example 1.27
Answer
6
The slope is − .
5
Chapter II
Linear Equations
Standard Form of Linear Equation
Definition
The standard form of a line is in the form
Ax + By = C
where A, B, C ∈ Z and A, B 6= 0
Example 2.1
Standard Form Non-Standard Form
I 3x + 4y = 0 I 0.25x + 4y = 0
I 5x − 9y = 2 I 5x = 3y − 2
I −3x + 2y = −4 I 2y = −4
Slope-intercept Form
Definition
The slope-intercept form of a linear equation has the following form
y = mx + b
where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept. Both m and b are

constant terms.
Example 2.2
Convert the equation to its slope-intercept form
3x + 4y = 0
Example 2.2
3x + 4y = 0
Answer
3
y=− x
4
Example 2.3
5x − 9y = 2
Example 2.3
5x − 9y = 2
Answer
5 2
y = x−
9 9
Point-Slope Form
Definition
The point-slope form of a linear equation has the following form
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
where m is the slope and (x1 , y1 ) are the coordinates of a given point
on the line.
Writing Linear Equations
Example 2.4
Based on the given information, what is the standard form of the
linear equation?
Slope = 3 y−intercept = −5
Example 2.4
linear equation?
Slope = 3 y−intercept = −5
Answer
3x − y = 5
Example 2.5
linear equation?
Slope =2 y−intercept = −3
Example 2.5
linear equation?
Slope =2 y−intercept = −3
Answer
2x − y = 3
Example 2.6
linear equation?
1
y + 5 = (x + 1)
4
Example 2.6
linear equation?
1
y + 5 = (x + 1)
4
Answer
x − 4y = 19
Example 2.7
linear equation?
y+1=x+1
Example 2.7
linear equation?
y+1=x+1
Answer
x−y =0
Example 2.8
linear equation?
3
Slope = − through: (−2, 0)
7
Example 2.8
linear equation?
3
Slope = − through: (−2, 0)
7
Answer
3x + 7y = −6
Example 2.9
linear equation?
6
Slope = through: (3, 2)
5
Example 2.9
linear equation?
6
Slope = through: (3, 2)
5
Answer
6x − 5y = 8
Example 2.10
linear equation?
through: (−3, 5) and (−2, −1)

Example 2.10
linear equation?
through: (−3, 5) and (−2, −1)
Answer
6x + y = −13
Example 2.11
linear equation?
through: (2, −3) and (0, 1)

Example 2.11
linear equation?
through: (2, −3) and (0, 1)
Answer
2x + y = 1
Example 2.12
linear equation?
through: (0, 0) and (1, 4)

Example 2.12
linear equation?
through: (0, 0) and (1, 4)
Answer
4x − y = 0
Graphing Linear Equations
Example 2.13
Based on the given information, sketch the graph of the line.
x−intercept = 5 y−intercept = 1
Example 2.14
x−intercept = −3 y−intercept = 1
Example 2.15
3x + 4y = 16
Example 2.16
5x − 3y = −15
Example 2.17
7x + 4y = −16
Example 2.18
7
y = x−3
3
Example 2.19
y = −5x − 1
Example 2.20
4
y =− x+1
5
Example 2.21
−2y = −10x − 10
Example 2.22
−25 + 2x = 5y
Example 2.23
−4y + 8 = −6x
Linear Inequalities
Definition
A linear inequality is an inequality which involves a linear function.
A linear inequality contains one of the symbols of inequality:
<, >, ≤, ≥
Graphing Linear Inequalities
Remarks
The graph of an inequality in two variables is the set of points that
represents all solutions to the inequality. A linear inequality divides
the coordinate plane into two halves by a boundary line where one
half represents the solutions. The boundary line is dashed for > and
< and solid for ≤ and ≥.
Example 2.24
Sketch the graph of the linear equality.
y < −2
Example 2.24
y < −2
Answer
Example 2.25
y > −x − 5
Example 2.25
y > −x − 5
Answer
Example 2.26
1
y ≥ x−2
2
Example 2.26
1
y ≥ x−2
2
Answer
Example 2.27
3x + y < −1
Example 2.27
3x + y < −1
Answer
Example 2.28
5x + 4y ≤ 12
Example 2.28
5x + 4y ≤ 12
Answer
Example 2.29
5x − y > 0
Example 2.29
5x − y > 0
Answer
Example 2.30
x+y ≥4
Example 2.30
x+y ≥4
Answer
Chapter II
Introduction to Conic Sections
Definition
Definition
A conic section is a curve obtained as the intersection of the surface
of a cone with a plane. The three types of conic section are the
hyperbola, the parabola, and the ellipse.
Illustration: Conic Sections - Interactive 3-D graph

REVIEW: Completing the Squares
Definition
Completing the Square is the process of converting a quadratic
equation of the form
ax2 + bx + c = 0
into a perfect square trinomial by adding or subtracting terms on

both sides.
In analytic geometry, this process is used to put the equations of

conic sections into standard form.
STEPS TO FOLLOW:
1. Divide all terms by a.

c
2. By additive property of equality, move the constant term, to
a
the right side of the equation.
3. Complete the square on the left side of the equation and
balance it by adding the same value to the right side of the
equation.
4. Simplify your answer.
Example 1.1
Solve the following equation using completing the square
x2 + 10x − 39 = 0
Example 1.1
x2 + 10x − 39 = 0
Answer
(x + 5)2 = 64
Example 1.2
x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
Example 1.2
x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
Answer
(x + 2)2 = 3
Example 1.3
5x2 − 4x − 2 = 0
Example 1.3
5x2 − 4x − 2 = 0
Answer
(x − 0.4)2 = 0.56
Chapter III
Parabola
Equation of a Parabola in Standard Form
Definition
A parabola is the locus of all points in the plane whose distances
from a fixed point F and a fixed line l (directrix) are the same.
Horizontal Parabola: Vertical Parabola:
x = a(y − k)2 + h y = a(x − h)2 + k
where (h, k) is the vertex and a is the vertical/horizontal transfor-

mation of the parabola.
Horizontal Parabola
Vertical Parabola
Classifying Parabola
Classifying Ellipse
Remarks
If x has a degree of 1,
then it’s horizontal.
If y has a degree of 1,
then it’s vertical.
Example 2.1
Identify whether the given parabola is vertical or horizontal
x = 2y 2
Example 2.1
x = 2y 2
Answer
The parabola is horizontal.
Example 2.2
x2 + y = 0
Example 2.2
x2 + y = 0
Answer
The parabola is vertical.
Example 2.3
−x2 + 12x + y − 32 = 0
Example 2.3
−x2 + 12x + y − 32 = 0
Answer
The parabola is vertical.
Graphing a Parabola
Steps to Follow
1. Identify if the parabola is vertical or horizontal.
2. Locate the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola. The
coordinate is (h, k).
3. Choose values for x or y. If it is vertical, then choose values
for x. Otherwise, choose values for y.
4. Connect the vertex and the points you have to form a parabola.
1
5. Identify the focus. If it is vertical, then h, k + 4a . If it is
1

horizontal, then h + 4a , k .
1
6. Identify the directrix. If it is vertical, then y = k − 4a . If it is
1
horizontal, then x = h − 4a .
7. Plot your directrix.
Example 2.4
Sketch the graph of the given parabola.
x = 2y 2
Example 2.5
x2 + y = 0
Example 2.6
−x2 + 12x + y − 32 = 0
Determining the Standard Form of the
Equation of a Parabola
Steps to Follow
Case 1: Given the coordinates of the vertex and focus

1. Identify if the given parabola is horizontal or vertical. Check
the movements of your focus relative to the vertex.
2. Identify the value of a. If horizontal, then use the formula
1 1
a= . If vertical, then use the formula a = .
4(f − h) 4(f − k)
Example 2.7
Find the equation of a parabola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
Vertex: (0, 6), Focus: 0, 23

4
Example 2.7
given conditions:
Vertex: (0, 6), Focus: 0, 23

4
Answer
The equation is
y = −x2 + 6
Example 2.8
given conditions:
37

Vertex: (1, 9), Focus: 36 ,9
Example 2.8
given conditions:
37

Vertex: (1, 9), Focus: 36 ,9
Answer
The equation is
x = 9(y − 9)2 + 1
Steps to Follow
Case 2: Given the coordiantes of the vertex and directrix

the directrix.
1 1
4(h − x) 4(k − y)
Example 2.9
given conditions:
19
Vertex: (5, 1), Directrix: y =
20
Example 2.9
given conditions:
19
Vertex: (5, 1), Directrix: y =
20
Answer
The equation is
y = 5(x − 5)2 + 1
Example 2.10
given conditions:
23
Vertex: (−3, 9), Directrix: x = −
8
Example 2.10
given conditions:
23
Vertex: (−3, 9), Directrix: x = −
8
Answer
The equation is
x = −2(y − 9)2 − 3
Steps to Follow
Case 3: Given the coordinates of the focus and directrix

the directrix.
2. Identify the vertex. Use the midpoint formula. Pair the focus
with your directrix.
1 1
4(h − x) 4(k − y)
Example 2.11
given conditions:
35
Focus: 8, − 37

4 , Directrix: y = − 4
Example 2.11
given conditions:
35
Focus: 8, − 37

4 , Directrix: y = − 4
Answer
The equation is
y = −(x − 8)2 − 9
Example 2.12
given conditions:
15
17
Focus: 2 ,0 , Directrix: x =
2
Example 2.12
given conditions:
15
17
Focus: 2 ,0 , Directrix: x =
2
Answer
The equation is
1
x = − y2 + 8
2
Chapter IV
Circles
Equation of a Circle in Standard Form
Definition
A circle is the locus of all points in the plane having the same fixed
positive distance, called the radius, from a fixed point, called center.
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2
where (h, k) is the coordinate of the center and r is the radius.

Graphing a Circle
STEPS TO FOLLOW:
1. Locate the coordinates of the center of the given circle. The

2. Identify the radius of the given circle. This is your r.
3. Plot the center, and at least 4 ends of your radius.
4. Connect the dots in to form a circle.
Example 3.1
Sketch the graph of the given equation.
(x − 2)2 + (y + 5)2 = 9
Example 3.2
x2 + (y − 1)2 = 4
Example 3.3
x2 + y 2 + 4x + 6y − 23 = 0
Equation of a Circle
Example 3.4
Find the equation of the circle which satisfies the given conditions.
Center is at (−7,√
13) and
the Radius is 15.
Example 3.4
Center is at (−7,√
13) and
the Radius is 15.
Answer
The equation is
(x + 7)2 + (y − 13)2 = 15
Example 3.5
Center is at (−10, 9) and

the Area is 8π.
Example 3.5
Center is at (−10, 9) and

the Area is 8π.
Answer
The equation is
(x + 10)2 + (y − 9)2 = 8
Example 3.6
Center is at (1, 2) and

the Circumference is 20π.
Example 3.6
Center is at (1, 2) and

the Circumference is 20π.
Answer
The equation is
(x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 100

Example 3.7
Center is at (−2, −13) and

Point on the Circle (4, −13).
Example 3.7
Center is at (−2, −13) and

Point on the Circle (4, −13).
Answer
The equation is
(x + 2)2 + (y + 13)2 = 36
Example 3.8
Ends of a diameter
(7, 13) and (3, 3).
Example 3.8
Ends of a diameter
(7, 13) and (3, 3).
Answer
The equation is
(x − 5)2 + (y − 8)2 = 29
Chapter V
Ellipses
Equation of an Ellipse in Standard Form
Definition
An ellipse is the locus of all points in the plane and which the sum
of whose distance from two fixed points F and F 0 is constant.
Horizontal Ellipse: Vertical Ellipse:
(x − h)2 (y − k)2 (x − h)2 (y − k)2
+ =1 + =1
a2 b2 b2 a2
where (h, k) is the center of the ellipse, a is the distance from the
center to the vertex, b is the distance from the center to one end of
the minor axis, and a > b.
Ellipses
Parts of an Ellipse
Remarks
If x has the largest denominator,
If y has the largest denominator,

Example 4.1
Identify whether the given ellipse is vertical or horizontal.
x2 y 2
+ =1
25 16
Example 4.1
x2 y 2
+ =1
25 16
Answer
The given ellipse is horizontal.
Example 4.2
(x − 2)2 (y + 4)2
+ =1
36 100
Example 4.2
(x − 2)2 (y + 4)2
+ =1
36 100
Answer
The given ellipse is vertical.
Example 4.3
(x − 2)2 (y + 4)2
+ =1
25 4
Example 4.3
(x − 2)2 (y + 4)2
+ =1
25 4
Answer
Example 4.4
x2 + 9y 2 − 12x + 108y + 216 = 0

Example 4.4
x2 + 9y 2 − 12x + 108y + 216 = 0
Answer
Graphing an Ellipse
Steps to Follow
1. Identify if the given ellipse is horizontal or vertical. Check your
denominator.
2. Locate the coordinates of the center of the given ellipse. The
3. Identify the length of the semi-major axis. This is your a.
4. Identify the length of the semi-minor axis. This is your b.
5. Identify the distance
√ between the center and the focus. Use
the given formula a2 − b2 .
6. Plot the center, the two ends of the major and minor axis, and
the foci of the ellipse.
7. Connect the ends of your axes in an elliptical way.
Example 4.5
Sketch the graph of the given ellipse.
x2 y 2
+ =1
25 16
Example 4.6
(x − 2)2 (y + 4)2
+ =1
36 100
Example 4.7
x2 + 9y 2 − 12x + 108y + 216 = 0

Example 4.8
16x2 + 9y 2 − 128x − 36y + 148 = 0

Equation of an Ellipse
STEPS TO FOLLOW:
Case 1: Given the vertices and co-vertices
1. Identify if the given ellipse is horizontal or vertical. Check the
movements of your vertex.
2. Identify the center using midpoint formula. Choose between
the coordinates of your vertices or co-vertices.
3. Identify the length of the semi-major axis. Choose a vertex and
pair it with the center. Then, use distance formula (Absolute
Value).
4. Identify the length of the semi-minor axis. Choose a co-vertex
and pair it with the center. Then, use distance formula
(Absolute Value).
Example 4.9
Find the equation of an ellipse in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions.
Vertices: (−7, 5), (−7, −23)

Co-vertices: (6, −9), (−20, −9)
Example 4.9
given conditions.
Vertices: (−7, 5), (−7, −23)

Co-vertices: (6, −9), (−20, −9)
Answer
The equation is
(x + 7)2 (y + 9)2
+ =1
169 196
Example 4.10
given conditions.
Vertices: 43 17

2 , −3 , −
13 2 , −3
13

Co-vertices: 2 , 6 , 2 , −12
Example 4.10
given conditions.
Vertices: 43 17

2 , −3 , −
13 2 , −3
13

Co-vertices: 2 , 6 , 2 , −12
Answer
The equation is
2
x − 13
2 (y + 3)2
+ =1
225 81
STEPS TO FOLLOW:
Case 2: Given the vertices and foci
the coordinates of your vertices or foci.
3. Identify the length of the semi-major axis. Choose a vertex and
pair it with the center. Then, use distance formula (Absolute
Value).
4. Identify the length of the focus. Choose a focus and pair it
with the center. Then, use distance formula (Absolute value)
5. p
Identify the length of the semi-minor axis. Use the formula
a2 − f 2 .
Example 4.11
given conditions.
Vertices:
√ (4, 2), (−12, 2)
√
Foci: (−4 + 55, 2), (−4 − 55, 2)
Example 4.11
given conditions.
Vertices:
√ (4, 2), (−12, 2)
√
Foci: (−4 + 55, 2), (−4 − 55, 2)
Answer
The equation is
(x + 4)2 (y − 2)2
+ =1
64 9
Example 4.12
given conditions.
(5, 8), (5, −16) √

Vertices: √
Foci: (5, −4 + 95), (5, −4 − 95)
Example 4.12
given conditions.
(5, 8), (5, −16) √

Vertices: √
Foci: (5, −4 + 95), (5, −4 − 95)
Answer
The equation is
(x − 5)2 (y + 4)2
+ =1
49 144
STEPS TO FOLLOW:
Case 3: Given the co-vertices and foci
the coordinates of your co-vertices or foci.
3. Identify the length of the semi-minor axis. Choose a co-vertex
(Absolute Value).
with the center. Then, use distance formula (Absolute value)
5. p
Identify the length of the semi-major axis. Use the formula
b2 + f 2 .
Example 4.13
given conditions.
√ √
Foci: (10, −8 + 65), (10, −8 − 65)
Co-vertices: (14, −8), (6, −8)
Example 4.13
given conditions.
√ √
Foci: (10, −8 + 65), (10, −8 − 65)
Co-vertices: (14, −8), (6, −8)
Answer
The equation is
(x − 10)2 (y + 8)2
+ =1
16 81
Example 4.14
given conditions.
√ √
Foci: (−2 + 21, 4), (−2 − 21, 4)
Co-vertices: (−2, 14), (−2, −6)
Example 4.14
given conditions.
√ √
Foci: (−2 + 21, 4), (−2 − 21, 4)
Co-vertices: (−2, 14), (−2, −6)
Answer
The equation is
(x + 2)2 (y − 4)2
+ =1
121 100
STEPS TO FOLLOW:
Case 4: Given the center, focus, and co-vertex
movements of your co-vertex relative to the center.
2. Identify the length of the semi-minor axis. Refer to the
coordinates of the co-vertex and center. Then, use the
distance formula (Absolute Value).
3. Identify the length of the focus. Refer to the coordinates of
the focus and center. Then, use the distance formula
(Absolute Value).
4. p
Identify the length of the semi-major axis. Use the formula
b2 + f 2 .
Example 4.15
given conditions.
Center: (10, −2)
Co-vertex: (12, −2)
√
Focus: (10, −2 + 2 15)
Example 4.15
given conditions.
Center: (10, −2)
Co-vertex: (12, −2)
√
Focus: (10, −2 + 2 15)
Answer
The equation is
(x − 10)2 (y + 2)2
+ =1
4 64
Example 4.16
given conditions.
Center: (0, −10)
Co-vertex:√(0, −2)
Focus: (4 5, −10)
Example 4.16
given conditions.
Center: (0, −10)
Co-vertex:√(0, −2)
Focus: (4 5, −10)
Answer
The equation is
x2 (y + 10)2
+ =1
144 64
Chapter VI
Hyperbola
Equation of a Hyperbola in Standard
Form
Definition
A hyperbola is the locus of all points in the plane; the absolute
difference of whose distances from two fixed points F and F 0 is
constant.
Horizontal Hyperbola: Vertical Hyperbola:
(x − h)2 (y − k)2 (y − k)2 (x − h)2
− =1 − =1
a2 b2 a2 b2
where (h, k) is the center of the hyperbola, a is the distance from
the center to the vertex, and b is the distance from the center to one
end of the conjugate axes.
Parts of a Hyperbola
Horizontal Hyperbola
Vertical Hyperbola
Remarks
If x is the minuend,
If y is the minuend,
Example 5.1
Identify whether the given hyperbola is vertical or horizontal.
y 2 x2
− =1
9 16
Example 5.1
y 2 x2
− =1
9 16
Answer
The hyperbola is vertical.
Example 5.2
(x + 1)2
− (y − 4)2 = 1
4
Example 5.2
(x + 1)2
− (y − 4)2 = 1
4
Answer
The hyperbola is horizontal.
Example 5.3
x2 − 2x − 3 = 4y 2
Example 5.3
x2 − 2x − 3 = 4y 2
Answer
The hyperbola is horizontal.
Example 5.4
0 = 9x2 + 72 − 4y 2 − 36x
Example 5.4
0 = 9x2 + 72 − 4y 2 − 36x
Answer
The hyperbola is vertical.
Graphing a Hyperbola
Steps to Follow
1. Identify the type of the hyperbola. Check the minuend.
2. Locate the coordinates of the center of the given hyperbola.
The coordinates is (h, k).
3. Identify the length of the semi-conjugate axis. This is your b.
4. Identify the length of the semi-transverse axis. This is your a.
5. Identify the
√ distance between the center and the foci. Use the
formula a2 + b2 .
6. Use the lengths of your semi-conjugate and semi-transverse
axis to create a rectangle.
7. Draw the diagonal lines of the rectangle and extend it with an
arrowhead.
8. Sketch the curve asymptotic to the diagonal lines.
Equation of the Asymptotes
Horizontal Hyperbola
b
y = ± (x − h) + k
a
Vertical Hyperbola
a
y = ± (x − h) + k
b
Example 5.5
Sketch the graph of the given hyperbola. Then, identify the coordi-
nates of the vertices and focus; and the equation of the asymptotes.
y 2 x2
− =1
9 16
Example 5.6
x2 − 2x − 3 = 4y 2
Example 5.7
0 = 9x2 + 72 − 4y 2 − 36x
Equation of a Hyperbola
Steps to Follow:
Case 1: Given the coordinates of the vertices and length of the
conjugate axis
1. Identify if the given hyperbola is horizontal or vertical. Check
the movements of the vertices.
2. Identify the center using midpoint formula. Use the
coordinates of your vertices.
3. Identify the length of the semi-transverse axis. Choose a vertex
(Absolute Value).
4. Identify the length of the semi-conjugate axis. Divide the
length of the conjugate axis by 2.
Example 5.8
Find the equation of a hyperbola in standard form that satisfies the
given conditions:
Vertices: (−4, 3), (−4, −7)

Conjugate Axis is 22 units long.
Example 5.8
given conditions:
Vertices: (−4, 3), (−4, −7)

Answer
The equation is
(y + 2)2 (x + 4)2
− =1
25 121
Example 5.9
given conditions:
Vertices: (9, 9), (−3, 9)

Example 5.9
given conditions:
Vertices: (9, 9), (−3, 9)

Answer
The equation is
(x − 3)2 (y − 9)2
− =1
36 64
Steps to Follow
Case 2: Given the coordinates of the vertices and foci
the movements of the vertices.
coordinates of your vertices or foci.
3. Identify the length of the semi-transverse axis. Choose a vertex
(Absolute Value).
with the center. Use the distance formula (Absolute Value).
5. p
Identify the lenght of the semi-conjugate axis. Use the formula
f 2 − a.
Example 5.10
given conditions:
Vertices: (−6, 2), (−6, −22)

Foci: (−6, 3), (−6, −23)
Example 5.10
given conditions:
Vertices: (−6, 2), (−6, −22)

Foci: (−6, 3), (−6, −23)
Answer
The equation is
(y + 10)2 (x + 6)2
− =1
144 25
Example 5.11
given conditions:
Vertices: (−2, −1), (−8, −1)

Foci: (0, −1), (−10, −1)
Example 5.11
given conditions:
Vertices: (−2, −1), (−8, −1)

Foci: (0, −1), (−10, −1)
Answer
The equation is
(x + 5)2 (y + 1)2
− =1
9 16
Steps to Follow
Case 3: Given the coordinates of the foci and length of conjugate
axis
the movements of the foci.
coordinates of your foci.
with the center. Use distance formula (Absolute Value).
4. Identify the length of the semi-conjugate axis. Divide the
length of the conjugate axis by 2.
5. p
Identify the length of the semi-transverse axis. Use the formula
f 2 − b2 .
Example 5.12
given conditions:
√ √
Foci: (1, −8 + 5 2), (1, −8 − 5 2)
Example 5.12
given conditions:
√ √
Foci: (1, −8 + 5 2), (1, −8 − 5 2)
Answer
The equation is
2 (x − 1)2
(y + 8) − =1
49
Example 5.13
given conditions:
√ √
Foci: (10 + 2 34, 8), (10 − 2 34, 8)
Example 5.13
given conditions:
√ √
Foci: (10 + 2 34, 8), (10 − 2 34, 8)
Answer
The equation is
(x − 10)2 (y − 8)2
− =1
36 100
Chapter VII
Classifying Conic Section
Classifying Conic Sections
Are the Are the
Are both Squared coefficients
Yes No
START variables variables of the
squared? being squared
subtracted? term equal?
No No
Yes Yes
Parabola Hyperbola Circle Ellipse

Example 6.1
Classify the given conic section
−x2 = 13 − 4y 2 + 8y + 2x
Example 6.1
−x2 = 13 − 4y 2 + 8y + 2x
Answer
The equation is a hyperbola.
Example 6.2
2x + y 2 + x2 + 4 = 4y
Example 6.2
2x + y 2 + x2 + 4 = 4y
Answer
The equation is a circle.
Example 6.3
4y 2 + 24y + 1 + 4x2 = −4x

Example 6.3
4y 2 + 24y + 1 + 4x2 = −4x
Answer
The equation is a circle.
Example 6.4
x − 10y + 24 = −y 2
Example 6.4
x − 10y + 24 = −y 2
Answer
The equation is a parabola.
Example 6.5
316 + 4y 2 = −200x − 25x2 + 16y

Example 6.5
316 + 4y 2 = −200x − 25x2 + 16y
Answer
The equation is a ellipse.
Chapter VIII
Application of Conic Sections
Application of Conic Sections
Example 7.1
A satellite dish has a shape called paraboloid, where each cross-
section is a parabola. Since radio signals (parallel to the axis) will
bound off the surface of the dish to the focus, the receiver should be
placed at the focus. How far should the receiver be from the vertex,
if the dish is 12 feet across, and 4.5 feet deep at the vertex?
Example 7.1
A satellite dish has a shape called paraboloid, where each cross-
section is a parabola. Since radio signals (parallel to the axis) will
bound off the surface of the dish to the focus, the receiver should be
placed at the focus. How far should the receiver be from the vertex,
if the dish is 12 feet across, and 4.5 feet deep at the vertex?
Answer
The receiver should be 2 feet away from the vertex.
Example 7.2
The cable of a suspension bridge hangs in the shape of a parabola.
The towers supporting the cable are 400 feet apart and 150 feet high.
If the cable, at its lowest, is 30 feet above the bridge at its midpoint,
how high is the cable 50 feet away (horizontally) from either tower?
Example 7.2
The cable of a suspension bridge hangs in the shape of a parabola.
The towers supporting the cable are 400 feet apart and 150 feet high.
If the cable, at its lowest, is 30 feet above the bridge at its midpoint,
how high is the cable 50 feet away (horizontally) from either tower?
Answer
The cable is 97.5 feet high 50 feet away from either tower.
Example 7.3
A tunnel has the shape of a semiellipse that is 15 feet high at the
center, and 36 feet across at the base. At most how high should a
passing truck be, if it is 12 feet wide, for it to fit through the tunnel?
Round off your answer to two decimal places.
Example 7.3
A tunnel has the shape of a semiellipse that is 15 feet high at the
center, and 36 feet across at the base. At most how high should a
passing truck be, if it is 12 feet wide, for it to fit through the tunnel?
Round off your answer to two decimal places.
Answer
The truck should be at most ≈ 14.14 feet.
Example 7.4
The orbit of a planet has the shape of an ellipse, and on one of the
foci is the star around which it revolves. The planet is closest to the
star when it is at one vertex. It is farthest from the star when it is
at the other vertex. Suppose the closest and farthest distances of
the planet from this star are 420 million kilometers and 580 million
kilometers, respectively. Find the equation of the ellipse, in standard
form, with center at the origin and the star at the x-axis. Assume
all unites are in millions of kilometers.
Example 7.4
The orbit of a planet has the shape of an ellipse, and on one of the
foci is the star around which it revolves. The planet is closest to the
star when it is at one vertex. It is farthest from the star when it is
at the other vertex. Suppose the closest and farthest distances of
the planet from this star are 420 million kilometers and 580 million
kilometers, respectively. Find the equation of the ellipse, in standard
form, with center at the origin and the star at the x-axis. Assume
all unites are in millions of kilometers.
Answer
x2 y2
The equation is + =1
250000 243600
Chapter IX
Systems of Nonlinear Equation
Definition
A system of equations where at least one equation is not linear is
called a nonlinear system. There are several ways to solve systems
of nonlinear equations
I Substitution
I Elimination
I Combination of Substitution and Elimination
I Graphical Method
Just like with systems of linear equations, when we find solutions to

systems of non-linear equations, we are finding the intersection of
their graphs.
Solving Systems of Nonlinear Equation
using Substitution
STEPS TO FOLLOW:
1. Solve for the value of one of the variable. Choose the simpliest
equation you have in the given.
2. Substitute the value you have from the first step on the other
equation and perform the operations.
3. Substitute the value(s) you obtain on the second step to either
of the equation.
Example 8.1
Solve the given system of nonlinear equations.
2x2 − 2y 2 − 73x + y − 63 = 0
3x + y = 1
Example 8.1
2x2 − 2y 2 − 73x + y − 63 = 0
3x + y = 1
Answer
The solution is
(−2, 7)
Example 8.2
2x2 − 5y 2 − 7x − y + 5 = 0
3x + y − 3 = 0
Example 8.2
2x2 − 5y 2 − 7x − y + 5 = 0
3x + y − 3 = 0
Answer
The solution is
(1, 0)
Example 8.3
−2x2 + 3y 2 − 2x − 7y − 36 = 0
x+y =0
Example 8.3
−2x2 + 3y 2 − 2x − 7y − 36 = 0
x+y =0
Answer
The solution are
(−9, 9) and (4, −4)

using Elimination
STEPS TO FOLLOW:
1. Align the same variables with the same degree.

2. Check if the coefficient of each variables are equal. If yes,
check their signs. Otherwise, find a way to make them equal.
3. Eliminate a variable out of the given system.
4. Solve for the value(s) of the remaining variable.
5. Substitute the value(s) of the variable to one of the equation
to solve the value(s) of the other variable.
Example 8.4
2x2 − 2y 2 − 19x − 32y − 96 = 0

5x2 − 2y 2 − 49x − 32y − 48 = 0
Example 8.4
2x2 − 2y 2 − 19x − 32y − 96 = 0

5x2 − 2y 2 − 49x − 32y − 48 = 0
Answer
The solution are
(8, −6), (8, −10), (2, −7) and (2, −9)

Example 8.5
3x2 − 36x + y + 99 = 0
3x2 + 12y 2 − 36x − 35y − 117 = 0
Example 8.5
3x2 − 36x + y + 99 = 0
3x2 + 12y 2 − 36x − 35y − 117 = 0
Answer
The solution are
(7, 6), (5, 6), (8, −3) and (4, −3)

Example 8.6
−5x2 + 5y 2 + 40x − 71y + 166 = 0

5x2 + 19y 2 − 40x − 97y − 22 = 0
Example 8.6
−5x2 + 5y 2 + 40x − 71y + 166 = 0

5x2 + 19y 2 − 40x − 97y − 22 = 0
Answer
The solution are
(4, 6), (10, 1) and (−2, 1)

Example 8.7
3x2 + 3y 2 − 38x + 18y + 64 = 0

9x2 − 3y 2 + 62x − 18y − 40 = 0
Example 8.7
3x2 + 3y 2 − 38x + 18y + 64 = 0

9x2 − 3y 2 + 62x − 18y − 40 = 0
Answer
There is no solution.
using Computer Application
Chapter X
Application of Systems of Nonlinear
Equation
Application of Systems of Nonlinear
Equation
Example 9.1
The screen size of television sets is given in inches. This indicates
the length of the diagonal. Screens of the same size can come in
different shapes. Wide-screen TVs usually have screens with aspect
ratio 16 : 9, indicating the ratio of the width to the height. Older TV
models often have aspect ratio 4 : 3. A 40-inch LED TV has screen
aspect ratio 16 : 9. Find the length and the width of the screen.
Example 9.1
The screen size of television sets is given in inches. This indicates
the length of the diagonal. Screens of the same size can come in
different shapes. Wide-screen TVs usually have screens with aspect
ratio 16 : 9, indicating the ratio of the width to the height. Older TV
models often have aspect ratio 4 : 3. A 40-inch LED TV has screen
aspect ratio 16 : 9. Find the length and the width of the screen.
Answer
A 40-inch TV with aspect ratio 16 : 9 is about 35.86 inches wide
and 19.61 inches high.
Example 9.2
From a circular piece of metal sheet with diameter 20 cm, a rectan-
gular piece with perimeter 28 cm is to be cut. Find the dimension of
the rectangular piece.
Example 9.2
From a circular piece of metal sheet with diameter 20 cm, a rectan-
gular piece with perimeter 28 cm is to be cut. Find the dimension of
the rectangular piece.
Answer
The dimension is 6 cm × 8cm.
References
Garces, I. J., Bacani, J., Eden, R., Estrada, G. R., Francisco, F., &
Vidallo, M. A. (2016). Precalculus. Diliman, Quezon City:
Commission on Higher Education.
Gilman, M. R., Burger, C., & Neal, K. (2009). Pre-Calculus
Workbook For Dummies. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-
5774 Wiley Publishing, Inc.
Pelias, J. G. P. (2016). Pre-Calculus (First Edition ed.). 856 Nicanor
Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store.
Stitz, C., & Zeager, J. (2011). Precalculus.

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Analytic Geometry Lecture Slides

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Holy Cross College of Calinan

Calinan, Davao City

Mr. Raffy S. Centeno

1. Fundamental Concepts of Analytic Geometry

2. Linear Equations and Inequalities

8. Classifying Conic Section

9. Application of Conic Sections

10. Systems of Nonlinear Equation

11. Application of Systems of Nonlinear Equation

(1) d = |x2 − x1 | or (2) d = |y2 − y1 |

We choose (1) if x differs on each points, otherwise we choose (2).

(−7, 5) and (−7, −23)

(−7, 5) and (−7, −23)

(6, −9) and (−20, −9)

(6, −9) and (−20, −9)

(−3, 2) and (6, 2)

(−3, 2) and (6, 2)

(0, 7) and (−6, 2)

(0, 7) and (−6, 2)

(3, −6) and (8, 1)

(3, −6) and (8, 1)

(7, 2) and (4, −5)

(7, 2) and (4, −5)

(−6, 7) and (−8, 3)

(−6, 7) and (−8, 3)

(−7, 5) and (−7, −23)

(−7, 5) and (−7, −23)

The midpoint is at (−7, −9).

(6, −9) and (−20, −9)

(6, −9) and (−20, −9)

The midpoint is at (−7, −9).

The midpoint is at (0, 3)

Endpoint: (0, −10) Midpoint: (−1, 7)

Endpoint: (0, −10) Midpoint: (−1, 7)

The other endpoint is at (−2, 24)

Endpoint: (3, 0) Midpoint: (5, −4)

Endpoint: (3, 0) Midpoint: (5, −4)

The other endpoint is at (7, −8)

Endpoint: (6, −4) Midpoint: (−2, 7)

Endpoint: (6, −4) Midpoint: (−2, 7)

The other endpoint is at (−10, 18)

Endpoint: (−3, −6) Midpoint: (6, 10)

Endpoint: (−3, −6) Midpoint: (6, 10)

The other endpoint is at (15, 26)

Endpoint: (10, −8) Midpoint: (5, 4)

Endpoint: (10, −8) Midpoint: (5, 4)

The other endpoint is at (0, 16)

(−20, 7) (−5, −2)

(−20, 7) (−5, −2)

(−4, −1) (−19, 1)

(−4, −1) (−19, 1)

(9, 20) (−9, 19)

(9, 20) (−9, 19)

(8, −5) (−14, −19)

(8, −5) (−14, −19)

(−8, −13) (4, −16)

(−8, −13) (4, −16)

where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept. Both m and b are

through: (−3, 5) and (−2, −1)

through: (−3, 5) and (−2, −1)

through: (2, −3) and (0, 1)

through: (2, −3) and (0, 1)

through: (0, 0) and (1, 4)

through: (0, 0) and (1, 4)