MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION

δ(π) = 0 (1)
where,
π = U +V
π = Total Potential Energy of the system
U = Total strain Energy stored in the system
V = Potential Energy of the external loadings
δ = Variational Operator

The expression of axial strain and shear strain are given by:
1 𝑑𝑤 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝜓
εax = 2 ( 𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 (2)

and
1 𝑑𝑤
εsh = 2 ( 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜓) (3)

Total strain energy of the system is given by:

U = Uax + Ush
Where, Uax and Ush are strain energies due to axial strain and shear strain respectively. They are given
by.
1 𝐿 𝐴𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑤 4 𝑑𝑢 2 𝑑𝜓 2 𝑑𝑤 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑤 2 𝑑𝜓
Uax = 2 ∫0 { 4
( 𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝐴𝑎𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝐶𝑎𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝐴𝑎𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑥 ) (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝐵𝑎𝑥 ( 𝑑𝑥 ) ( 𝑑𝑥 ) −
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝜓
2𝐵𝑎𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) ( 𝑑𝑥 )} 𝑑𝑥 (4)

and
𝑘𝑠ℎ 𝐿 𝑑𝑤 2 𝑑𝑤
Ush = ∫ {𝐴𝑠ℎ ( 𝑑𝑥 )
2 0
− 2𝐴𝑠ℎ ( 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝜓 + 𝐴𝑠ℎ 𝜓 2 } 𝑑𝑥 (5)

The stiffness coefficients used in the above equations are given below:
ℎ h h
+ + +
Aax = 𝑏 ∫ ℎ
2
𝐸𝑓 𝑑𝑧 ; Bax = b ∫ h
2
Ef zdz ; Cax = b ∫ h
2
Ef z 2 dz
− − −
2 2 2

and
ℎ
+
2
Ash = 𝑏 ∫ ℎ 𝐺𝑓 𝑑𝑧
−
2

Where
𝐸𝑓
Gf =shear modulus = 2(1+𝜈𝑓 )

Ksh is the shear correction factor which is taken to be 5/6 for rectangular cross section
The Potential Energy of the applied uniform transverse pressure p is given by,
𝐿
V = -∫0 𝑝𝑤𝑑𝑥 (6)

Where p is defined as the force per unit length of the beam.

The three displacement feels considered for the present problem at the following:
u:- in plane displacement field
w:- the transverse displacement field and
𝜓 :- the rotational field of a beam cross section due to bending
Here u, w and 𝜓 are defined at the mid-plane of the beam and are the functions of the axial
coordinate x. These are approximated as finite linear combinations of admissible functions and
unknown coefficients given as,

w = ∑𝑛𝑤
𝑖=1 𝑑𝑖 ∅𝑖 , u = ∑𝑛𝑢
𝑖=1 𝑑𝑛𝑤+𝑖 𝛼𝑖 , 𝜓 = ∑𝑛𝑠𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑑𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+𝑖 𝛽𝑖 (7)

Here, ∅𝑖 , 𝛼𝑖 and βi are set of orthogonal admissible functions for the displacement fields w, u
and ψ respectively; and nw, nu and nsi are the number of functions used to approximate w, u and ψ
respectively. It is to be noted that di is the set of unknown coefficients, which are to be determined
from the governing equations. The admissible functions satisfy the boundary conditions of the beam.
The lowest order functions for each of the displacement fields are selected suitably and the
corresponding higher-order functions are developed numerically following Gram–Schmidt
orthogonalization scheme. Three boundary conditions with immovable ends are considered for the
present work. And these are clamped–clamped (CC), simply supported–simply supported (SS) and
clamped–simply supported (CS). The selected lowest order admissible functions for each of the
displacement fields are given in Table 1 for all three boundary conditions considered.

Table 1
List of lowest admissible functions for the displacement fields.
Displacement field Boundary Conditions Function**
CC
w SS w|x=0=0, w|x=L=0 𝜙1=(x/L)(1- x/L)
CS
CC
u SS u|x=0=0, u|x=L=0 α1= x/L (1- x/L)
CS
CC ψ|x=0 = 0, ψ|x=L = 0 β1=sin(πx/L)
𝜓 SS ψ|x=0 ≠ 0, ψ|x=L ≠ 0 β1=cos(πx/L)
CS ψ|x=0 = 0, ψ|x=L ≠ 0 β1=sin(πx/2L )
 Using the expression of various potential energies given by equations (4), (5) and (6) into
equation (1) and using the approximate displacement fields given by equation (7), the governing
algebraic equations are obtained in the form given below:
[Kij]{dj} = {fi}
where [Kij] and {fi} are the stiffness matrix and load vector, respectively, each of dimension nu + nw
+ nsi.

𝐴𝑎𝑥 𝐿 𝑑𝜙𝑘 2 𝑑𝜙𝑖 𝑑𝜙𝑗 𝐴𝑎𝑥 𝐿 𝑑𝜙𝑘−𝑛𝑤 𝑑𝜙𝑖 𝑑𝜙𝑗

[𝑘𝑖𝑗 ]𝑖=1,𝑛𝑤
𝑗=1,𝑛𝑤 = ∫ (∑𝑛𝑤 𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢
𝑘=1 𝑑𝑘 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 dx + 2 ∫0 (∑𝑘=𝑛𝑤+1 𝑑𝑘 ) dx −
2 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝑑𝛽𝑘−𝑛𝑤−𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝜙𝑖 𝑑𝜙𝑗
𝐵𝑎𝑥 ∫0 (∑𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+𝑛𝑠𝑖
𝑘=𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+1 𝑑𝑘 𝑑𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 dx +

[𝑘𝑖𝑗 ]𝑖=1,𝑛𝑤
𝑗=𝑛𝑤+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢 = 0

𝐿 𝑑𝜙𝑖
[𝑘𝑖𝑗 ]𝑖=1,𝑛𝑤
𝑗=𝑛𝑤+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢 = −𝑘𝑠ℎ 𝐴𝑠ℎ ∫0 𝛽𝑗−𝑛𝑤−𝑛𝑢 dx
𝑑𝑥

𝐴𝑎𝑥 𝐿 𝑑𝜙𝑘 𝑑𝛼𝑖−𝑛𝑤 𝑑𝜙𝑗

[𝑘𝑖𝑗 ]𝑖=𝑛𝑤+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢
𝑗=1,𝑛𝑤 = ∫ (∑𝑛𝑤
2 0 𝑘=1 𝑑𝑘 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
dx

𝐿 𝑑𝛼𝑖−𝑛𝑤 𝑑𝜙𝑗−𝑛𝑤
[𝑘𝑖𝑗 ]𝑖=𝑛𝑤+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢
𝑗=𝑛𝑤+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢 = 𝐴𝑎𝑥 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
dx

𝐿 𝑑𝛼𝑖−𝑛𝑤 𝑑𝛽𝑗−𝑛𝑤−𝑛𝑢
[𝑘𝑖𝑗 ]𝑖=𝑛𝑤+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢
𝑗=𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+𝑛𝑠𝑖 = −𝐵𝑎𝑥 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
dx

𝐵𝑎𝑥 𝐿 𝑑𝜙𝑘 𝑑𝛽𝑖−𝑛𝑤−𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝜙𝑗 𝐿 𝑑𝜙𝑗

[𝑘𝑖𝑗 ]𝑖=𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+𝑛𝑠𝑖
𝑗=1,𝑛𝑤 = − ∫ (∑𝑛𝑤
2 0 𝑘=1 𝑑𝑘 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
dx − 𝑘𝑠ℎ 𝐴𝑠ℎ ∫0 𝛽𝑖−𝑛𝑤−𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑥
dx

𝐵𝑎𝑥 𝐿 𝑑𝛽𝑖−𝑛𝑤−𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝛼𝑗−𝑛𝑤

[𝑘𝑖𝑗 ]𝑖=𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+𝑛𝑠𝑖
𝑗=𝑛𝑤+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢 = − ∫
2 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
dx

𝐿 𝑑𝛽𝑖−𝑛𝑤−𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝛽𝑗−𝑛𝑤−𝑛𝑢 𝐿
[𝑘𝑖𝑗 ]𝑖=𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+𝑛𝑠𝑖
𝑗=𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+𝑛𝑠𝑖 = 𝐶𝑎𝑥 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
dx + 𝑘𝑠ℎ 𝐴𝑠ℎ ∫0 𝛽𝑖−𝑛𝑤−𝑛𝑢 𝛽𝑗−𝑛𝑤−𝑛𝑢 dx

𝐿
{𝑓𝑖 }𝑖=1,𝑛𝑤 = 𝑝 ∫0 𝜙𝑖 𝑑𝑥

{𝑓𝑖 }𝑖=𝑛𝑤+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢 = 0

{𝑓𝑖 }𝑖=𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+𝑛𝑠𝑖 = 0
Dynamic Analysis:-

𝑡2
𝛿(∫𝑡1 (𝑇𝑘 − 𝑈 − 𝑉)𝑑𝑡) = 0
𝐿
1 𝑑𝑤 2 𝑑𝑢 2 𝑑𝜓 2
𝑇𝑘 = ∫{𝐷 ( ) + 𝐷 ( ) + 𝐷 ( ) }𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

Where inertia coefficients D and F are given by

ℎ
+
2
D= 𝑏∫ ℎ 𝜌𝑓 𝑑𝑧 &
−
2

ℎ
+
F = 𝑏∫ ℎ
2
𝜌𝑓 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
−
2

w(x,t) = ∑𝑛𝑤
𝑘=1 𝑑𝑖 𝜙𝑖 (𝑥)𝑒
𝑖𝜔𝑡

u(x,t) = ∑𝑛𝑢
𝑘=1 𝑑𝑛𝑤+𝑖 𝛼𝑖 (𝑥)𝑒
𝑖𝜔𝑡

ψ(x,t) = ∑𝑛𝑠𝑖
𝑘=1 𝑑𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+𝑖 𝛽𝑖 (𝑥)𝑒
𝑖𝜔𝑡

[Kij]{dj} – ω2[Mij]{dj} = 0

𝐿
[𝑀𝑖𝑗 ]𝑖=1,𝑛𝑤
𝑗=1,𝑛𝑤 = 𝐷 ∫ 𝜙𝑖 𝜙𝑗 𝑑𝑥
0
𝐿
[𝑀𝑖𝑗 ]𝑖=𝑛𝑤+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢
𝑗=𝑛𝑤+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢 = 𝐷 ∫ 𝛼𝑖−𝑛𝑤 𝛼𝑗−𝑛𝑤 𝑑𝑥
0
𝐿
[𝑀𝑖𝑗 ]𝑖=𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+𝑛𝑠𝑖
𝑗=𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+1,𝑛𝑤+𝑛𝑢+𝑛𝑠𝑖 = 𝐹 ∫ 𝛽𝑖−𝑛𝑤−𝑛𝑢 𝛽𝑗−𝑛𝑤−𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑥
0
 Functionally graded materials are in homogenous composites obtained by mixing two or more
constituent materials continuously following a given volume fraction. As a result, material properties
become a function of position and a continuous variation from one surface to another can be achieved
in the present context various structural elements are often made out of FGMs. Especially in situations
where unevenly distributed thermal chemical or mechanical loads at present functionally graded
components are extensively used on the other hand non-uniform beans with variable cross section
provide a suitable distribution of mass and strength for engineering structures. Hence FG non uniform
beams are very important structural elements and generate a lot of research interest it should be
mentioned here that variation of material properties in FC payments maybe oriented in transverse
thickness direction or longitudinal axial length direction or both.