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1 Introduction 1
1.1 Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.1 Incompressible Fluid: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.2 Compressible Fluid: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Types of Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.1 Uniform Flow: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.2 Non Uniform Flow: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.3 Steady and Unsteady Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.4 Laminar Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4.5 Turbulent Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 Kinematic Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.7 Classification of Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.7.1 Ideal Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.7.2 Newtonian Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.7.3 Non-Newtonian Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.8 Basic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.8.1 Continuity Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.8.2 Equation of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.8.3 Equations for Newtonian Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.8.4 Equations for Jeffrey Fluid Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.9 Solution Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.9.1 Perturbation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.9.2 Recursive Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
xi
2 Comparison between Analytical Techniques for Two Dimensional New-
4 Conclusion 68
5 Bibliography 70
xii
List of Figures
xiii
List of Symbols
A1 Rivlin-Ericksen tensor
f body force
p dynamic pressure
Q̄ volumetric flow rate
Re Reynolds number
S extra stress tensor
u, v velocity components along x and y directions respectively
V velocity vector
x, y Cartesian coordinates
ρ density
µ dynamic viscosity
ν kinematic viscosity
τ stress tensor
λ1 ratio of relaxation to retardation
λ2 delay time
ψ stream function
xiv
Chapter 1
Introduction
1
This chapter contains the basic definitions and concepts used in this dissertation.
1.1 Fluid
A substance which deforms continuously under the application of tangential (shear) stress
no matter how small the stress may be is known as fluid.
1.2 Flow
If the deformation of the material continuously increases without limit, then the phe-
nomenon is called flow.
1.3 Density
Density, ρ is the mass per unit volume of a fluid at a given temperature and pressure and
is expressed by the equation
m
ρ=
V
where m is the mass and V is the volume.
2
1.4 Types of Flow
∂η
= 0.
∂t
For unsteady flow
∂η
6= 0.
∂t
3
1.5 Viscosity
It is the physical property of a fluid which gives resistance to fluid motion. Mathematically,
it is defined as the ratio of shear stress to rate of shear deformation, i. e.
shear stress
µ=
rate of shear deformation
In above definition, µ is called the dynamic viscosity. Its value depends upon nature
of the fluid.
µ
ν= .
ρ
1. Ideal fluids
2. Newtonian fluids
3. Non-Newtonian fluids
4
1.7.2 Newtonian Fluids
Newton’s law of viscosity states that
” shear stress is directly and linearly proportional to the rate of angular deformation.”
Mathematically it may be expressed as
du
τxy = µ ,
dy
where τxy is shear stress acting on a plane normal to y-axis and u is the velocity in
x-direction.
Fluids those obey Newton’s law of viscosity are called Newtonian fluids. Water and
air under normal conditions are their obvious examples.
∇.(ρV) = 0. (1.2)
∇.V = 0. (1.3)
5
In two dimensional Cartesian coordinates (x, y), continuity equation can be written as
∂u ∂v
+ = 0, (1.4)
∂x ∂y
where u and v are velocity components in x and y directions, respectively.
and
τ = −pI + S. (1.9)
In eq.
(1.9) p is dynamic pressure. In two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system
S S
S = xx xy is extra stress tensor then eq. (1.8) has the form
Syx Syy
∂u ∂u ∂p ∂Sxx ∂Sxy
ρ u +v =− + + , (1.10)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v ∂p ∂Syx ∂Syy
ρ u +v =− + + . (1.11)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
6
1.8.3 Equations for Newtonian Fluid
For Newtonian fluid extra stress tensor S is given as
S = µA1 , (1.12)
∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y
∇V = , (1.14)
∂v ∂v
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v
∂x ∂x
(∇V)T = , (1.15)
∂u ∂v
∂y ∂y
then
∂u ∂u ∂v
2 +
∂x ∂y ∂x
A1 = , (1.16)
∂u ∂v ∂v
+ 2
∂y ∂x ∂y
so for Newtonian fluid using continuity equation, momentum equation becomes
2
∂ u ∂ 2u
∂u ∂u ∂p
ρ u +v =− +µ + , (1.17)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x2 ∂y 2
2
∂ v ∂ 2v
∂v ∂v ∂p
ρ u +v =− +µ + , (1.18)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x2 ∂y 2
eqs. (1.17-1.18) along with continuity equation (1.4) are also known as Navier-Stokes
equations.
7
1.8.4 Equations for Jeffrey Fluid Model
For Jeffrey fluid model extra stress tensor S is given as
µ DA1
S = A1 + λ2 ,
1 + λ1 Dt
µ ∂
= A1 + λ2 + V.∇ A1 ,
1 + λ1 ∂t
∂
for steady case ∂t
= 0, we get
µ
S= A1 + λ2 (V.∇)A1 , (1.19)
1 + λ1
where λ1 is the ratio of relaxation to retardation times and λ2 is the delay time. In
component form
2
∂ 2u
µ ∂u ∂ u
Sxx = 2 + λ2 u 2 + v , (1.20)
1 + λ1 ∂x ∂x ∂x∂y
µ ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂ ∂u ∂v
Sxy = + + λ2 u + )+v + , (1.21)
1 + λ1 ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Syx = Sxy , (1.22)
2 2
µ ∂v ∂ v ∂ v
Syy = 2 + λ2 u +v 2 . (1.23)
1 + λ1 ∂y ∂x∂y ∂y
Using eqs. (1.20-1.23) and in eqs. (1.10-1.11), we get
∂u ∂u ∂p µ 2 ∂ ∂ 2 ∂u ∂ ∂u
ρ u + v =− + ∇ u + λ2 u +v ∇ u+
∂x ∂y ∂x 1 + λ1 ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
2 2 3
∂ 3u
∂v ∂v ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂ u ∂v ∂ u ∂ v
+ + + + + +u 2 +v ,
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂x ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x∂y 2
(1.24)
∂v ∂v ∂p µ ∂ ∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u
ρ u + v =− + ∇2 v + λ2 u +v ∇2 u +
∂x ∂y ∂y 1 + λ1 ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
2 2 3
∂ 3u
∂v ∂v ∂ ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂ v ∂u ∂ v ∂ u
+ + + + + +u 2 +v ,
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y 2 ∂y ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x∂y 2
(1.25)
where
∂2 ∂2
∇2 = + . (1.26)
∂x2 ∂y 2
8
1.9 Solution Techniques
There are so many problems in engineering, biosciences and mathematics whose solutions
are not possible due to the nonlinear nature of the equations. Various analytical meth-
ods such as perturbation method, homotopy perturbation method, homotopy analysis
method, optimal homotopy analysis method, Adomian decomposition method, recursive
approach etc., are used to solve a wide range of these differential equations. In this thesis,
we used perturbation method and recursive approach to solve the flow problems. In the
following sections, we are giving a brief introduction to these methods.
LF = B. (1.27)
F (Xn ) = bn , (1.28)
where L is any differential operator and F is any arbitrary function, then F can be
expanded as
∞
X
F = an Fn , (1.29)
n=0
where a is any small dimensionless parameter, and Fn are independent of a. Using eq.
(1.29) in eqs. (1.27-1.28), and equating the equal powers of a, we get a system of equations.
By solving each equation in the system subject to its boundary condition, we get F0,F1,· · · .
Which on substitution in eq. (1.29), we get our required solution.
9
1.9.2 Recursive Approach
In this approach we start as
10
Chapter 2
11
In this chapter, review of the paper titled ”Laminar Flow in Channels with Porous Walls”
by Burman[1], is presented in details. In his paper he discussed a two dimensional problem
in Cartesian coordinates system. In order to solve that problem he used the similarity
transformations to convert the partial differential equations of the problem into ordinary
differential equation and solved it by using perturbation technique. In this thesis we also
solved the same problem using recursive approach and results are compared.
12
The boundary conditions of the problem are
u(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (2.1)
∂u(x, y)
= 0, at y=0 (2.2)
∂y
v(x, y) = 0, at y=0 (2.3)
v(x, y) = vw , at y = ±h (2.4)
Z h
2 u(x, y)dy = Q̄, at x=0 (2.5)
0
∂u 1 ∂v
+ = 0, (2.7)
∂x h ∂δ
and eqs. (1.17-1.18) can be written as
2
1 ∂ 2u
∂u v ∂u 1 ∂p ∂ u
u + = − +ν + , (2.8)
∂x h ∂δ ρ ∂x ∂x2 h2 ∂δ 2
2
1 ∂ 2v
∂v v ∂v 1 ∂p ∂ v
u + = − +ν + . (2.9)
∂x h ∂δ hρ ∂δ ∂x2 h2 ∂δ 2
Boundary conditions (2.1-2.5) according to eq. (2.6) are transformed as
u(x, δ) = 0, at δ = ±1 (2.10)
∂u(x, δ)
= 0, at δ=0 (2.11)
∂δ
v(x, δ) = 0, at δ=0 (2.12)
v(x, δ) = vw , at δ = ±1 (2.13)
Q̄
ū(0) = , at x=0 (2.14)
2h
where ū(0) is average velocity.
Introduce stream function ψ as
1 ∂ψ
u(x, δ) = , (2.15)
h ∂δ
13
∂ψ
v(x, δ) = − , (2.16)
∂x
which identically satisfy continuity equation (2.7).
As the flow is symmetric about a plane midway between the walls, the solution can be
calculated for the half channel. Looking into the boundary conditions, suitable choice of
stream function can be taken as
14
which implies
0
Re f (δ) + f(δ)f (δ) + f iv (δ) = 0.
02 00
(2.27)
15
Solving eq. (2.33) subject to boundary conditions (2.36) for n = 0 and (2.37), we get
1 3
f0 = − δ 3 + δ. (2.39)
2 2
Solving eq. (2.34) subject to boundary conditions (2.36) and (2.38) for n = 1, gives
1 7 3
f1 = − δ + 3δ − 2δ . (2.40)
280
The perturbation solution for f(δ) and k, after substituting in series (2.31) and (2.32)
become
1 2 Re 7 3
f(δ) = δ 3−δ + − δ + 3δ − 2δ + · · · , (2.41)
2 280
81
k = −3 + Re + · · · . (2.42)
35
Taking derivative of eq. (2.41), we obtain
0 3 2 1 6 9 2 1
f (δ) = 1 − δ + Re − δ + δ − + ··· , (2.43)
2 40 280 140
Substituting eq. (2.43) in eq. (2.18) and eq. (2.41) in eq. (2.19), we obtain velocity field
as
vw x 3 2 1 6 9 2 1
u(x, δ) = ū(0) − 1 − δ + Re − δ + δ − , (2.44)
h 2 40 280 140
1 2 Re 7 3
v(x, δ) = vw δ 3 − δ + − δ + 3δ − 2δ . (2.45)
2 280
Using eq. (2.28) in eq. (2.24), we obtain
∂p kµ vw x
= 2 ū(0) − . (2.46)
∂x h h
From (2.21), we have
∂p µvw 00
= −vw2 ρf(δ)f 0 (δ) + f (δ). (2.47)
∂δ h
Integrating eq. (2.47) w.r.t δ, yields
vw2 ρ 2 µvw 0
p(x, δ) = − f (δ) + f (δ) + A(x), (2.48)
2 h
16
where A(x) is constant of integration.
Now differentiating eq. (2.48) w.r.t x gives
∂p
= A0(x), (2.49)
∂x
comparing eqs. (2.46) and eq. (2.49), we obtain
0 kµ vw x
A (x) = 2 ū(0) − , (2.50)
h h
v w x2
kµ
A(x) = 2 ū(0)x − + a, (2.51)
h 2h
Finally we get
2
vw2 ρ 1
2 Re 7 3 µvw 3
p(x, δ) = p0 − δ 3−δ + − δ + 3δ − 2δ + − δ2
2 2 280 h 2
2
1 9 2 kµ vw x
+ Re − δ 6 + δ + 2 ū(0)x − .
40 280 h 2h
(2.54)
17
2.2.2 Case 2: Recursive Approach
To get the solution of the problem mentioned above (Burman’s problem) using recursive
approach, we proceed by rewriting eqs. (1.30) and (1.31):
V = V(1) + 2V(2) + 3V(3) + · · · , (2.55)
p = C + p(1) + 2p(2) + 3 p(3) + · · · , (2.56)
where C is an arbitrary constant and is small dimensionless constant.
Using series (2.55), we get continuity equation (1.3) as
or
∇.V(1) + 2 ∇.V(2) + 3∇.V(3) + · · · = 0, (2.57)
18
Defining
(1)
A1 = (∇V(1)) + (∇V(1))T , (2.65)
(2)
A1 = (∇V(2)) + (∇V(2))T , (2.66)
(3) (3) (3) T
A1 = (∇V ) + (∇V ) , (2.67)
eq. (2.64) can be written as
(1) (2) (3)
A1 = A1 + 2A1 + 3A1 + · · · . (2.68)
Substituting eq. (2.68) in eq. (1.12), we get
(1) (2) (3)
S = µ A1 + 2 A1 + 3 A1 + · · · .
(2.69)
Substituting eq. (2.69) and eq. (2.56) in eq. (1.9), we obtain
(1) (2) (3)
τ = −C + p(1)I + µA1 + 2 p(2) I + A1 + 3 p(3) I + A1 + · · · . (2.70)
Using eqs. (2.61) and (2.70) in eq. (1.8), we get momentum equation as
2 (1) (1) 3
(1) (2) (2) (1) (1)
+ · · · = (−∇p(1) + µ∇.A1 )
ρ (V .∇)V + (V .∇)V + (V .∇)V
(2) (3)
+ 2(−∇p(2) + µ∇.A1 ) + 3 (−∇p(3) + µ∇.A1 ) + · · · . (2.71)
For two dimensional flow velocity coordinates are defined as
u(x, y) = u(1) + 2 u(2) + 3u(3) + · · · , (2.72)
v(x, y) = v (1) + 2v (2) + 3 v (3) + · · · , (2.73)
and accordingly boundary conditions (2.1-2.5) are transformed as
where
vw = Vw and Q̄ = Q.
Equating equal powers of , we get following systems of equations
19
2.2.2.1 System of 1st Order Equations:
∇.V(1) = 0, (2.79)
(1)
−∇p(1) + µ∇.A1 = 0. (2.80)
Subject to:
u(1)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (2.81)
∂u(1)(x, y)
= 0, at y=0 (2.82)
∂y
(1)
v (x, y) = 0, at y=0 (2.83)
v (1)(x, y) = vw , at y = ±h (2.84)
Z h
2 u(1)(x, y)dy = Q, at x=0 (2.85)
0
∇.V(2) = 0, (2.86)
(2)
ρ(V(1).∇)V(1) = −∇p(2) + µ∇.A1 . (2.87)
Subject to:
u(2)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (2.88)
∂u(2)(x, y)
= 0, at y=0 (2.89)
∂y
(2)
v (x, y) = 0, at y=0 (2.90)
v (2)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (2.91)
∇.V(3) = 0, (2.92)
(3)
ρ (V(1).∇)V(2) + (V(2) .∇)V(1) = −∇p(3) + µ∇.A1 .
(2.93)
20
Subject to:
u(3)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (2.94)
∂u(3)(x, y)
= 0, at y=0 (2.95)
∂y
(3)
v (x, y) = 0, at y=0 (2.96)
v (3)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (2.97)
∂p(1)
= µ∇2u(1), (2.103)
∂x
21
∂p(1)
= µ∇2v (1). (2.104)
∂y
Defining stream function as
∂ψ (1)
u(1) = , (2.105)
∂y
∂ψ (1)
v (1) = − , (2.106)
∂x
which identically satisfy continuity equation (2.102) and eqs. (2.103-2.104) reduced to
∂p(1) ∂
= µ ∇2ψ (1), (2.107)
∂x ∂y
∂p(1) ∂
= −µ ∇2ψ (1). (2.108)
∂y ∂x
From eqs. (2.107-2.108), we obtain
∇4ψ = 0, (2.109)
along with boundary conditions
∂ψ (1)
= 0, at y = ±h (2.110)
∂y
2 (1)
∂ ψ
= 0, at y=0 (2.111)
∂y 2
∂ψ (1)
= 0, at y=0 (2.112)
∂x
∂ψ (1)
= −vw , at y = ±h (2.113)
∂x
Z h (1)
∂ψ
2 dy = Q, at x=0 (2.114)
0 ∂y
also at central line i.e.,
ψ (1) = 0, at x=0 (2.115)
Let
ψ (1)(x, y) = Vw xf(y) + g(y), (2.116)
∇4ψ (1)(x, y) = Vw xf iv (y) + g iv (y). (2.117)
Comparing eq.(2.109) and eq.(2.117), we obtain
22
either f iv (y) = 0, (2.119)
or g iv (y) = 0. (2.120)
Transforming boundary conditions according to eq. (2.118), we obtain
1 y3 3y
f(y) = 3
− . (2.125)
2h 2h
Solving eq. (2.120) subject to the boundary conditions (2.123-2.124), we obtain
Qy 3 3Qy
g(y) = − + . (2.126)
4h3 4h
So
Q 1 y3
(1) 3y
ψ (x, y) = Vw x − −
2 2 h3 2h
Q
= Vw x − H(y), (2.127)
2
implies
(1) Q 0
u (x, y) = Vw x − H (y),
2
Q 3 y2
3
= Vw x − − (2.128)
2 2 h3 2h
23
Using eq. (2.128) in (2.103) and eq. (2.129) in eq. (2.104), yields
∂p(1)
Q
= µ Vw x − H 000(y). (2.132)
∂x 2
∂p(1)
= −µVw H 00(y). (2.133)
∂y
Integrating eq. (2.133) w.r.t y, we get
where B(x) is integration constant, now by differentiating eq. (2.134) w.r.t x, we obtain
∂p(1)
= B 0(x). (2.135)
∂x
Comparing eqs. (2.132) and (2.135), we get
0 Q
B (x) = µ Vw x − H 000(y). (2.136)
2
Now integrating w.r.t x, implies
Vw x2 Qx
B(x) = µ − H 000(y) + b, (2.137)
2 2
Vw x2 Qx 000
(1) 0
p (x, y) = −µVw H (y) + µ − H (y) + b,
2 2
2
3µ Vw x2 Qx
3y 3
= −µVw − + 3 − + b. (2.138)
2 h3 2h h 2 2
(1)
Let the pressure at the entrance of the channel at (0, 0) is p0 , then we obtain
3µVw 3µ Vw x2 Qx
(1)
b = p0 − − 3 − . (2.139)
2h h 2 2
Finally we get
3 y2
(1) (1)
p (x, y) = p0 − µVw . (2.140)
2 h3
24
2.2.2.5 Solution to 2nd Order system of Equations
∂u(2) ∂v (2)
+ = 0. (2.143)
∂x ∂y
Using eq. (2.142), the component form of eq. (2.87) can be written as
(1) (1)
∂p(2)
(1) ∂u (1) ∂u
ρ u +v =− + µ∇2 u(2), (2.144)
∂x ∂y ∂x
∂u(1) ∂u(1) ∂p(2)
ρ u(1) + v (1) =− + µ∇2 v (2). (2.145)
∂x ∂y ∂y
Defining stream function as
∂ψ (2)
u(2)(x, y) = , (2.146)
∂y
∂ψ (2)
v (2)(x, y) = − , (2.147)
∂x
which identically satisfy continuity equation (2.143) and eqs. (2.144-2.145) reduced to
∂p(2)
∂ 2 (2) Q 02 00
− + µ ∇ ψ = ρVw Vw x − H (y) − H(y)H (y) , (2.148)
∂x ∂y 2
∂p(2) ∂
− − µ ∇2ψ (2) = ρVw2 H(y)H 0(y). (2.149)
∂y ∂x
25
From eqs. (2.148-2.149), we obtain
4 (2) ρVw Q 0 00 000
∇ψ = Vw x − H (y)H (y) − H(y)H (y) ,
µ 2
Q 3y 3
ρVw
= Vw x − , (2.150)
µ 2 h6
let
(2)ρVw Q
ψ = Vw x − N(y), (2.151)
µ 2
4 (2) ρVw Q
∇ψ = Vw x − N iv (y). (2.152)
µ 2
Comparing eq. (2.150) and eq (2.152), we get
3y 3
N iv (y) = . (2.153)
h6
Transforming the boundary conditions according to eq. (2.151), we get
26
Using eqs. (2.128), (2.129) and (2.157) in eq. (2.144), we obtain
∂p(2)
Q 000 02 00
= ρVw Vw x − N (y) − H (y) + H(y)H (y) . (2.159)
∂x 2
Using eqs. (2.128), (2.129) and (2.158) in eq. (2.145), we obtain
∂p(2)
= −ρVw2 N 00(y) − ρVw2 H(y)H 0(y). (2.160)
∂y
Integrating eq. (2.160) w.r.t y, we obtain
ρVw2 2
p(2) (x, y) = −ρVw2 N 0 (y) − H (y) + C(x), (2.161)
2
where C(x) is constant of integration. Differentiating eq. (2.161) w.r.t x, we have
∂p(2)
= C 0(x). (2.162)
∂x
Comparing eq. (2.159) and eq. (2.162), we obtain
0 Q 000 02 00
C (x) = ρVw Vw x − N (y) − H (y) + H(y)H (y) . (2.163)
2
Integrating above equation w.r.t x, yields
Vw x2 Qx
000 02 00
C(x) = ρVw − N (y) − H (y) + H(y)H (y) + c, (2.164)
2 2
where is c is constant of integration, need to be determined. Substituting value of C(x)
from (2.164) in eq. (2.161), we get
ρVw2 2 Vw x2 Qx
(2) 2 0
p (x, y) = −ρVw N (y) − H (y) + ρVw − N 000(y) − H 02(y)
2 2 2
+ H(y)H 00 (y) + c,
6 2 3 2
ρVw2 ρVw2
y y y y
= − 7 −9 +2 − −3
280 h h 8 h h
4 2
ρVw Vw x2 Qx
y y 81
− 2
− − 3 + + c. (2.165)
h 2 2 h h 35
(2)
Let p(2) (x, y) = p0 at (x, y) = (0, 0), then
(2) ρVw2
c = p0 + . (2.166)
140
27
Finally we obtain
6 2 3 2
(2) ρVw2 y
(2) y ρVw2 y y
p (x, y) = − 7
p0 −9 − −3
280 h h 8 h h
2
4 2
ρVw Vw x Qx y y 81
− 2
− −3 + .
h 2 2 h h 35
(2.167)
∂u(3) ∂v (3)
+ = 0. (2.170)
∂x ∂y
Using eq. (2.169), the component form eq. (2.93) can be written as
(3) ∂ψ (3)
u = , (2.173)
∂y
(3) ∂ψ (3)
v =− , (2.174)
∂x
28
which identically satisfy continuity equation (2.170) and eqs. (2.171-2.172) reduced to
∂p(3) ρVw2
∂ 2 (3) Q 0 0 00 00
− +µ ∇ ψ = Vw x − 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) ,
∂x ∂y µ 2
(2.175)
(3) 3
0
∂p ∂ ρVw
− − µ ∇2 ψ (3) = H(y)N(y) . (2.176)
∂y ∂x µ
From eqs. (2.175-2.176), we obtain
0
ρ2 Vw2
4 (3) Q 0 0 00 00
∇ψ = Vw x − 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) , (2.177)
µ2 2
let,
ρ2 Vw2
(3) Q
ψ = Vw x − M(y), (2.178)
µ2 2
ρ2 Vw2
4 (3) Q
∇ψ = Vw x − M iv (y). (2.179)
µ2 2
Comparing eq. (2.177) and eq.(2.179), we obtain
0
iv 0 0 00 00
M (y) = 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) ,
3y 7 9y 5 9y 3
= − + − . (2.180)
35h9 10h7 70h5
Transforming the boundary condition according to eq. (2.178), we have
29
So
ρ2 Vw2
(3) Q
u = Vw x − M 0 (y),
µ2 2
10 8 6 2
ρ2 Vw2 h
Q 1 y 3 y 3 y 1049 y 611
= Vw x − − + − + − ,
560µ2 2 15 h 2 h 5 h 770 h 1155
(2.184)
2 3
ρV
v (3) = − 2w M(y),
µ
2 3 2
11 9 7 3
ρ Vw h 1 y 1 y 3 y 1049 y 611 y
= − − + − + − .
560µ2 165 h 6 h 35 h 2310 h 1155 h
(2.185)
∂p(3) ρ2 Vw2
Q 000 0 0 00 00
= Vw x − M (y) − 2H (y)N (y) + H(y)N (y) + H (y)N(y) ,
∂x µ 2
(2.186)
0
∂p(3) ρ2 Vw3
= − H(y)N(y) + M 00(y) . (2.187)
∂y µ
Integrating eq. (2.187) w.r.t y, we get
ρ2 Vw3
(3) 0
p (x, y) = − H(y)N(y) + M (y) + D(x), (2.188)
µ
∂p(3)
= D0 (x). (2.189)
∂x
Comparing eq. (2.186) and eq. (2.189), we have
ρ2 Vw2
0 Q 000 0 0 00 00
D (x) = Vw x − M (y) − 2H (y)N (y) + H(y)N (y) + H (y)N(y) . (2.190)
µ 2
ρ2 Vw2 Vw x2 Qx
000 0 0 00 00
D(x) = − M (y)−2H (y)N (y)+H(y)N (y)+H (y)N(y) +d, (2.191)
µ 2 2
30
where d is constant of integration. Substituting value of D(x) from eq. (2.191) in eq.
(2.188), we get
ρ2Vw3 ρ2 Vw2 Vw x2 Qx
(3) 0
p (x, y) = − H(y)N(y) + M (y) + − M 000(y) − 2H 0 (y)N 0(y)
µ µ 2 2
00 00
+ H(y)N (y) + H (y)N(y) + d,
10 8 6 4 2
ρ2Vw3h 14 y 3 y 18 y y 1049 y
= − − − + 11 +
560µ 15 h 2 h 5 h h 770 h
2 2
2
8
y 611 ρ Vw Vw x Qx 3 y 26459
− 6 − + − + + d.
h 1155 hµ 2 2 140 h 215600
(2.192)
(3)
Taking p(3)(x, y) = p0 at (0,0), we obtain
ρ2 Vw3h 611
(3)
d = p0 − . (2.193)
560µ 1155
Finally we get
10 8 6 4 2
(3) ρ2 Vw3h 14 y
(3) 3 y 18 y y 1049 y
p (x, y) = − p0 − − + 11 +
560µ 15 h 2 h 5 h h 770 h
8
ρ2 Vw2 Vw x2 Qx
y 3 y 26459
− 6 + − + .
h hµ 2 2 140 h 215600
(2.194)
Using eqs. (2.128, 2.157, 2.184) in eq. (2.72) the u component of velocity field is given as
2 6 2
2ρVw h 1 y
Vw x Q 3 y 9 y 1
u(x, y) = − −1 + − +
h 2h 2 h µ 40 h 280 h 140
10 8 6 2
3 ρ2 Vw2 h2
1 y 3 y 3 y 1049 y 611
+ − + − + −
µ2 560 15 h 2 h 5 h 770 h 1155
+ ··· . (2.195)
Using eqs. (2.129, 2.158, 2.185) in eq. (2.73) the v component of velocity field is given as
3 2
7 3
Vw y 3 y 2 ρVw h y y y
v(x, y) = − − − −3 +2
2 h 2 h µ 280 h h h
2 3 2
11 6 7 3
3 ρ Vw h 1 y 1 y 3 y 1049 y
− − + − +
µ2 560 165 h 6 h 35 h 2310 h
611 y
− + ··· .
1155 h
(2.196)
31
Similarly substituting eqs. (2.140, 2.167, 2.194) in eq. (2.56), we obtain pressure field as
2 6 2
ρVw2
(1) 3y 2 (2) y y
p(x, y) = C + p0 − µVw 3
+ p0 − 7 −9
2h 280 h h
2
3 2 2
4 2
ρVw y y ρVw Vw x Qx y y 81
− −3 − 2 − −3 +
8 h h h 2 2 h h 35
2 3
10 8 6 4 2
3 (3) ρ Vw h 14 y 3 y 18 y y 1049 y
+ p0 − − − + 11 +
560µ 15 h 2 h 5 h h 770 h
8
ρ2 Vw2 Vw x2 Qx
y 3 y 26459
− 6 + − + , (2.197)
h hµ 2 2 140 h 215600
say
(1) (2) (3)
p0 = C + p0 + 2p0 + 3p0 . (2.198)
Implies
6 2
3 y2 ρVw2
2 y y
p(x, y) = p0 + − µVw 3
+ − 7 −9
2h 280 h h
3 2 4 2
ρVw2 ρVw Vw x2 Qx
y y y y 81
− −3 − 2 − −3 +
8 h h h 2 2 h h 35
2 3
10 8 6 4 2
3 ρ Vw h 14 y 3 y 18 y y 1049 y
+ − − − + 11 +
560µ 15 h 2 h 5 h h 770 h
2 2
2
8
y ρ Vw Vw x Qx 3 y 26459
− 6 + − + ,
h hµ 2 2 140 h 215600
(2.199)
Substituting values of Vw and Q in eqs. (2.195-2.196) and (2.199), we get
2 6 2
vw x Q 3 y ρvw h 1 y 9 y 1
u(x, y) = − −1 + − +
h 2h 2 h µ 40 h 280 h 140
10 8 6 2
ρ2vw2 h2
1 y 3 y 3 y 1049 y 611
+ − + − + −
µ2 560 15 h 2 h 5 h 770 h 1155
+ ··· ,
(2.200)
3 2
7 3
vw y y ρv h y y y
v(x, y) = − −3 − w −3 +2
2 h h µ 280 h h h
2 3 2
11 6 7 3
ρ vw h 1 y 1 y 3 y 1049 y 611 y
+ − + − +
560µ2 165 h 6 h 35 h 2310 h 1155 h
+ ··· ,
(2.201)
32
6 2 3 2
3 y2 ρvw2 ρvw2
y y y y
p(x, y) = p0 − µvw − 7 − 9 − − 3
2 h3 280 h h 8 h h
2
4 2 2 3
10 8
ρvw vw x Q̄x y y 81 ρ vw h 14 y 3 y
− − −3 + − −
h2 2 2 h h 35 560µ 15 h 2 h
6 4 2 8
ρ2 vw2 vw x2 Q̄x
18 y y 1049 y y 3 y
− + 11 + −6 + −
5 h h 770 h h hµ 2 2 140 h
26459
+ + ··· . (2.202)
215600
33
2.3 Result and Discussion
This figure shows the u component of the velocity profile, in which P M is the graph
of solution obtained by perturbation techniques and RA is the graph of solution obtained
by recursive approach. We can observe that the graphs using P M and RA coincide to
each other.
34
For ū(0) = 1, vw = 0.5, h = 2, x = 2, R = 1, Q = 2, ρ = 0.5, µ = 0.5.
This figure shows the v component of the velocity profile, in which P M is the graph
of solution obtained by perturbation technique and RA is the graph of solution obtained
by recursive approach. The graphs of v component of the velocity profile coincide for P M
and RA.
35
For p0 = 0.5, ū(0) = 0.5, vw = 0.5, h = 2, x = 0.1, ρ = 0.5, µ = 0.5, R = 1, Q = 2.
This figure shows the pressure profile of the problem, in which P M is the graph of
solution obtained by perturbation technique and RA is the graph of solution obtained by
recursive approach. There is minor difference between the results obtained by RA and
the results obtained by P M as they both are much more closer to the assumed boundary
conditions.
36
Chapter 3
Analytical Techniques
37
This study is the extension of the previous chapter. The same problem was discussed
for Newtonian fluid. Now we apply Jeffrey fluid model instead of Newtonian fluid on the
same problem. The perturbation method and recursive approach has also been used in
this problem. And the results are compared afterwards.
For Jeffrey model fluid continuity equation (1.4) and momentum equation (1.24-1.26)
using δ = hy transformed to
∂u 1 ∂v
+ = 0, (3.1)
∂x h ∂δ
38
and eqs. (1.24-1.26) can be written as
∂u v ∂u ∂p µ ¯ u + λ2 u ∂ + v ∂ )∇
2 ¯ 2u
ρ u + =− + ∇
∂x h ∂δ ∂x 1 + λ1 ∂x h ∂δ
∂u ∂ 2u 1 ∂v ∂ 2u
1 ∂u ∂ 1 ∂u ∂v 1 ∂v ∂ 1 ∂u ∂v
+ ( + + 2 + + +
h ∂δ ∂x h ∂δ ∂x h ∂δ ∂δ h ∂δ ∂x ∂x ∂x2 h ∂x ∂x∂δ
u ∂ 3v v ∂ 3u
+ + ,
h ∂x2∂y h2 ∂x∂δ 2
(3.2)
∂v v ∂v 1 ∂p µ 2
¯ v + λ2 u ∂ v ∂ ¯ 2u
ρ u + =− + ∇ + ∇
∂x h ∂δ h ∂y 1 + λ1 ∂x h ∂δ
1 ∂v ∂ 2v 1 ∂u ∂ 2v
∂u ∂ 1 ∂u ∂v 1 ∂v ∂ 1 ∂u ∂v
+ + + + + 3 +
∂x ∂x h ∂δ ∂x h ∂δ ∂x h ∂δ ∂x h ∂δ ∂δ 2 h2 ∂δ ∂x∂δ
u ∂ 3u v ∂ 3u
+ + .
h ∂x2∂δ h2 ∂x∂δ 2
(3.3)
where
2 2
¯2 = ∂ + 1 ∂ .
∇ (3.4)
∂x2 h2 ∂δ 2
Let
ψ(x, δ) = hū(0) − vw x f(δ), (3.5)
here f(δ) is some function of parameter δ, need to be determined. Using eq. (3.5) in eqs.
(2.15-2.16), we obtain
vw x 0
u(x, δ) = ū(0) − f (δ), (3.6)
h
39
ρvw2
0 1 ∂p µvw 00 λ2 vw 0 00 000
f(δ)f (δ) = − + f (δ) + 3f (δ)f (δ) + f(δ)f (δ) .
h h ∂δ h2 (1 + λ1 ) h
(3.9)
Differentiating eq. (3.8) w.r.t δ and eq. (3.9) w.r.t x, yields
0
∂ 2p
ρvw vw x µ vw x
ū(0) − 00 02
f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ) = − + ū(0) − {f iv (δ)
h h ∂x∂δ h2 (1 + λ1 ) h
0
λ2 vw iv 002
+ f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ) , (3.10)
h
1 ∂ 2p
− = 0. (3.11)
h ∂x∂δ
Substituting eq. (3.11) in eq. (3.10) and simplifying, we get
ρvw (1 + λ1 )h iv λ2 vw 0
000 0 00
f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ)f (δ) = f (δ) + f (δ)f iv (δ) + f(δ)f v (δ)
µ h
− 2f 00 (δ)f 000(δ) .
(3.12)
Defining
ρvw (1 + λ1 )h
R= , (3.13)
µ
and
λ2 vw
k= , (3.14)
h
we get
R f(δ)f 000(δ) − f 0(δ)f 00(δ) = f iv (δ) + k f 0 (δ)f iv (δ) + f(δ)f v (δ) − 2f 00(δ)f 000(δ) . (3.15)
Let
kR k
k= = Rk̄, where k̄ = , (3.16)
R R
then
R f(δ)f 000(δ) − f 0 (δ)f 00(δ) = f iv (δ) + Rk̄ f 0 (δ)f iv (δ) + f(δ)f v (δ) − 2f 00 (δ)f 000(δ) .
(3.17)
Boundary conditions (2.10-2.13) with the help of eqs. (3.6-3.7) are transformed to
40
3.2 Solution of the Problem
f0iv = 0, (3.21)
O(R1 ) :
f0 f0000 − f00 f000 = f1iv + k̄[f00 f0iv + f0 f0v − 2f000 f0000], (3.22)
O(R2 ) :
f0 f1000 + f1 f0000 − f00 f100 − f10 f000 = f2iv + k̄[f00 f1iv + f10 f0iv + f0 f1v + f1 f0v − 2f000 f1000 − 2f100 f0000].
(3.23)
Solving eq. (3.21) subject to boundary conditions (3.24) for n = 0 and (3.25), we get
1 3
f0 = − δ 3 + δ. (3.27)
2 2
Solving eq. (3.22) subject to boundary conditions (3.24) and (3.26) for n = 1, we get
1 7 3 3k̄ 5 3
f1 = − δ + 3δ − 2δ + δ − 6δ + δ . (3.28)
280 20
41
Solving eq. (3.23) subject to boundary conditions (3.24) and (3.26) for n = 2, we get
1 11 1 9 3 7 73 3 4553 1 9 33 7
f2 = δ − δ + δ + δ + δ + k̄ δ − δ
92400 3360 19600 107800 123600 560 1400
9 5 71 3 99 2 3 7 9 5 9 3 3
+ δ + δ − δ + k̄ δ − δ + δ − δ . (3.29)
1400 1400 2800 70 100 175 700
The perturbation solution for f(δ), after substituting eqs. (3.27-3.28) in series (3.20)
becomes
1 3 3 1 7 3
3k̄ 5 3 2 1
δ 11
f(δ) = − δ + δ + R − δ + 3δ − 2δ + δ − 6δ + δ + R
2 2 280 20 92400
1 9 3 73 4553 1 9 33 7 9 5
− δ + δ7 + δ3 + δ + k̄ δ − δ + δ
3360 19600 107800 123600 560 1400 1400
71 3 99 2 3 7 9 5 9 3 3
+ δ − δ + k̄ δ − δ + δ − δ + ··· . (3.30)
1400 2800 70 100 175 700
Differentiating eq. (3.30) w.r.t δ, we get
0 3 2 3 1 6 2
3k̄ 4 2
2 1 10
f (δ) = − δ + + R − 7δ + 9δ − 2 + 5δ − 18δ + 1 + R δ
2 2 280 20 8400
3 8 3 6 219 2 4553 9 8 33 6 9 4
− δ + δ + δ + + k̄ δ − δ + δ
1120 2800 107800 123600 560 200 280
213 2 99 2 3 6 9 4 27 2 3
+ δ − + k̄ δ − δ + δ − + ··· . (3.31)
1400 2800 10 20 175 700
Using eq. (3.31) in eq. (3.6) and eq. (3.30) in eq. (3.7), we obtain
vw x 3 2 3 1 6 2
3k̄ 4 2
u(x, δ) = ū(0) − − δ + +R − 7δ + 9δ − 2 + 5δ − 18δ + 1
h 2 2 280 20
2 1 10 3 8 3 6 219 2 4553 9 8 33 6
+ R δ − δ + δ + δ + + k̄ δ − δ
8400 1120 2800 107800 123600 560 200
9 4 213 2 99 2 3 6 9 4 27 2 3
+ δ + δ − + k̄ δ − δ + δ − + ··· , (3.32)
280 1400 2800 10 20 175 700
1 3 3 1 7 3
3k̄ 5 3 2 1
δ 11
v(x, δ) = vw − δ + δ + R − δ + 3δ − 2δ + δ − 6δ + δ + R
2 2 280 20 92400
1 9 3 73 4553 1 9 33 7 9 5
− δ + δ7 + δ3 + δ + k̄ δ − δ + δ
3360 19600 107800 123600 560 1400 1400
71 3 99 2 3 7 9 5 9 3 3
+ δ − δ + k̄ δ − δ + δ − δ + ··· .
1400 2800 70 100 175 700
(3.33)
42
From eqs. (3.8-3.9), we have
∂p µ vw x 000 λ2 vw iv 002
= ū(0) − f (δ) + f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ)
∂x h2 (1 + λ1 ) h h
ρvw vw x
− ū(0) − f(δ)f 00 (δ) − f 02 (δ) , (3.34)
h h
∂p µvw λ2 vw
= 00
f (δ) + 3f (δ)f (δ) + f(δ)f (δ) − ρvw2 f(δ)f 0 (δ).
0 00 000
∂δ h(1 + λ1 ) h
(3.35)
43
Let the pressure at the entrance of the channel at (x, y) = (0, 0) is p0 , then we obtain
ρvw2 2
µvw 0 λ2 vw 00 02
a = p0 − f (0) + f(0)f (0) + f (0) + f (0). (3.41)
h(1 + λ1 ) h 2
Finally we get
µvw 0 0 λ2 vw
p(x, δ) = p0 + f (δ) − f (0) + f(δ)f 00 (δ) + f 02 (δ) − f(0)f 00 (0)
h(1 + λ1 ) h
ρvw2 2 v w x2
02 2 µ
− f (0) − f (δ) − f (0) + 2 ū(0)x − f 000(δ)
2 h (1 + λ1 ) 2h
v w x2
λ2 vw iv 002 ρvw 00 02
+ f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ) − ū(0)x − f(δ)f (δ) − f (δ) .
h h 2h
(3.42)
44
Using eqs. (2.61) and (3.45) in eq. (1.8), we get momentum equation as
2 (1) (1) 3
(1) (2) (2) (1)
+ · · · = − ∇p(1)I
ρ (V .∇)V + (V .∇)V + (V .∇)V
µ (1) 2 (2) µ (2) (1) (1)
+ ∇.A1 + − ∇p I + ∇.A1 + λ2 ∇.(V .∇)A1
1 + λ1 1 + λ1
3 (3) µ (3) (1) (2) (2) (1)
+ − ∇p I + ∇.A1 + λ2 (∇.(V .∇)A1 + ∇.(V .∇)A1 ) + · · · .
1 + λ1
(3.46)
∇.V(1) = 0, (3.47)
µ (1)
−∇p(1) + ∇.A1 = 0. (3.48)
1 + λ1
Subject to:
u(1)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (3.49)
∂u(1)(x, y)
= 0, at y=0 (3.50)
∂y
(1)
v (x, y) = 0, at y=0 (3.51)
v (1)(x, y) = vw , at y = ±h (3.52)
Z h
2 u(1)(x, y)dy = Q, at x=0 (3.53)
0
∇.V(2) = 0, (3.54)
(1) (1) µ
(2) (2) (1) (1)
ρ(V .∇)V = −∇p I + ∇.A1 + λ2 ∇.(V .∇)A1 . (3.55)
1 + λ1
45
Subject to:
u(2)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (3.56)
∂u(2)(x, y)
= 0, at y=0 (3.57)
∂y
(2)
v (x, y) = 0, at y=0 (3.58)
v (2)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (3.59)
∇.V(3) = 0, (3.60)
µ (3) (2)
ρ (V(1) .∇)V(2) + (V(2).∇)V(1) = −∇p(3)I + ∇.A1 + λ2 ∇.(V(1).∇)A1
1 + λ1
(2) (1)
+ ∇.(V .∇)A1 .
(3.61)
Subject to:
u(3)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (3.62)
∂u(3)(x, y)
= 0, at y=0 (3.63)
∂y
(3)
v (x, y) = 0, at y=0 (3.64)
v (3)(x, y) = 0, at y = ±h (3.65)
Now we calculate the 1st order velocity and pressure field as:
From eq. (3.47), we have
∂u(1) ∂v (1)
+ = 0. (3.66)
∂x ∂y
46
Using eq. (2.101), the component form of eq. (3.48) can be written as
∂p(1) µ
= ∇2u(1), (3.67)
∂x 1 + λ1
∂p(1) µ
= ∇2v (1). (3.68)
∂y 1 + λ1
Using eqs. (2.105-2.106),continuity equation (3.66) satisfied identically and eqs. (3.67-
3.68) reduced to
∂p(1) µ ∂ 2 (1)
= ∇ψ , (3.69)
∂x 1 + λ1 ∂y
∂p(1) µ ∂ 2 (1)
=− ∇ψ , (3.70)
∂y 1 + λ1 ∂x
from eq. (3.69-3.70), we obtain
∇4ψ = 0, (3.71)
47
either
f iv (y) = 0, (3.81)
or
g iv (y) = 0. (3.82)
Boundary conditions (3.72-3.77) transformed according to eq. (3.78) as
f(0) = f 0 (h) = f 00 (0) = 0, (3.83)
f(h) = −1, (3.84)
g(0) = g 0 (h) = g 00(0) = 0, (3.85)
Q
g(h) = . (3.86)
2
Solving eq. (3.81) subject to the boundary conditions (3.83-3.84), we get
1 y3 3y
f(y) = 3
− . (3.87)
2h 2h
Solving eq. (3.82) subject to the boundary conditions (3.85-3.86), we get
Qy 3 3Qy
g(y) = − + . (3.88)
4wh3 4wh
Using eqs. (3.87-3.88) in eq. (3.78), implies
Q 1 y3
(1) 3y
ψ (x, y) = Vw x − − ,
2 2 h3 2h
Q
= Vw x − H(y), (3.89)
2
where
3
1 y y
H(y) = −3 , (3.90)
2 h h
2
0 3 y
H (y) = −1 . (3.91)
2h h
Implies,
(1) Q 0
u (x, y) = Vw x − H (y),
2
2
3 Q y
= Vw x − −1 , (3.92)
2h 2 h
v (1)(x, y) = −Vw H(y),
3
−Vw y y
= −3 . (3.93)
2 h h
48
Using eq. (3.92) in eq. (3.67) and eq. (3.93) in eq. (3.68), yields
∂p(1)
µ Q
= Vw x − H 000(y), (3.94)
∂x 1 + λ1 2
∂p(1) µ
= − Vw H 00 (y). (3.95)
∂y 1 + λ1
Integrating eq. (3.95) w.r.t y, we get
µ
p(1) (x, y) = − Vw H 0 (y) + B(x), (3.96)
1 + λ1
where B(x) is integration constant. Now differentiating eq. (3.96) w.r.t x, we obtain
∂p(1)
= B 0(x). (3.97)
∂x
Comparing eqs. (3.94) and (3.97), we get
0 µ Q
B (x) = Vw x − H 000(y). (3.98)
1 + λ1 2
Vw x2 Qx 000
µ
B(x) = − H (y) + b. (3.99)
1 + λ1 2 2
(1) 3µVw
b = p0 − . (3.101)
2h(1 + λ1 )
Finally, we get
2
Vw x2 Qx
(1) (1) 3µVw y 3µ
p (x, y) = p0 − + 2 − . (3.102)
2h(1 + λ1 ) h h (1 + λ1 ) 2 2
49
3.2.2.5 Solution to 2nd Order System of Equations
∂u(2) ∂v (2)
+ = 0. (3.103)
∂x ∂y
Using eqs. (2.142) and (3.92-3.93), the component form of eq. (3.55) can be written as
∂p(2)
µ 2 (2) Q 02 00 µλ2
− + ∇u = Vx Vw x − ρ H (y) − H(y)H (y) − H 002 (y)
∂x 1 + λ1 2 1 + λ1
iv
− H(y)H (y) ,
(3.104)
(2)
∂p µ µλ2
− + ∇2 v (2) 2 0
= Vw ρH(y)H (y) − 0 00 000
3H (y)H (y) + H(y)H (y) .
∂y 1 + λ1 1 + λ1
(3.105)
Using eqs. (2.146-2.157) continuity equation (3.103) satisfied identically and eqs. (3.104-
3.105) reduced to
∂p(2)
µ ∂ 2 (2) Q 02 00
− + ∇ ψ = Vx Vw x − ρ[H (y) − H(y)H (y)
∂x 1 + λ1 ∂y 2
µλ2 002 iv
− H (y) − H(y)H (y) , (3.106)
1 + λ1
∂p(2)
µ ∂ 2 (2) 2 0 µλ2 0 00 000
− − ∇ ψ = Vw ρH(y)H (y) − 3H (y)H (y) + H(y)H (y) .
∂y 1 + λ1 ∂x 1 + λ1
(3.107)
50
let
(2) Q
ψ = Vw Vw x − N(y), (3.109)
2
4 (2) Q
∇ ψ = Vw Vw x − N iv (y). (3.110)
2
Comparing eqs. (3.108) and (3.110), we get
0 0
iv (1 + λ1 )ρ 02 00 002 iv
N (y) = H (y) − H(y)H (y) − λ2 H (y) − H(y)H (y) ,
µ
(1 + λ1 )ρ 3y 3
18y
= − λ2 . (3.111)
µ h6 h6
Transforming boundary conditions (3.56-3.59) according to eq. (3.109), yields
implies
(2) Q
u (x, y) = Vw Vw x − N 0 (y),
2
7 2 5
(1 + λ1 )ρVw Q y y 3λ2 y
= Vw x − 7 −9 +2 −
280µ 2 h h 20h h
3
y y
− 2 + (3.115)
h h
v (2)(x, y) = −Vw2N(y)
7 3 5
(1 + λ1 )ρhVw2
y y y 3λ2 y
= − −3 +2 −
280µ h h h 20h h
3
y y
− 2 + . (3.116)
h h
51
Using eq. (3.115) in eq. (3.104) and eq. (3.116) in eq. (3.105), implies
∂p(2)
Q µ 000 02 00 µλ2 002
= Vw Vw x − N (y) − ρ H (y) − H(y)H (y) + H (y) ,
∂x 2 1 + λ1 1 + λ1
(3.117)
(2)
∂p µ 2 00 2 0 µλ2 0 00 000
= V N (y) − Vw ρH(y)H (y) − 3H (y)H (y) + H(y)H (y) .
∂y 1 + λ1 w 1 + λ1
(3.118)
where C(x) is constant of integration. Now differentiating eq. (3.119) w.r.t x, we obtain
∂p(2)
= C 0(x). (3.120)
∂x
Comparing eq. (3.117) and eq. (3.120), yields
0 Q µ 000 02 00 µλ2 002
C (x) = Vw Vw x− N (y)−ρ H (y)−H(y)H (y) + H (y) . (3.121)
2 1 + λ1 1 + λ1
Vw x2 Qx
µ 000 02 00 µλ2 002
C(x) = Vw − N (y) − ρ H (y) − H(y)H (y) + H (y) + c,
2 2 1 + λ1 1 + λ1
(3.122)
52
6 2 4 2
(2) µ 2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y 3λ2 y y
p (x, y) = V 7 −9 +2 − 5 −6 +1
1 + λ1 w 280µ h h 20h2 h h
3 2 4 2
2 ρ y y µλ2 15 y y 9
− Vw −3 − [ −9 +
4 h h (1 + λ1 )h2 4 h h 4
4 2
Vw x2 Qx
µ (1 + λ1 )ρ y 3λ2 y
+ Vw − 210 − 18 − [60 − 12
2 2 1 + λ1 280µh2 h 20h4 h
4 2
ρ 3 y 9 9µλ2 y
− 2
+ + 4
+ c. (3.123)
h 4 h 4 (1 + λ1 )h h
(2)
Let the pressure at (x, y) = (0, 0) is p0 , then we obtain
(2) µ 2 2(1 + λ1 )ρ 3λ2 2 9µλ2
c = p0 − V − − Vw . (3.124)
1 + λ1 w 280µ 20h2 4(1 + λ1 )h2
Finally, we get
6 2 4 2
(2) (2) µ 2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y 3λ2 y y
p = p0 + Vw 7 −9 − 2
5 −6
1 + λ1 280µ h h 20h h h
3 2 4 2
ρ y y µλ2 15 y y
− Vw2 −3 − [ − 9
4 h h (1 + λ1 )h2 4 h h
4 2
Vw x2 Qx
µ (1 + λ1 )ρ y 3λ2 y
+ Vw − 210 − 18 − [60 − 12 .
2 2 1 + λ1 280µh2 h 20h4 h
(3.125)
Now we calculate 3rd order velocity and pressure field as: From eq. (3.60), we have
continuity equation as
∂u(3) ∂v (3)
+ = 0. (3.126)
∂x ∂y
Using eqs. (3.92-3.93), (3.115-3.116) and (2.169), the component form eq. (3.61) can be
written as
53
∂p(3)
µ 2 (3) 2 Q 0 0 00 00
− + ∇u = Vw Vw x − ρ 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y)
∂x 1 + λ1 2
µλ2 00 00 iv iv
− 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H N(y) , (3.127)
1 + λ1
0
∂p(3)
µ 2 (3) 3 µλ2
− + ∇v = Vw ρ H(y)N(y) − 3H 0 (y)N 00(y) + H(y)N 000(y)
∂y 1 + λ1 1 + λ1
00 0 000
+ 3H (y)N (y) + H (y)N(y) . (3.128)
Using eqs. (2.173-ref2p165) continuity equation (3.126) satisfied identically and eqs.
(3.127-3.128) reduced to
∂p(3)
µ ∂ 2 (3) 2 Q
− + ∇ ψ = Vw Vw x − ρ 2H 0 (y)N 0 (y) − H(y)N 00(y)
∂x 1 + λ1 ∂y 2
00 µλ2 00 00 iv iv
− H (y)N(y) − 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) ,
1 + λ1
(3.129)
(3)
0
∂p µ ∂ 2 (3) µλ2
− − ∇ ψ = Vw3 ρ H(y)N(y) − 3H 0 (y)N 00(y)
∂y 1 + λ1 ∂x 1 + λ1
000 00 0 000
+ H(y)N (y) + 3H (y)N (y) + H (y)N(y) . (3.130)
54
Comparing eqs. (3.131) and (3.133), we get
iv ρ(1 + λ1 ) 00 0 0 00 000 000
M (y) = H (y)N (y) + H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y)
µ
000 00 00 000 0 iv v
− λ2 2H (y)N (y) + 2H (y)N (y) − H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) ,
7 5 3 5
3(1 + λ1 )2ρ2
y y y 9λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y
= 2 2
−2 + 21 −3 + 4
49
70µ h h h h 70µh h
3 2
3
y y 9λ y y
− 180 +6 + 26 5 + 18 . (3.134)
h h 5h h h
Transforming boundary conditions (3.62-3.65) according to eq. (3.132), we get
55
v (3)(x, y) = −Vw3 M(y),
2 2 2
11 9 7 3
3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 1 y 3 y 146 y
= −Vw − + − −
560µ2 165 h 6 h 35 h 385 h
9 7 5 3
3331 y λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 7 y 27 y 9 y 1807 y
+ + − + +
2310 h 140µ 24 h 7 h 10 h 210 h
2
7 5 3
8891 y 3λ2 1 y 9 y 267 y 937 y
− + 2
+ − + .
280 h 20h 14 h 5 h 70 h 70 h
(3.139)
Using eq. (3.138) in eq. (3.127) and eq. (3.139) in eq. (3.128), yields
∂p(3)
µ 2 Q 000 2 Q
= Vw Vw x − M (y) − Vw Vw x − ρ 2H 0 (y)N 0(y) − H(y)N 00 (y)
∂x 1 + λ1 2 2
00 µλ2 00 00 iv iv
− H (y)N(y) − 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) ,
1 + λ1
(3.140)
(3)
0
∂p µ µλ2
= − Vw3 M 00(y) − Vw3 ρ H(y)N(y) − 3H 0 (y)N 00(y) + H(y)N 000(y)
∂y 1 + λ1 1 + λ1
00 0 000
+ 3H (y)N (y) + H (y)N(y) . (3.141)
where D(x) is integration constant. Now differentiating eq. (3.142) w.r.t x, we obtain
∂p(3)
= D0 (x).
∂x
(3.143)
Comparing eq. (3.140) and eq. (3.143), we get
0 µ 2 Q 000 2 Q
D (x) = V Vw x − M (y) − Vw Vw x − ρ 2H 0 (y)N 0 (y) − H(y)N 00(y)
1 + λ1 w 2 2
00 µλ2 00 00 iv iv
− H (y)N(y) − 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) .
1 + λ1
(3.144)
56
Now integrating w.r.t x, implies
2 2
µ 2 Vw x Qx 000 2 Vw x Qx
D(x) = V − M (y) − Vw − ρ 2H 0 (y)N 0 (y)
1 + λ1 w 2 2 2 2
µλ2
00 00
− H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) − 2H 00 (y)N 00(y) − H(y)N iv (y)
1 + λ1
− H iv (y)N(y) + d, (3.145)
(3) µ 3 0 3 µλ2
p (x, y) = − V M (y) − Vw ρH(y)N(y) − 2H 0 (y)N 0 (y)
1 + λ1 w 1 + λ1
2
00 00 µ 2 Vw x Qx
+ H(y)N (y) + H (y)N(y) + Vw − M 000(y)
1 + λ1 2 2
2
2 Vw x Qx 0 0 00 00
− Vw − ρ 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y)
2 2
µλ2 00 00 iv iv
− 2H (y)N (y) − H(y)N (y) − H (y)N(y) + d,
1 + λ1
57
2 2
10 8 6 2
(3) µ 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 3 y 3 y 438 y
p (x, y) = − V − + − −
1 + λ1 w 560µ2 15 h 2 h 5 h 385 h
8 6 4 2
3331 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y 1807 y 8891
+ + − 27 + + −
2310 140µh 8 h h 2 h 70 h 280
6 4 2 10
3λ22 1 y
y 801 y 937 3 (1 + λ1 )ρh y
+ +9 − + − Vw ρ
20h2 2 h h 70 h 70 560µ h
8 6 4 2 8 6 4
y y y y 3λ2 y y y
− 3 −3 + 11 −6 − −5 +
h h h h 40h h h h
2 8 6 4 2
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 3 − 8 − 70 − 21 + 40
h 1 + λ1 280 h h h h
10 6 4 2
y 9λ2 y y y
+ 21 − 3
14 − 49 + 26 −1
h 20h h h h
2
8 6 4
Qx (1 + λ1 )2 ρ2
µ 2 Vw x 1 y y y
+ Vw − − + 84 − 18
1 + λ1 2 2 560µ2 h 6 h h h
6 4 2
876 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y y 1807
− + 3
147 − 810 + 54 +
385 140µh h h h 35
4 2
3λ22
y y 801
+ 4
15 + 108 −
20h h h 35
2
10 8 6 4
2 Vw x Qx 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− Vw − ρ − 21 +6 + 56 +3
2 2 280 h h h h
2 6 4 2
y 9λ2 y y y
− 18 −2 − 3
− 11 + 38 − 18
h 20h h h h
5 2 6 4
µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 3
84 − 36 − 140 + 420
1 + λ1 280µh h h h h
4 2
9λ2 y y
− 20 + 36 + d. (3.146)
20h5 h h
(3)
Let the pressure is at (x, y) = (0, 0) is p0 , then we obtain
2 2
3λ22 937
(3) µ 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 3331 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 8891
d = p0 + V + − +
1 + λ1 w 560µ2 2310 140µh 280 20h2 70
9λ2
+ Vw3 . (3.147)
20h3
58
Finally, we get
2 2
10 8 6
(3) (3) µ 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 3 y 3 y
p (x, y) = p0 − V − + −
1 + λ1 w 560µ2 15 h 2 h 5 h
2 8 6 4 2
438 y λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y 1807 y
− + − 27 + +
385 h 140µh 8 h h 2 h 70 h
2
6 4 2 10
3λ2 1 y y 801 y (1 + λ1 )ρh y
+ 2
+9 − − Vw3 ρ
20h 2 h h 70 h 560µ h
8 6 4 2 8 6 4
y y y y 3λ2 y y y
− 3 −3 + 11 −6 − −5 +
h h h h 40h h h h
2 8 6 4 2
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 3 − 8 − 70 − 21 + 40
h 1 + λ1 280 h h h h
10 6 4 2
y 9λ2 y y y
+ 21 − 3
14 − 49 + 26
h 20h h h h
2 8 6 4
Qx (1 + λ1 )2 ρ2
µ 2 Vw x 1 y y y
+ Vw − 2
− + 84 − 18
1 + λ1 2 2 560µ h 6 h h h
6 4 2
876 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y y 1807
− + 147 − 810 + 54 +
385 140µh3 h h h 35
2
4 2
3λ2 y y 801
+ 4
15 + 108 −
20h h h 35
2
10 8 6 4
2 Vw x Qx 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− Vw − ρ − 21 +6 + 56 +3
2 2 280 h h h h
2 6 4 2
y 9λ2 y y y
− 18 −2 − − 11 + 38 − 18
h 20h3 h h h
5 2 6 4
µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 3
84 − 36 − 140 + 420
1 + λ1 280µh h h h h
4 2
9λ2 y y
− 5
20 + 36 . (3.148)
20h h h
59
Using eqs. (3.92, 3.115, 3.138) in eq. (2.72), the u component of velocity field is given as
2 6 2
Q 3 y 2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y
u(x, y) = Vw x − − 1 + Vw 7 −9 +2
2 2h h 280µ h h
4 2 2 2
10 8
3λ2 y y 3 2 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 3 y
− 5 −6 + 1 + Vw − +
20h2 h h 560µ2 15 h 2 h
6 2 8 6 4
3 y 438 y 3331 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y
− − + + − 27 +
5 h 385 h 2310 140µh 8 h h 2 h
2 2
6 4 2
1807 y 8891 3λ2 1 y y 801 y 937
+ − + +9 − + + ··· .
70 h 280 20h2 2 h h 70 h 70
(3.149)
Using eqs. (3.93, 3.116, 3.139) in eq. (2.73), the v component of velocity field is given as
3 3
1y 3y 2 (1 + λ1 )ρh y 7 y y
v(x, y) = − Vw 3
− + (Vw ) ) −3 +2
2h 2h 280µ h h h
5 3 2 2 2
11
3λ2 y y y 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y
− −2 + + (Vw ) −
20h h h h 560µ2 165 h
9 7 3 9
1 y 3 y 146 y 3331 y λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 7 y
+ − − + +
6 h 35 h 385 h 2310 h 140µ 24 h
7 5 3 7
3λ22 1 y
27 y 9 y 1807 y 8891 y
− + + − +
7 h 10 h 210 h 280 h 20h2 14 h
5 3
9 y 267 y 937 y
+ − + + ··· . (3.150)
5 h 70 h 70 h
60
Similarly substituting eqs. (3.102, 3.125, 3.148) in eq. (2.56), we obtain pressure as
2
Vw x2 Qx
(1) 3µVw y 3µ
p = C + p0 − + 2 −
2h(1 + λ1 ) h h (1 + λ1 ) 2 2
6 2 4 2
2 (2) µ 2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y 3λ2 y y
+ p0 + Vw 7 −9 − 5 − 6
1 + λ1 280µ h h 20h2 h h
3 2 4 2
ρ y y µλ2 15 y y
− Vw2 −3 − 2
−9
4 h h (1 + λ1 )h 4 h h
4 2
Vw x2 Qx
µ (1 + λ1 )ρ y 3λ2 y
+ Vw − 210 − 18 − 60 − 12
2 2 1 + λ1 280µh2 h 20h4 h
2 2
10 8 6
3 (3) µ 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 3 y 3 y
+ p0 − V − + −
1 + λ1 w 560µ2 15 h 2 h 5 h
2 8 6 4 2
438 y λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y 1807 y
− + − 27 + +
385 h 140µh 8 h h 2 h 70 h
6 4 2 10
3λ22 1 y
y 801 y 3 (1 + λ1 )ρh y
+ +9 − − Vw ρ
20h2 2 h h 70 h 560µ h
8 6 4 2 8 6 4
y y y y 3λ2 y y y
− 3 −3 + 11 −6 − −5 +
h h h h 40h h h h
2 8 6 4 2
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 3 − 8 − 70 − 21 + 40
h 1 + λ1 280 h h h h
10 6 4 2
y 9λ2 y y y
+ 21 − 3
14 − 49 + 26
h 20h h h h
2
2 2
8 6 4
µ 2 Vw x Qx (1 + λ1 ) ρ 1 y y y
+ Vw − − + 84 − 18
1 + λ1 2 2 560µ2 h 6 h h h
6 4 2
876 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y y 1807
− + 3
147 − 810 + 54 +
385 140µh h h h 35
4 2 10
3λ22 2
y y 801 2 Vw x Qx 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y
+ 4
15 + 108 − − Vw − ρ − 21
20h h h 35 2 2 280 h
8 6 4 2 6 4
y y y y 9λ2 y y
+ 6 + 56 +3 − 18 −2 − − 11 + 38
h h h h 20h3 h h
2 5 2 6 4
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 18 − 3
84 − 36 − 140 + 420
h 1 + λ1 280µh h h h h
4 2
9λ2 y y
− 5
20 + 36 + ··· , (3.151)
20h h h
61
2
Vw x2 Qx
3µVw y 3µ
p = p(0, 0) + − + 2 −
2h(1 + λ1 ) h h (1 + λ1 ) 2 2
6 2 4 2
2 µ 2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y 3λ2 y y
+ Vw 7 −9 − 2
5 −6
1 + λ1 280µ h h 20h h h
3 2 4 2
ρ y y µλ2 15 y y
− Vw2 −3 − − 9
4 h h (1 + λ1 )h2 4 h h
4 2
Vw x2 Qx
µ (1 + λ1 )ρ y 3λ2 y
+ Vw − 210 − 18 − 60 − 12
2 2 1 + λ1 280µh2 h 20h4 h
2 2
10 8 6
3 µ 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 3 y 3 y
+ − V − + −
1 + λ1 w 560µ2 15 h 2 h 5 h
2 8 6 4 2
438 y λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y 1807 y
− + − 27 + +
385 h 140µh 8 h h 2 h 70 h
6 4 2 10
3λ22 1 y
y 801 y 3 (1 + λ1 )ρh y
+ +9 − − Vw ρ
20h2 2 h h 70 h 560µ h
8 6 4 2 8 6 4
y y y y 3λ2 y y y
− 3 −3 + 11 −6 − −5 +
h h h h 40h h h h
2 8 6 4 2
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 3 − 8 − 70 − 21 + 40
h 1 + λ1 280 h h h h
10 6 4 2
y 9λ2 y y y
+ 21 − 3
14 − 49 + 26
h 20h h h h
2 8 6 4
Qx (1 + λ1 )2ρ2
µ 2 Vw x 1 y y y
+ Vw − 2
− + 84 − 18
1 + λ1 2 2 560µ h 6 h h h
6 4 2
876 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y y 1807
− + 3
147 − 810 + 54 +
385 140µh h h h 35
4 2 10
3λ22 2
y y 801 2 Vw x Qx 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y
+ 4
15 + 108 − − Vw − ρ − 21
20h h h 35 2 2 280 h
8 6 4 2 6 4
y y y y 9λ2 y y
+ 6 + 56 +3 − 18 −2 − 3
− 11 + 38
h h h h 20h h h
2 5 2 6 4
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 18 − 84 − 36 − 140 + 420
h 1 + λ1 280µh3 h h h h
4 2
9λ2 y y
− 5
20 + 36 + ··· ,
20h h h
(3.152)
62
where
(1) (2) (3)
p0 = C + p0 + 2p0 + 3p0 . (3.153)
Substituting values of Vw and Q in eq. (3.149), eq. (3.150) and eq. (3.152), we get
2 6 2
Q̄ 3 y (1 + λ1 )ρ y y
u(x, y) = − − vw x − 1 + vw 7 −9 +2
2h 2h h 280µ h h
4 2 2 2
10 8
3λ2 y y 2 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 3 y
− 5 −6 + 1 + vw − +
20h2 h h 560µ2 15 h 2 h
6 2 8 6 4
3 y 438 y 3331 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y
− − + + − 27 +
5 h 385 h 2310 140µh 8 h h 2 h
2 2
6 4 2
1807 y 8891 3λ2 1 y y 801 y 937
+ − + 2
+9 − +
70 h 280 20h 2 h h 70 h 70
+ ··· , (3.154)
and
3 7 3
vw y y 2 (1 + λ1 )ρh y y y
v(x, y) = − −3 + vw −3 +2
2 h h 280µ h h h
5 3 2 2 2
11 9
3λ2 y y y 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 1 y
− −2 + + vw − +
20h h h h 560µ2 165 h 6 h
7 3 9 7
3 y 146 y 3331 y λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 7 y 27 y
− − + + −
35 h 385 h 2310 h 140µ 24 h 7 h
5 3 7 5
3λ22 1 y
9 y 1807 y 8891 y 9 y
+ + − + +
10 h 210 h 280 h 20h2 14 h 5 h
3
267 y 937 y
− + + ··· ,
70 h 70 h
(3.155)
63
also,
2
Vw x2 Q̄x
3µvw y 3µ
p = p(0, 0) − + 2 −
2h(1 + λ1 ) h h (1 + λ1 ) 2 2
6 2 4 2
µ 2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y 3λ2 y y
+ vw 7 −9 − 2
5 −6
1 + λ1 280µ h h 20h h h
3 2 4 2
ρ y y µλ2 15 y y
− vw2 −3 − 2
−9
4 h h (1 + λ1 )h 4 h h
2
4 2
vw x Q̄x µ (1 + λ1 )ρ y 3λ2 y
+ vw − 210 − 18 − 60 − 12
2 2 1 + λ1 280µh2 h 20h4 h
2 2
10 8 6
µ 3 (1 + λ1 ) ρ h 1 y 3 y 3 y
− v − + −
1 + λ1 w 560µ2 15 h 2 h 5 h
2 8 6 4 2
438 y λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ 21 y y 9 y 1807 y
− + − 27 + +
385 h 140µh 8 h h 2 h 70 h
2
6 4 2 10
3λ2 1 y y 801 y (1 + λ1 )ρh y
+ 2
+9 − − vw3 ρ
20h 2 h h 70 h 560µ h
8 6 4 2 8 6 4
y y y y 3λ2 y y y
− 3 −3 + 11 −6 − −5 +
h h h h 40h h h h
2 8 6 4 2
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 3 − 8 − 70 − 21 + 40
h 1 + λ1 280 h h h h
10 6 4 2
y 9λ2 y y y
+ 21 − 14 − 49 + 26
h 20h3 h h h
2 8 6 4
Q̄x (1 + λ1 )2ρ2
µ 2 vw x 1 y y y
+ vw − 2
− + 84 − 18
1 + λ1 2 2 560µ h 6 h h h
6 4 2
876 λ2 (1 + λ1 )ρ y y y 1807
− + 3
147 − 810 + 54 +
385 140µh h h h 35
2
4 2 2
10
3λ2 y y 801 2 vw x Q̄x 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y
+ 15 + 108 − − v w − ρ − 21
20h4 h h 35 2 2 280 h
8 6 4 2 6 4
y y y y 9λ2 y y
+ 6 + 56 +3 − 18 −2 − 3
− 11 + 38
h h h h 20h h h
2 5 2 6 4
y µλ2 3(1 + λ1 )ρ y y y y
− 18 − 3
84 − 36 − 140 + 420
h 1 + λ1 280µh h h h h
4 2
9λ2 y y
− 5
20 + 36 + ··· .
20h h h
(3.156)
64
3.3 Result and Discussion
This figure shows the u component of the velocity profile, in which P M is the graph
of solution obtained by perturbation techniques and RA is the graph of solution obtained
by recursive approach. In this figure we can see that the recursive approach is better
than the perturbation techniques as the solution of recursive approach is giving the much
closer value for the boundary conditions as compared to perturbation techniques.
65
For ū(0) = 0.5, vw = 0.5, h = 2, x = 0.5, R = 2, k = 0.125, Q = 2, ρ = 0.5, µ =
0.5, λ1 = 1, λ2 = 1.
This figure shows the v component of the velocity profile, in which P M is the graph of
solution obtained by perturbation technique and RA is the graph of solution obtained by
recursive approach. In this figure the both graphs are satisfying the boundary condition
at y = 0 but for y = ± the recursive approach is much closer to the value for boundary
conditions, 0.5 than perturbation methods.
66
Figure 3.4: Caption for pji
This figure shows the pressure profile of the problem, in which P M is the graph of
solution obtained by perturbation technique and RA is the graph of solution obtained by
recursive approach.
From the above graph we see that there is slight difference between the solutions of the
pressure profile obtained from the P M and RA and the results from RA is much closer
to the assumed condition.
67
Chapter 4
Conclusion
68
In this thesis, we have considered fluid flow between two parallel porous plates. We have
solved this problem for two types of fluids by using two different analytical techniques
and their comparison is provided.
In second chapter, we considered our problem for Newtonian fluid. First we solve it
by perturbation techniques and then using recursive approach. The graphical comparison
shows that in case of Newtonian fluid the velocity profile obtained by both methods is
exactly same, but there is a slight change in the graphs of pressure profile and the results
using recursive approach are more efficient than perturbation techniques.
In third chapter, we considered our problem for Jeffrey fluid model. On the similar
pattern we solved the problem by using perturbation techniques and recursive approach.
Through graphs we see that there is bit a difference between the graphs of solution ob-
tained by perturbation technique and recursive approach. The results using recursive
approach are much closer to the boundary conditions than perturbation methods.
For two dimensional case we found recursive approach much easier to tackle as com-
pared to perturbation methods, especially in case of non-Newtonian fluids. Because for
non-Newtonian fluids we obtain highly non-linear terms and more than one dimensionless
parameters and it is difficult to select the parameter we have to perturb. Even after
perturbing any of the parameters, we still get nonlinear terms in system of equations due
to other parameters. In comparison with perturbation techniques it is more convenient
to apply recursive approach to find our solution.
69
Chapter 5
Bibliography
70
1. Abraham S. Berman, (1953). Laminar Flow in Channel with Porous Walls. Journal
of Applied Physics Volume 24, Number 9.
2. W.E Langlois and R.S. Rivlin, (1959). Steady Flow of Slightly Viscoelastic Fluid.
Brown University. Tech. Rept. No 3 to Office of Ordnance Research, U.S. Army,
Under Contract DA-19-020-ORD-4725.
3. W.E. Langlois, (1963), The Steady Flow of a Slightly Viscoelastic Fluid Between
Rotating Spheres. Quart. Appl. Math., 21.
4. W.E Langlois and R.S. RIVLIN, (1963). Steady Flow of Slightly Viscoelastic Fluids
through Non-Circular Tubes. Rend. Math. Roma.
6. W.E. Langlois, (1964). The Recursive Theory of Slow Viscoelastic Flow Applied to
Three Basic Problems of Hydrodynamics. Transactions of the Society of Rheology
VIII, 33-60.
71