Physics Project

Made By : Sakshi.G And

Asmitha.K

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 CERTIFICATE

 Guided By : Mrs. Sakshi godara

 Class : 12 A
 Year : 2017-18
 Board Roll No. : ____________
 School : k v no 2 vasco

Certified to be the bona fide work is done by Master priya rauth of class
12 in the Physics Lab during the year 2017-18.

Date: ___________

Submitted for Central Board of Secondary Education.

Examination held in Physics Lab at k v no 2 vasco goa.

Examiner

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Date:

Acknowledgement

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the Principal,

Mrs. Saroj kujur, k v no 2 School, vasco , goa for her encouragement and
for all the facilities that he provided for this project work. I sincerely
appreciate her magnanimity by taking me into his fold for which I shall
remain indebted to her. I extend my thanks to Miss. Priya Rauth, Physics
teacher, who guided me to the successful completion of this project. I take
this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for her invaluable
guidance , constant encouragement ,immense motivation ,which has
sustained my effort at all the stages of this project ……..

I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to MISS. ASMITHA to my

classmates who helped me to carry out this project work successful and for
her valuable advice and support , which I received from them time to
time……

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CONTENTS:

1. Aim
2. Introduction
3. Apparatus and Material Required
4. Theory
5. Procedure
6. Observations
7. Conclusion
8. Bibliography

AIM:
To find out the refractive indices of different liquids using a hollow prism.

Introduction:
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In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished
surfaces that refract light. The exact angles between the surfaces depend on
the application. The traditional geometrical shape is that of a triangular
prism with a triangular base and rectangular sides, and in colloquial use
"prism" usually refers to this type. Some types of optical prism are not in
fact in the shape of geometric prisms.
Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white light was colorless, and that
the prism itself produced the color. Newton's experiments demonstrated
that all the colors already existed in the light in a heterogeneous fashion,
and that "corpuscles" (particles) of light were fanned out because particles
with different colors traveled with different speeds through the prism. It
was only later that Young and Fresnel combined Newton's particle theory
with Huygens' wave theory to show that color is the visible manifestation of
light's wavelength. Newton arrived at his conclusion by passing the red
color from one prism through a second prism and found the color
unchanged. From this, he concluded that the colors must already
be present in the incoming light thus, the prism did not create colors, but
merely separated colors that are already there. He also used a lens and a
second prism to recompose the spectrum back into white light. This
experiment has become a classic example of the methodology introduced
during the scientific revolution. The results of this experiment dramatically
transformed the field of metaphysics, leading to John Locke's primary vs
secondary quality distinction. Newton discussed prism dispersion in great
detail in his book Opticks. He also introduced the use of more than one
prism to control dispersion. Newton's description of his experiments on
prism dispersion was qualitative, and is quite readable. A quantitative were
introduced in the 1980s.

Apparatus and Material required:

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 Hollow glass Prisms Diesel Dil. Hydrochloric
Acid

NaCl solution Vegetable oil Bell Pins

Drawing Pins Drawing Board

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Theory:
A prism is a transparent optical element with flat polished surface that
refracts light. Prism can be made from any material that is transparent
including glass, plastic and fluorite. A prism can be used to split light into
its constituent colors. Prism can also be used to reflect light, or split light
into components with different polarizations.

The refractive index of the liquids is given by the formula:

n = sin i / sin r = sin ((a + d)/2)/sin (a/2)

n = Refractive index of the liquid

a = angle of prism

d = angle of minimum deviation

i = angle if incidence

r = angle of refraction

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Procedure:

1. Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of

drawing pins.
2. Keep the prism and mark the outline of it as ABC.
3. Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
4. Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the normal PQ and

place 2 pins so that they appear to be in the straight line.

5. Place the prism filled with the given sample of liquid on, the marked

outline ABC.
6. Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so that all the 4 pins

appear to be in same line.

7. Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points so obtained.
8. Mark the diagram as shown in the figure.
9. Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of incidence.

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Observations:

1. Spirit
S. No. a (Angle of Prism) i (Angle of Incidence) d (Angle of Deviation)
1 60 35o 29o
2 60 40o 26o
3 60 45o 25o
4 60 50o 27o
5 60 55o 28o

2. Glycerin
S. No. a (Angle of Prism) i (Angle of Incidence) d (Angle of Deviation)
1 60 35o 39o
2 60 40o 38o
3 60 45o 35o
4 60 50o 40 o
5 60 55o 41o

3. NaCl Solution
S. No. a (Angle of Prism) i (Angle of Incidence) d (Angle of Deviation)
1 60 35o 40o
2 60 40o 39o
3 60 45o 41o
4 60 50o 42 o

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 5 60 55o 45o

4. Vegetable Oil
S. No. a (Angle of Prism) i (Angle of Incidence) d (Angle of Deviation)
1 60 35 37
2 60 40 34
3 60 45 34
4 60 50 32
5 60 55 35

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Conclusion:
Refractive indices at room temperature:

1. Diesel
 Actual : 1.4745
 Experimental : 1.4968

2. Dil. Hydrochloric Acid

 Actual : Not Specified
 Experimental : 1.3587

3. NaCl Solution
 Actual : Not Specified
 Experimental : 1.3588

4. Vegetable Oil
 Actual : 1.47
 Experimental : 1.4673

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Precautions:

1. Angle of incidence should lie between 35 – 60 degree.

2. Pins should be vertically fixed and should lie in the same line.
3. Distance between two points should not be less than 10 mm.
4. Same angle of prism should be used for all observations.
5. Arrow head should be marked to represent emergent and incident
ray.

Bibliography:
 www.icbse.com
 www.sciencebuddies.com
 www.technopedia.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 NCERT Physics Book

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 CALCULATIONS

Formula Applied:-

2. Spirit

Sin (60+25 )
 =
2
= Sin(42.5)
----------------------- -------------------

Sin(60/2) Sin 30

= 0.6756 = 1.35
0.5000

3. Glycerin

Sin (60+35 )
 =
2
= Sin(47.5)
------------------------- -------------------

Sin(60/2) Sin 30

= 0.7372 = 1.47
---------
0.5

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 4. Benzene

Sin (60+39 )
 = 2
= Sin(49.5)
----------------------- -------------------

Sin(60/2) Sin 30

= 1.52

RESULT

(i) The angle of deviation D first decrease

with the increase in the angle op-of incidence,
attains a minimum value and then increase with
further increase in angle of incidence.

(ii) The refractive index of :-

i. Water = 1.33
ii. Spirit = 1.35
iii. Glycerine = 1.47
iv Benzene = 1.52

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