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http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/amis/090221
Abstract: This paper reports analytical modeling and finite element analysis (FEA) of the effect of two types of air damping (squeeze
film and slide film damping) on resonance frequency and quality factor of a multi-layer CMOS-MEMS resonator designed for
application as a mass sensitive gas sensor. The sensing principle is based on change in frequency or amplitude of the resonator due to
adsorption/absorption of trace gases onto an active material to be deposited on the resonator membrane plate. The effect of air damping
for mode 1 and mode 2 are investigated and the damping coefficient is found to increase from 0.922 × 10−6 Ns/m to 1.768 × 10−6 Ns/m
for mode 1 and from 0.914 × 10−6 Ns/m to 1.708 × 10−6 Ns/m for mode 2 with increase in the overlap area of the fingers from 40 µ m
to 75 µ m, respectively. The quality factor (Q) of the CMOS-MEMS resonator is found to decrease with increasing damping coefficient
for both modes of vibration while the frequency remained unaffected. Analytical and simulation results shows good agreement for
damping coefficient (1.43 % and 1.22 %), resonant frequency (3.45 % and 4.4 %) and quality factor (2.27 % and 0.88 %) for mode 1
and 2, respectively.
Keywords: CMOS-MEMS resonator, quality factor, squeeze film damping, slide film damping
papers [5,6,7]. Making holes in microstructures is standard material properties of all the CMOS layers
effective in reducing the squeeze film damping effects due which were used in the mathematical modeling and
to horizontal air flow; however the air flow escaping simulations, while Table 2 gives the dimensions of the
through perforated holes brings new viscous resistance. various components of the device.
Due to this fact, the conventional Reynolds formula for
analysing squeeze-film effects of non-perforated planar
structures is no longer applicable [8]. A lot of efforts have
been focused on different ways to figure out and analyse
the effect of squeeze film damping [2,9,10,11,12].
Within the assumption that air is incompressible, several
reports offered analytical formulas and numerical
evaluation to observe the squeeze-film damping. In
addition to analytical investigation, several different
techniques such as finite element methods have been
utilized to determine squeeze-film damping [13,14].
In this paper we report on modeling of the mechanical
behaviour of a CMOS-MEMS resonator etched from the
backside in its first two modes of vibration that enables us (a)
to predict the effect of the two types of air damping,
squeeze and slide film, on the resonance frequency and
quality factor of the CMOS-MEMS resonator and
validation of the results using FEA simulation.
c 2015 NSP
Natural Sciences Publishing Cor.
Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 9, No. 2, 729-737 (2015) / www.naturalspublishing.com/Journals.asp 731
characteristics are validated using FEA simulations. mode 1 (displacement in the y direction in Figure 1. a) and
Figure (2 a and b) shows Field Emission Scanning mode 2 (displacement in the z direction in Figure 1. a)
Electron Microscope (FESEM) image from front side and
backside of the successfully fabricated CMOS-MEMS d2y dy
mtotal + by + ky y = F cos(ω t) (2)
resonator. dt 2 dt
d2z dz
mtotal + bz + kz z = F cos(ω t) (3)
dt 2 dt
where mtotal , by , bz , ky , kz and F are the equivalent
mass of the system, damping coefficient, spring constant
and amplitude of the external driving force for mode 1
2 2
and mode 2, respectively. ddt 2y , ddt 2z , dy dz
dt , dt , y and z are the
acceleration, velocity and displacement of the mass,
respectively. The resonator is modeled as
mass-spring-damper system as depicted in Figure 3.
(a)
(b)
The resonance frequency fn of the CMOS-MEMS
Fig. 2: FESEM image of the CMOS-MEMS resonator from (a) resonator depends on the spring constants of the beams
front side and (b) backside. and the dynamic mass of its movable parts (consisting of
the plate, beams and comb-fingers) [23,24,25]. The
spring constant is an important parameter which
3 Theoretical Modeling and Simulation of the determines the characteristics of the device. Energy
methods are used to derive analytic formulas for spring
CMOS-MEMS Resonator constant [26]. The overall spring constant ky for mode 1
(in-plane oscillations in the y direction) and kz for mode 2
3.1 Analytical modeling (out of plane oscillations in the z direction putting
tb1 =tb2 =t and lb1 =lb2 =lb ) are given by
Alternating electrostatic driving actuation method is used
to actuate the CMOS-MEMS resonator by using Eav t (w3b1 w3b2 )
push-pull driving force. The electrostatic force Fel was ky = λ (4)
generated by an alternating voltage (Vac cos(ω t)) with a lb3 (w3b1 + w3b2 )
dc bias (Vdc ) applied to the driving comb-fingers (upper Eav t 3 (wb1 wb2 )
and lower comb-fingers in Figure 1.a) using equation kz = λ (5)
lb3 (wb1 + wb2 )
1 [18,19].
4nεo h where λ is determined using appropriate boundary
Fel = VdcVac (1) conditions to be 3 and 1.03 for mode 1 and mode 2 ,
d
where n is the number of fingers, εo is the permittivity respectively, and Eav is average youngs modulus of the
of the free space, h is the effective overlapping height composite materials composing the beams. The average
between the rotor and stator fingers and d is the gap youngs modulus of the composite materials composing
between the rotor and stator fingers. beam 1 and beam 2 is determined by [27,28]
The dynamic behavior of the system vibration can be
described by second order differential equation for forced (ESi ESiO2 EAl )Vt
oscillations [20,21,22] given by equation (2) and (3) for Eav = (6)
ESiO2 EAl VSi + ESi EAlVSiO2 + ESi ESiO2 VAl
c 2015 NSP
Natural Sciences Publishing Cor.
732 J. O. Dennis et. al.: Modelling and Simulation of the Effect of Air Damping on the...
where ESi , ESiO2 , EAL , VSi , VSiO2 ,and VAL are the
youngs modulus and volume of the silicon, silicon
dioxide, and aluminum, respectively, while
Vt =VSi +VSiO2 +VAl . The effective mass (me f f ) of beam 1
and beam 2 under bending moment [29,30] are obtained
using
13
me f f b1 = ρav lb1 wb1 t (7)
35
13
ρav lb2 wb2 t
me f f b2 = (8)
35
where pav is the average density of the CMOS layers
and is estimated by using equation (9)[27,28,31,32]
Fig. 4: Squeeze and slide film damping for mode 1
ρSi × tSi + ρSiO2 × tSiO2 + ρAl × tAl
ρav = (9)
tSi × tSiO2 × tAl
where ρSi , ρSiO2 , ρAl , tSi , tSiO2 and tAl are the densities motion of the stator and rotor comb-fingers, beam 2 and
and thicknesses of the silicon, silicon dioxide, and plate toward the substrate and slide film damping between
aluminium layers, respectively. The total mass (mtotal ) of the stator and rotor comb-fingers.
the CMOS-MEMS resonator is the sum of the effective The total damping coefficient for mode 1 and mode 2
mass of beams, mass of plate (m p ) and mass of the n are expressed as sum of squeeze and slide film damping
comb-fingers (nmc f ) [29] and is given by equation (10) as given by equation (13) and (14 for the two modes of
vibration.
c 2015 NSP
Natural Sciences Publishing Cor.
Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 9, No. 2, 729-737 (2015) / www.naturalspublishing.com/Journals.asp 733
√
mtotal kz
Qz = (19)
bz
comb-finger tips and the adjacent stator wall for mode 1 while it
remains constant ( 7.2 × 10−9 Ns/m) for mode 2. However, the
3.3 Comparison of Modeled and Simulation squeeze film dumping is about two or three orders of magnitude
Results lower than slide film damping and may therefore be neglected in
the following analysis. The increase in slide film damping has a
Numerical solutions (Matlab) are used to investigate the effect significant effect on the resonators Q, decreasing it from about
of the squeeze and slide film damping on the resonance 1436 to 749 for mode 1 and from 2124 to 1137 for mode 2,
frequency and Q of the device. Figure (6) shows the theoretical while having a negligible effect on the resonance frequency
effect on squeeze film damping of the distance of rotor which remains unaffected at 18.38 kHz for mode 1 and 26.95
comb-finger tips and the adjacent stator wall for mode 1, while kHz for mode 2. Figures (8) shows typical simulation results of
Figure (7) shows theoretical and simulation results of the effect modal displacement at resonance frequency for (a) mode 1 with
on slide film damping of comb-finger overlap area between the a resonance frequency of 17.75 kHz and mode 2 with 25.77 kHz
vertical side walls of the stator and rotor comb-fingers for mode at a damping coefficient of 0.922 × 10−6 Ns/m and 0.914 ×
1 and mode 2 and shows good agreement. 10−6 Ns/m, respectively. Compared with the theoretically
It is theoretically observed that the squeeze film damping calculated values of 18.36 kHz and 26.95 using equations (15)
increases with decrease in gap distance between rotor and (16) for modes 1 and 2, respectively, the percentage error is
c 2015 NSP
Natural Sciences Publishing Cor.
734 J. O. Dennis et. al.: Modelling and Simulation of the Effect of Air Damping on the...
5.5
5.0
N s/m) 4.5
4.0
-8
Squeeze film damping (10
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(a)
Fig. 6: Theoretical effect on squeeze film damping of gap of rotor
comb-finger tips and the adjacent stator wall for mode 1.
1.8
Theoretical mode 1 Simulation mode 1
1.6
1.5
-6
Slide film damping (10
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
(b)
0.9
0.8
Fig. 8: Typical FEA simulation of modal displacement at
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
resonance frequency for mode 1 and (b) mode 2.
Comb-fingers overlap area ( m)
4 Conclusions Acknowledgment
Mathematical modeling and FEA simulation of a The authors would like to thank Universiti Teknologi
CMOS-MEMS resonator has been presented. The effect of air PETRONAS (UTP), Ministry of Science, Technology and
damping on the resonant frequency and quality factor for mode Innovation (MOSTI) project No: 01-02-02-F0094 and Ministry
1 and mode 2 were investigated. The damping coefficient was of Higher Education (MOHE) under project No: 158-200-101
found to increase from 0.922 × 10−6 Ns/m to 1.768 × 10−6 for financial and other support for the project.
c 2015 NSP
Natural Sciences Publishing Cor.
Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 9, No. 2, 729-737 (2015) / www.naturalspublishing.com/Journals.asp 735
2200
1500
Theoretical Q Simulated Q Theoretical Q Simulated Q
1400
1980
1300
1760
Quality factor
Quality factor
1200
1100
1540
1000
1320
900
800
1100
700
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
-6 -6
Damping coefficient (10 Ns/m) Damping coefficient (10 Ns/m)
(a) (b)
Fig. 9: Theoretical and simulation results of Q vs. damping coefficient for (a) mode 1 and (b) mode 2.
The authors are grateful to the anonymous referee for a careful [11] H. Sumali, Squeeze-film damping in the free molecular
checking of the details and for helpful comments that improved regime: model validation and measurement on a MEMS,
this paper. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 17,
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[12] J. B. Starr, Squeeze-film damping in solid-state
accelerometers,in Solid-State Sensor and Actuator
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and N Barniol, Electromechanical model of a resonating Bachelor of Education Degree
nano-cantilever-based sensor for high-resolution and high- in Physics and Mathematics from
sensitivity mass detection, Nanotechnology, 12, 100-104 University of Juba, South Sudan
(2001). in 1982, Masters of education
[26] G. K. Fedder, Simulation of Microelectromechanical from university of Khartoum,
Systems, Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Engineering- Sudan in 1987 and a PhD
Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of degree in Applied Physics from
California at Berkeley, Berkeley, 1994. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
[27] R. M. Jones, Mechanics of Composite Materials: Malaysia in 2001. He is currently
Hemisphere Publishing Corp, New York, 1975. an Associate Professor in the Department of Fundamental and
[28] J. M. Berthelot, Composite Materials: Mechanical Behavior Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia,
and Structural Analysis, Springer, Verlag, 1999. since 2011. From 2003 to 2011 he served as Senior Lecturer in
[29] W. Wai-Chi, A. A. Azid and B. Y. Majlis Formulation the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
of stiffness constant and eective mass for a folded beam, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia. His research
Archives of Mechanics, 62, 405-418 (2010). interests include development of MEMS/NEMS devices for
[30] Wai Chi Wong, Ishak Abdul Azid and Burhanuddin sensing applications.
Yeop Majlis, Theoretical Analysis of Stiffness Constant
and Effective Mass for a Round-Folded Beam in MEMS A. Y. Ahmed was born in
Accelerometer, Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 57, 517- Sudan in 1980. He received his
525 (2011). B.Sc in Electronic Engineering
[31] D. Lange, C. Hagleitner, O. Brand, and H. Baltes, from University of Gezira,
CMOS resonant beam gas sensing system with on-chip Sudan, in 2006, and M.Sc
self excitation, in Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, 2001. in Electrical and Electronics
MEMS 2001. The 14th IEEE International Conference on, Engineering from Universiti
2001, pp. 547-552. Teknologi PETRONAS,
[32] D. Lange, O. Brand, and H. Baltes, CMOS Cantilever Malaysia, in 2009. Currently, he
Sensor Systems: Atomic-Force Microscopy and Gas Sensing is pursuing his PhD in Electrical
Applications: Springer, 2002. and Electronic Engineering at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
[33] R. I. Shakoor, Design, Fabrication and Characterization (UTP), Malaysia. His research area is MEMS device design and
of Metalmumps Based MEMS Gyroscopes, Doctor of fabrication based on CMOS-MEMS technologies.
Philosophy, chemical and Materials Engineering, Pakistan
Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2010.
[34] L. A. Rocha, Dynamics and Nonlinearities of the M. H. Md. Khir received
Electro-Mechanical Coupling in Inertial MEMS, Doctor his B.Eng. degree in Electrical
of Philosophy, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and and Electronic Engineering
Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, 2005. from Universiti Teknologi
[35] T. Veijola and M. Turowski, Compact damping models MARA, Malaysia, in 1999,
for laterally moving microstructures with gas-rarefaction M.Sc in Computer and System
effects,Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 10, 263- Engineering from Rensselaer
273 (2001). Polytechnic Institute, New York,
[36] M. J. Novack, Design and fabrication of a thin film USA, in 2001, and PhD degree
micromachined accelerometer, Master of Science in systems engineering from
in Mechannnnnical Engineering Department of Oakland University, MI, USA, in 2010. Since 2002, he has been
Mechannnnnical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of with Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia, where he is
Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. currently serving as a Senior Lecturer in Electrical and
[37] K. Eung-Sam, C. Young-Ho, and K. Moon-Uhn, Effect of Electronic Engineering Department. His research interests
holes and edges on the squeeze film damping of perforated include MEMS sensors/actuators design and fabrication based
micromechanical structures, in Micro Electro Mechanical on CMOS and MUMPS technologies.
c 2015 NSP
Natural Sciences Publishing Cor.
Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 9, No. 2, 729-737 (2015) / www.naturalspublishing.com/Journals.asp 737
c 2015 NSP
Natural Sciences Publishing Cor.