COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & ARCHITECTURAL

ENGINEERING

CVEN 214: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Chapter 1: Introduction & basic concepts
Dr Mohammed Elshafie

Fall, 2017
Coplanar Loadings (The same plane – 2D)

Free Body Diagram

for N , ∑F = 0x

for V , ∑ F = 0
y We can obtain the resultant

for M , ∑ M = 0
forces and moment at O using
o x the equilibrium equations
Free Body Diagram
Free Body Diagram

mg
R
f

mg
Coplanar Loadings (The same plane – 2D)

Free Body Diagram

for N , ∑F = 0x

for V , ∑ F = 0
y We can obtain the resultant

for M , ∑ M = 0
forces and moment at O using
o x the equilibrium equations
Find: (1) the reactions at A and (2) the internal forces and moment at B

500N
B

A
 In this chapter - understand the concepts of normal and
shear stress
 Analyze and design of members subjected on axial load
or shear

(a) Tensile (b) Compressive and (c) Shear Loading

Introduction
Applied
Internal Resultant
External
Stresses forces
Load

Determine Using Equilibrium

Equations
Concept of Stress
 Obtaining the distribution of internal loading (or force) is
of primary important in mechanics of materials (why?)
We need to ensure that the material strength
is not exceeded
Stresses we are discussing today

1. Normal Stress, σ
 The internal force per unit area acting normal to ΔA

F ∆Fz
σ=z = lim N / m 2 or pascal ( Pa )
A ∆A→0 ∆A

2. Shear Stress, τ
 The intensity of force per unit area
acting on a plane Tangent to ΔA
Fx ∆Fx
τ zx= = lim Nm −2 or pascal ( Pa )
A ∆A→0 ∆A
Fy ∆Fy
τ zy= = lim Nm −2 or pascal ( Pa )
A ∆A→0 ∆A
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
 When a prismatic bar (long & slender mechanical or
structural element) is subjected to an axial force
through the centroid, it will deform uniformly
(material is homogenous and isotropic)
 Due to uniform deformation the cross section will be
subjected to a constant normal stress
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar

Average Normal Stress Distribution

 When an axially loaded uniform bar is
subjected to a constant uniform deformation,

∫ dF = ∫ σ dA
A

P = σA
P
σ =
A
σ = average normal stress
P = resultant normal force
A = cross sectional area of
bar
Maximum Average Stress
 For a bar subjected to
several external loads F2 F1

along its axis or a change a b c

in its cross-sectional F2 F1
area, as result , the σ
could be different from
one area to another on F
the bar.
 Determination of the
maximum P/A= σ is
very important in this
case
Procedure for Normal Stress Analysis
P
 Generally, the equation σ= gives the average normal
A
stress
For axially loaded bars
Internal Loading determinations:
 Section the members perpendicular to its longitudinal
axis at the point of interest
 Use the necessary FBD and equilibrium equations to
determine the internal resultant force P
Average Normal Stress determination:
 Determine the A and compute the σ = P
A
Will you step on this?
Watch this!