COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & ARCHITECTURAL

ENGINEERING

CVEN 214: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Chapter 4: AXIAL LOADS
Dr Mohammed Elshafie

Fall, 2017
 COMPATIBILITY CONDITIONS
• When the force equilibrium condition alone cannot determine the
solution, the structural member is called statically
indeterminate.

• In this case, compatibility conditions at the constraint locations

shall be used to obtain the solution.
Fa

𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 + 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 − 𝑃𝑃 = 0 (Vertical equilibrium)

L1 A
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿1 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 𝐿𝐿2
= (Compatibility equation)
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
L2 P 𝐿𝐿2
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 𝑃𝑃( )
B 𝐿𝐿1 +𝐿𝐿2
𝐿𝐿1
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 𝑃𝑃( )
𝐿𝐿1 +𝐿𝐿2
Fb
EXAMPLE
FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS
• It is also possible to solve statically indeterminate problem
by writing the compatibility equation using the superposition
of the forces acting on the free body diagram.
EXAMPLE 7-SOLUTION (CONT’D)
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel
bar and loading shown, assuming a close fit at
both supports before the loads are applied.

SOLUTION:
• Consider the reaction at B as redundant, release
the bar from that support, and solve for the
displacement at B due to the applied loads.

• Solve for the displacement at B due to the

redundant reaction at B.

• Require that the displacements due to the loads

and due to the redundant reaction be
compatible, i.e., require that their sum be zero.

• Solve for the reaction at A due to applied loads

and the reaction found at B.
EXAMPLE 7-SOLUTION
• Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads with the redundant constraint released,

P1 = 0 P2 = P3 = 600 ×103 N P4 = 900 ×103 N

A1 = A2 = 400 ×10− 6 m 2 A3 = A4 = 250 ×10− 6 m 2

L1 = L2 = L3 = L4 = 0.150 m

Pi Li 1.125 ×109
δL = ∑ =
A
i i iE E

• Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant

constraint,
P1 = P2 = − RB

A1 = 400 × 10− 6 m 2 A2 = 250 × 10− 6 m 2

L1 = L2 = 0.300 m

δR = ∑
Pi Li
=−
(
1.95 × 103 RB)
A
i i iE E
EXAMPLE 7-SOLUTION (CONT’D)

• Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to

the redundant reaction be compatible,
δ = δL +δR = 0

δ = −
( )
1.125 × 109 1.95 × 103 RB
=0
E E
RB = 577 × 103 N = 577 kN

• Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at B

∑ Fy = 0 = R A − 300 kN − 600 kN + 577 kN
R A = 323 kN

R A = 323 kN
RB = 577 kN
EXAMPLE 8
The A-36 steel rod shown in Fig. 4–17a has a diameter of 10
mm. It is fixed to the wall at A, and before it is loaded there is
a gap between the wall at B’ and the rod of 0.2 mm.
Determine the reactions at A and Neglect the size of the
collar at C. Take Est = 200GPa.
EXAMPLE 8-Solution
Solutions
• Using the principle of superposition,

(→)
+
0.0002 = δ P − δ B (1)
• From Eq. 4-2,

δP =
PLAC
=
[ ( )]
20 103 (0.4)
= ( −3
)
[ ( )]
0 . 5093 10
AE π (0.005) 200 109
2

FB (1.2)
F L
δ B = B AB = (
= 76.3944 10 −9 FB )
AE [ ( )]
π (0.005) 200 10
2 9

• Substituting into Eq. 1, we get

( ) (
0.0002 = 0.5093 10 −3 − 76.3944 10 −9 FB )
( )
FB = 4.05 103 = 4.05 kN (Ans)
EXAMPLE 8-Solution (cont.)
Solutions
• From the free-body diagram,

(+ →) ∑ Fx = 0
− FA + 20 − 4.05 = 0
FA = 16.0 kN (Ans)
THERMAL STRESS
THERMAL STRESS
THERMAL STRESS
THERMAL STRESS

• Ordinarily, the expansion or contraction δT is linearly

related to the temperature increase or decrease ΔT that
occurs.
δ T = α∆TL
α = linear coefficient of thermal expansion, property of the material
∆T = algebraic change in temperature of the member
T = original length of the member
δ T = algebraic change in length of the member

• If the change in temperature varies throughout the length of

the member, i.e. ΔT = ΔT (x), or if α varies along the length,
then
δ T = ∫ α∆T dx
THERMAL STRESS (CONT’D)

• A temperature change results in a change in length or

thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
• Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
PL
δ T = α (∆T )L δP =
AE
α = thermal expansion coef.
• The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
δ = δT + δ P = 0 δ = δT + δ P = 0
P = − AEα (∆T )
PL
α (∆T )L + =0 P
AE σ= = − Eα (∆T )
A
2 - 15
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE (CONTINUED)
STRESS CONCENTRATION

• The stress concentration factor K is a ratio of the

maximum stress to the average stress acting at the
smallest cross section; i.e.
σ max
K=
σ avg

Hole Fillet
STRESS CONCENTRATION (cont.)

• K is independent of the material properties

• K depends only on the specimen’s geometry and the type
of discontinuity

Fillet Hole
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE (CONTINUED)
INELASTIC AXIAL DEFORMATION

• When a material is stressed beyond the elastic range, it

starts to yield and thereby causes permanent deformation.
Among various inelastic behavior, the common cases
exhibit elastoplastic or elastic-perfectly-plastic behavior.
RESIDUAL STRESS

• After an axially loaded member is stressed beyond yield

stress, it will create residual stress in the member when the
loads are removed.
• Consider the stress history of a prismatic member made
from an elastoplastic material.
• Path OA: Member is loaded to reach yield stress σY
• Path AC: Member deforms plastically
• Path CD: Unloading but permanent strain ε0 remains
EXAMPLE 13
The rod shown in Fig. 4–30a has a radius of 5 mm and is
made of an elastic perfectly plastic material for which σY =
420 MPa and E = 70 GPa, Fig. 4–30c. If a force of P = 60 kN
is applied to the rod and then removed, determine the
residual stress in the rod.
EXAMPLE 13 (cont.)
Solutions
• An elastic analysis will produce FA = 45kN and FB = 15kN. This results in
a stress of

= 573 MPa (compression ) > σ Y = 420 MPa

45
σ AC =
π (0.005) 2

= 191 MPa (tension )

15
σ CB =
π (0.005)2

• The maximum possible force developed in AC is

(FA )Y ( )[ ]
= σ Y A = 420 103 π (0.005) = 33.0 kN
2

• From the equilibrium of the rod,

FB = 60 − 33 = 27.0 kN
EXAMPLE 13 (cont.)
Solutions
• The stress in each segment of the rod is therefore

σ AC = σ Y = 420 MPa (compression )

= 344 MPa (tension ) < 420 MPa (OK)

27
σ CB =
π (0.005)2

• Since CB responds elastically,

δC =
FB LCB
=
(27 )(0.3) = 0.001474 m
AE 2
[ ( )]
π (0.005) 70 10 6

δ 0.001474
ε CB = C = = +0.004913
LCB 0.3
δC 0.001474
ε AC = =− = −0.01474
LAC 0.1
EXAMPLE 13 (cont.)
Solutions
• Here the yield strain is

εY =
σY
=
( )
420 106
= 0.006
E ( )
70 109

• The residual stress in each member is

(σ AC )r = −420 + 573 = 153 MPa (Ans)

(σ CB )r = 344 − 191 = 153 MPa (Ans)

• This residual stress is the same for

both segments, which is to be
expected.
EXAMPLE 14
EXAMPLE 14 (CONTINUED)
EXAMPLE 14 (CONTINUED)