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Multiple Looks on Temporal Discrimination in

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Multiple Looks on Temporal Discrimination in Sound Sequences

Gert ten Hoopen, Stéphanie van den Berg, Jiska Memelink, Bruno Bocanegrq & Roel Boon

Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden University, the Netherlands

Abstract The introduction gives an overview of the scant number of studies that implicitly or explicitly
investigated the multiple-look notion as regards temporal discrimination within and between sound
sequences (continuous and discontinuous sound sequences). Because it has been suggested that the
multiple-look effect, the improvement oftemporal discrimination when more time-intervals are available to
the listener, might not appear for continuous sequences, we report two experiments that investigated the
matter. In the first experiment, isochronous standard sequences were presented that comprised 9 of
intervals immediately followed by l, 2, 3, 5, 7, or 9 compmison intervals, and the listeners had to judge
' whether there was a tempo change or not in the total sequence, We found an improvement of
discrimination when there were more comparisons presented, that is, for these stimuli the multiple-look
effect could be demonstrated. In this experiment, we also studied sequences in which there was only one
last comparison interval preceded by 1,2, 3, 5,7 , or 9 standard intervals, but in that conditio& no multiple-
look effect could be established. In the second experiment, we applied a more complete design by
presenting the following four sequence conditions: l) 9 leading standard intervals trailed by 1,2, ... 9
comparisons, 2) 9 leading comparison intervals, trailed by 1,2, ... 9 standards,3) 1,2, ... 9leading
standard intervals, trailed by 9 comparisons, and 4) l, 2, ... 9 leading comparison intervals, trailed by 9
standards. Clear multiple-look effects were established. In the experiments, the tempo was varied, because
it is known that the temporal discrimination processes for quick tempi (> 4 tones/s) and slower tempi (< 4
tones/s) differ fundamentally. It turned out that the multiple-look effect could be observed in both tempi-
ranges, and that the relation between the temporal difference limen and the number of looks could be fit
very well by a reciprocal function.

Keywords muttiple-look effec! isochronous rhythm, auditory temporal discrimination

1. Introduction
The aim of the present study is to further examine the so called 'tnultiple-look" notion for
temporal discrimination in continuous auditory sequences. This notiono also named repeated-look notion"
holds that discrimination improves when more instances of, or information about, the to be detected
stimulus is presented. Though several multiple-look studies have been done in the realm of
psychoacoustics and sigrral detàion theory [U, i2], we know of only few studies that investigated the
effect of multiple looks on the temporal discrimination in or between auditory sequences. The structure of
the present paper is as follows: Firstly, we discuss the few studies available, and secondly, three
experiments will be reported, in which the sequential stucture, the number of time-intervals, and ttre tempo
of the sequences were systematically varied.
In Experiment I of a seminal study [3], an adaptive psychophysical procedure was utilized to
establish the just noticeable difference (JND) as a function of 1) the number of time intervals in a tone
sequence and 2) the tempo ofthe sequence, expressed by its inverse, the inter onset interval (IOI). In each
trial of the adaptive procedure, their listeners heard two isochronous sequences separated by twice the IOI,
both containing the same number of intervals (1,2,4, or 6), and had to indicate which sequence was faster.
The IOI was varied from 100 to 1.000 ms in steps of 100 ms, and one more IOI of 1.500 ms was added. [t
was found that the sensitiv§ increased significantly when the number of intervals in the sequence
increased from 1 to 2, and from 2 to 4. However, sensitiv§ did not further increase from 4 to 6 intervals.
This muttiple-look pattern was shown at all IOIs except at 1.500 ms.
In another study [4], that used the method of constant stimuli, the participants were required to
judge whether the last comparison (C) interval in fast auditory temporal sequences was shorter or longer in
duration than the l,2, or 3 irrmediately preceding standard (S) intervals. A Page-test for ordered
alternatives reyealed that there \ryas no significant decrease of the difference limen (DL) with increasing
number of S-intervals, that is, no multiple-look effect was observed. Recently, evidence was reported for
the multiple-look notion for temporal discrimination in the visual modality t5l. In the experiments two
main conditions were defined: "continuous" and "discontinuous". The continuous conditions comprised
sequences like those of [4], thus 2, 3, or 4 emp§ time intervals. The last C-interval could differ in duration

693
Trans. Tech. Comm. Psychol. Physiol. Acoust., The Acoustical Society of Japan, Vol. 34, No. 10, H-2004-122
from the preceding S-intervals. The discontinuous conditions contained two isochronous sequences, like in
[3], separated by 1.5 or 2 s. Both seguences had the same number of intervals (1,2, or 3 visually marked
intervals), one sequence being S, the other C. A discrimination improvement was found with increasing
number of intervals in this discontinuous condition (like in [3]), but not in the continuous condition (like in
t4l).
We wondered whether multiple-look effects could be established for temporal discrimination in
continuous sequences different from the kind as presented in [a] and t5l. In these studies there was one last
C-interval, preceded by 1,2, or 3 S-intervals. But the multiple-look notion should also be viewed the other
way mound. What would happen when the number of leading S-intervals is constant, and the number of
trailing C-intervals increases? In the experiments we carefully chose the tempi of the sequences, which we
expressed as its inverse (our nomenclature for l/tempo is "stimulus onset asynchrony'' (SOA), which is the
same as the IOI). The choice of SOA-levels was guided by evidence in the literature [6], [7], [8], that
temporal discrimination of sequences with SOA < 250 ms fundamentally differs from that for SOA > 250
ms, and we did not want to miss a possible interaction of this difference in discrimination process with
multiple-look effects.

2. Experiment 1
Our aim in this experiment was to investigate whether a multiple-look effect can be observed for
continuous sound sequences starting with nine standard intervals (S) of equal duration, followed
contiguously by an increasing mrmber of comparison ihtervals (C). We also varied the tempo of the
sequences to inspect whether that variable affects the emergence of a multiple-look effect. We included a
condition in which the number of S - intervals, preceding one last C - interval, was increased. This was
done to replicate [a] and [5].

2.1Method
Twenty-four normal hearing students served in the experiment. The stimuli were isochronous
sound sequences that comprised two parts, S and C. There were two sets of sequences: in the first set the
number of intervals in S was fixed at 9, and the number of trailing C-intervals vmied between l, 2, 3, 5, 7 ,
and 9. The second set of sequences comprised only I C-interval (the last one), and the number of
preceding S-intervals varied between 1,2,3,5,7, and 9. The intervals were delimited by l0 ms square
waves, fundamental I kHz. Note that there was one pattern, 9 S-intervals followed by I C-interval,
common to both sets. Thus there were 2 (sets) x 6 (number of intervals) - I : ll different pattern types.
Because we varied the SOA of the sequences between 100, 200, 400, and 800 ms, there were 4 x ll
: 44
conditions. The values of the shorter and longer C's to be compared with S in the method of constant
stimuli, were established by pilot studies.
Twelve participants were first presented the 24 conditions in which C was kept fixed at one
interval, and after that the 20 remaining conditions in which S was fixed at nine intervals. The other 12
participants got the reverse order. When C was fixed at I interval, and the leading S was varie4
participants were instructed to indicate whether the last click of the sequence came 'too early" or 'too
late". When S was fixed at 9 intervals and C varied between 2 and9 intervals, participants were required to
indicate whether the tempo in the last part of the sequence was faster or slower. Under both instructions
participants had to perform a 2AFC taslg and they could mouse-click their judgment (ear§/late, or
faster/slower) on one of two buttons on a monitor.

2.2 Results and discussion

For each of the 44 conditions we gathered 24 (participants) X 2 (replications) : 48 judgments at
each C-value from which the "last sound too late" and 'too slow tempo" psychometric curves were
established. From these curves we calculated the difference limens (DLs). Figure 1 shows that for the
sequences that started with 9 S-intervals, followed by an increasing number of C-intervals, the DL
decreased at all SOA-values most strongly when the number of extra looks was I and 2 (2 and 3 C-
intervals). It is clear that we have a continuous condition here in which a multiple-look effect emerged.
The observed course of the DL - decrease in Figure I suggests that the DL is reciproca§ related
to the number of C-intervals. It turned out that at all four SOAs, curves could be fit very well by the
reciprocal function: Dlestimated @Lest.) : a + (blN) ms, where parameter a is the horizontal DL-
asymptote, paÍameter b is the maximum amount of Dl-decrease possible, and N denotes the number of C-
intervals. The reciprocal frrnctions, their regression equations, and the coefficients of deterrrination (RxR)
are inserted in Figure l. Take for example the equation Dlest. :2.2 + (9.5 / N) at SOA : 100 ms. When
there is only one C-interval, the estimated DL is the sum of parameters a and b, that is, 2.2 + 9.5 : I I .7 ms.

694
When there are two C-intervals (N : 2, thus one exta look), the estimated DL:2.2 + 9.5 I 2 : 6.95 ms,
and so on.

Nine Leading Standard lntervals

= 800 ms, DL.*. . 2í.E + (14.2,N) ím (RrR = .95)

c
o
E
o
(J
co
L

É
o
= 400 ms, Dtrr{. = 7.9 + ( E.i/N) mi(ftfi =.98)

=200m, DL€d. = 4.6+ (7.4N)

SOA = í00 Ír|s, Dt €sr. = 2.2 + ( 9.íI{) m3 (R)f, = 90)

Number oÍ Trailing Comparisons

Figure 1. DLs as a function of the number of C-intervals trailing behind an S of 9 intervals, dependent on
SOA. The estimated reciprocal equations and RxR are inserted.

SOA:tfi)ms

30
O
€rs
g
o
É
320
Ic
E15
Ë
oro

0
o1231 a?tglo
Number of Leading Standard lnterval§

Figure 2- DLs as a function of the number of S-intervals leading one trailing C-interval, dependent on SOA

Figure 2 displays the DLs for the sequences with one last C-interval preceded by an increasing
number of S-intervals. Although one could intuitively mgue that increasing the number of leading intervals
in S should sharpen the mental representation of the S-duration from which C has to be discriminated, the
pattern of results defies such an argument. No multiple-look effect could be discerned in the data pattern,
and this replicates the findings by [4], and [5]. We reanalyzed the results [3], because we were of
interested whether the reciprocal function we found between the absolute DL and increasing number of
looks applies to that data as well. We converted the relative JNDs (or DLs) back to absolute DLs by
inspecting figure I Gl279) of [3] as accurately as possible. Tóle I gives these absolute DLs, and it can

695
be seen at SOAs that the steepest decrease of the DL is from one to two intervals, and that at almost all
all
SOAs the Dl-decrease gets less for more intervals. At each SOA, we fit the reciprocal function through
the DLs, like we did for our own data in Experiment 2. Table I also gives the regression equations. As
their coefficients of determination (RxR) show, the reciprocal function appeaÍs to describe the data of [3]
very well at all SOAs, except for the SOAs of 700 and 1.500 ms. Figure 3 shows the average fit averaged
over SOAs from 100 ms to 1.000 ms which is excellent (RxR = 0.999).

Table t. Reanalysis of the data Experiment I from [3]. Absolute difference limens @Ls in ms),
of
converted back from the relative DLs as shown in Figure I of [3], as a function of stimulus onset
asynchrony (SOA in ms) and number of intervals in the sequence. At each SOA, the regression equation of
the reciprocal function relating the estimated DL (Dlest.) to increasing number of intervals in the sequence
is given together with the coefftcient of determination (RxR).

Number of Intervals

SOA Regression Equation R2

100 8.7 6.8 5.0 4.1 Dlest. : /N)

3.6 +( 5.3 .96
200 14.0 7.4 7.0 4.4 Dlest. : /N)
3.1 + (10.6 .94
300 16.8 ll.l 9.0 5.4n Dlest.: 4.6 +(12.4/N) .95
400 20.8 tt.2 8.0 7.2 Dlest. = 3.9 +(16.6/N) .98
500 23.s 14.5 12.5 10.0 Dlest.: 7.1+ (15.5 /I0 .98
600 31.8 16.8 13.2 9.6 Dlest. : 5.5 + (25.8 / N) . 98
700 30.1 24.5 11.5 21.0 Dlest. = 16.9 + (13.3 /N) . 86
800 47.2 25.6 18.4 22.4 Dlest. :12.6 + (32.9 i N) .92
900 53.1 43.2 29.7 27.A Dlest. =23.1+ (31.6/N) .94
1.000 54.0 40.0 34.0 31.0 Dlest. :26.1 + (27.2 /N') .99
1.500 111.0 84.0 84.0 86.0 Dlest.:76.0 +(31.9/N) .82

e
g
co
E
a
Ic
ö
to
o
Io

Number of lntervals

Figure 3. Reciprocal fit (dotted curve) through the absolute just noticeable differences (JNDs) or
difference limens @Ls) from study [3], averaged over all IOIs from 100 to 1.000 ms, Dlestimated: 10.8
+ (lg.lN) ms [RxR:0.999].

Though the goodness of

fit of this reciprocal function was very gooq it was not so easy to
imagine the underlying perceptual process. Hence, we converted the variable part of this function (bÀ'{),
relating the decrease of DL to the number of looks §), into the function relating the concomitant increase
of sensitivity to N. This function can be written as: Sensitivity Increase (SI) = b - (bN). Still, this
expression was not very mnspaÍent as regmds the effect of multiple looks. However, the function can also
be written as: SI = ((N -l)N) x b, and this expression gives a clearer view of what happens.
Figure 4 displays an example: The left panel portrays the estimated reciprocal function of DL
dependent on N for SOA : :
100 ms @Lest. 2.2 + (9.5/f{)). Although the maximum number of
comparisons (N) used in Experiment 2 was nine, we drew the function up to N :
20 to illustrate the
diminishing returns of an increasing number of looks, and also to show that the value of the DL approaches

696
the asymptote of the constant 2.2. Ttreright panel shows how SI depends on the number of looks tSI : ((N
- l)N) x e.S msl. This curve is obviously the miror image of the DL- curve, but the value of the
asymptote, to which SI approaches, is now 9.5 ms. ForN: 1,2,3,4, ..... to 20, the variable (N - l)N
follows the sequence: 0, 112,2/3,314, ..... ts 19D0. When N : 1, the sensitivity increase is of course 0 x
9.5 = 0 ms, because there are no additional lools. When N: 2, there is one exfia loolg and SI = l/2 x 9.5 =
4.75 ms. WhenN - 3, there are 2 extra looks and 51:213 x 9.5: ó.33 ms. lVhenN:4, thus 3 exra
looks, SI :3/4 xg.s:7.13 ms, and so on. It is surprising that the multiple-look process obeys such a
lawful sequence (112,213,3/4, 4/5, and so on), but future studies should investigate the perceptuaUmemory
processes glving rise to this peculiar orderly sensitiv§ increase.

SOA. l(x) mr Diíi.on6 Um(OL). 2-2 + (9.§ l) c

0
O E
E
o
co 6
o
E o
o
c
=8
co ;
'a
Ë
(f
co
U'
.{l

§o/t E ro ffi sqírrÉ, ln(,-(§r). «il -'l)il) x 9.5 m

1

-o í 2 3 I 3 A 7 I 9 rOtl 121311 '15í6171Aí920

Number of Comparison Intervals

Figure 4. Left.panel: Example of a reciprocal function relating the value of the difference limen (DL) to
thà number of tomparison intervals. Right panel: Dependency of the sensitiv§ increase (SI) on the
number of comparison intervals. See text for further explanation.

3. Experiment 2
In this experiment we varied the location of the standmd paÍt (S) and the comparison part (C) in
the sequence (S or C first), the location ofthe increasing sequence part (either at the beginning or at the end
of the iequence), the SOA's of 200 and 400 ms, and the total sequence length (10, 11,12,13,14,15,16,17
or 18 intervals).

3.1 Method
The five normal hearing participants, age-range of 18-24, were Leiden University undergraduate
students. Our desigr comprised four blocks for each of the two SOA levels: (l) 9 leading S's with 9
increasing trailing Ó's, 1Zf 9 leading C's with 9 increasing trailing S's, (3) 9 increasing leading S's with 9
trailing Cs, (4) Ó increasing leading C's with 9 trailing S's (see Table 2). The sound sequences started
with Jither isochronous S-intervals followed by isochronous C-intervals or started with isochronous C-
intervals followed by isochronous S-intervals. The markers delimiting the intervals were 10 ms square
waves with a fundamental frequency of 1000 Hz. The SOA of the S-intervals was either 200 or 400 ms.
Half of the sequences containéd 9 S-intervals paired with 1,2,3,4,5,607,8 or 9 C-intervals. The other half
contained 9 C-intervals paired with 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 or 9 S-intervals. Half of the standard §equences were
leading, the other half wère failing. In other words, each possible C-S pairing consisted of either a leading
or trailing S-sequence paired with its trailing or leading C-interval respectively.

sc cs SC CS
19 19
Table 2. The sequences used in Experiment 2. Either the Standard
9l 9l intervals (S) or the Comparison intervals (C) were leading the
92 92 29 29 sequence. The increase of the number of intervals could be in the
93 93 39 39 C-part of the sequence or in the S-part of the §equence. The total
94 94 49 49 sequence lengththus variedbetween l0 and 18 intervals.
95 95 59 59
96 96 69 69
97 97 79 79
98 98 89 89
99 99 99 99

697
For the estimations of the upper limen (UL) we chose starting values of 230 and zt40 ms for SOA's of 200
and 400 ms respectively. For lower limen (LL) estimations we chose starting values of 170 and 360 ms for
SOA's of 200 and 400 ms respectively. We used a 'within-session' randomized sextuple staircase method,
in which the SOA of the C's was adapted to the response of the participant. Within each session, six
pattems were presented at random. When, after hearing a sequence, the participant responded with 'Y"
(for "Yes, I do hear a tempo change"), the value of the C-interval was adapted towards the value of the
presented S-interval. When, after hearing a sequence, the participant responded with "l{' (for'No, I do not
hear a tempo change"), the difference between the value of the presented C- and S-intervals was
incremented. The stepsize of this adaptation was held constant;4 ms and 6 ms for SOA's of 200 and 400
o'N" and a
ms respectively. A "Y' followed by a "N' followed by a "Y' counted as one reversal point.
After l0 reversal points a nrn was finished.

3.2 Results
For each of the five participants we calculated the LLs and the ULs for all 72 sequence patterns by
averaging the 10 reversal points of the respective runs, and from these values we calculated the DLs [DL :
(W-LL)/21. The DLs were submitted to a 4-way repeated measures ANOVA, with the following factors:
(1) SOA [200 or 400 ms]; (2) Begin/End [increase of the number of S- or C-intervals at the beginning of
the sequences, or increase of the number ofS- or C-intervals at the end ofthe sequences (see Figure l)l;
(3) C/S-first [sequences starting with C-intervals or with'S-intervals (see Figure l)]; (a) Sequence Length
[0, I l, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or I 8 intervals]. Thus, we had an 2 x 2 x2 x 9 desigt.
The main effect of SOA was sigpificant [p <.005, F(1,4):31.89]; the DL at SOA:400 ms was
27.4 ms on average, and thus larger than the DL of 16.8 ms at SOA = 200 ms. The main effect of
Begin/End was significant as well [p <.01, F(1,4): 19.95] in the direction that the DLs were smaller when
the increase of the number of S'or C-intervals occurred at the end of the sequences (see Figure 5).

SOA = 2(D rp SOA= 4)0me

6' eE
E
c c
o
o
.E .E
J J
E
c
Io
C
o
ó €
E
i5 o
E co
6 o
o
= =

S€quene L.ng[h (iÍfrm/eb) Sequeoe Leíigth (inbn als)

Figure 5. Mean difference limens for the beginning condition (squares) and the ending condition (circles)
as a function of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) and sequence lengÍh.

The main effect of C/S-first was not significant (p:.41), nor \ilas any of the interactions with C/S-first
sigrificant. Although this variable was logically included to complete the desigr from an experimenter's
point of view (see Table 2) it did not affect the discriminative behavior of the listeners. This is
understandable in terms of the task requirement the participants solely had to detect a tempo difference
between two isochronous paÍts of the sequences, and had no cues whatsoever which part was C or S. The
main effect of Sequence Length was significant [after Greenhouse-Geisser correction: p < .01, F(1.27,5.07)
: 15.621. The DL decreased with increasing sequence length, supporting the multiple-look notion. Figure
5 shows that, on average, this decrease is strongest for the first extra look (from sequence length 10 to 1l),
less so for the second exfia look (from sequence length l1 to l2), and a bit less strong than that for the third
exta look (from sequence length 12 to l3).For more than three extra looks, the DL remained
approximately at a plateau.

698
4 Conclusion and discussion
Itis clear from the above discussed experiments that the multiple-look effect does not only show
up in a discontinuous condition , but also in a continuous condition. We have more evidence from our
laboratory that supports this conclusion. We performed a so called anisochrony detection experiment, in
which the isochrony of a base sequence of 4, 6,8, or 10 clicks with SOAs of 100 and 400 ms was
perturbed by offsetting the even numbered clicks backward in time by the same amount of ms toward the
odd numbered clicks. As a result, the physical patterning is a sequence comprising groups of two clicks
separated by longer time intervals between groups (see Figure 6). The research questions were how much
offset should be given to the odd clicks in order to detect grouping in 50 % of the cases, and how this
threshold depends on the tempo, and the length of the sequence. It is obvious that the multipleJook notion
predicts a lower threshold that is, higher sensitivity, for longer sequences. This was precisely what we
found, by applying a method of constant stimuli, in which the participan* had to judge whether a sequence
sounded isochronous or grouped. From the responses we calculated d-prime and Figure 7 shows that d-
prime increased most when the sequence length increased from 4 to 6 clicks, and hardly increased further
from 6 to 8 clicks, and again this held for both SOAs, one shorter and tre other longer than 250 ms. Thus
the pattern of sensitivity increase as a function of sequence length appears very much the same as that
established in Experiments I and2.

Figure ó. Left: An isochronous sound sequence. RighÍ An anisochronous grouped sequence.

1.75

.65 SOA = 100 ms

Number of Clicl«s in the Sequence

Figure 7. The sensitivity (d - prime) for detecting "grouped anisochrony" as a function of

sequence length (4, 6, 8, and l0 clicks) and SOA (100 and 400 ms).

We just started up to desigrr a new experiment to unravel the mental process underlying the multiple-look
effect. When one inspects Table 2, one sees that the tempo change in the sequences always followed after
9 intervals, or is followed by 9 intervals. In this forthcoming experiment we will systematically vary the
length of this leading and trailing part of the sequence which was constant (9) in the present Experiment 2.
Thus, the parts of the sequence at bgth sides of the tempo change will be varied in all possible
combinations. Hopefully, the results will provide us with clues to psychologically interprete the reciprocal
equation relating the DL to the number of extra looks.

699
5. Acknowledgement
We are much indebted to Prof. Yoshitaka Nakajima (Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan), Prof.
Takayuki Sasaki (Miyagi Gakuin Women's University, Sendai, Japan), and Prof. Simon Grondin
(Université Laval, Quebec, Canada) for their continuous support.

6. References

tll Viemeister, N.F. & Wakefield, G.H. (1991) Temporal integration and multiple looks. Jownal of
the Acoustical Society of America 90, 858-865.

l2l Dai, H. & Wright, B.A. (1999) Predicting the detectability of tones with unexpected durations.
Journal of the Acoustical Society of Americo 105,2043'2046.

t3l Drake, C. & Botte, M-C. (1993) Tempo sensitivity in auditory sequences: Evidence for a multiple-
look model. Perception & Psychopltysics 54,277486.

t41 ten Hoopen, G., Hartsuiker, R., Sasaki, T., Nakajima Y., Tanaka, M., & Tsumurq T. (1995)'
Perception of auditory isochrony: Time*brinking.and temporal pattefl§. Perception 24,577-593.

15] Grondin, S. (2001) Discriminating time intervals presented in sequences marked by visual signals.
Perception & Psychophysics 63, 1214-1228.

t6l Friberg A. & Sundberg J. (1995) Time discrimination in a monotonic, isochronous sequence.
Journal of the Acoustical Society of Àmerica 98,2524'2531.

Í71 ten Hoopeq G. (February, lgg2) Temporal processing oí íast auditory patterns. Paper presented
at the 2d International Conference on Music Perception and Copition, Los Angeles.

t81 ten Hoopen, G., Boelaarts, L., Gruisen, A., Apon, I., Donders, K., Mul, N., & Akerboom, S.
(1994) The detection ofanisochrony in monaural and interaural sound sequences. Perception &
Psychophysiics 56, I 10-120.

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Transactions on Technical Committee of i

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