Chapter 7: THE THREE-FIELD MIXED PRINCIPLE OF ELASTOSTATICS 7–10

Homework Exercises for Chapter 7

Solutions

EXERCISE 7.1

Not assigned.

EXERCISE 7.2

Integrate the N u  term by parts:

   
N2 
L L L
 N2
H R = Nu − d x − f1 u 1 − f2 u 2 = − dx − u N  d x + N u|0L − f 1 u 1 − f 2 u 2 (E7.1)
0 2E A 0 2E A 0

The exact solution is constant N , which is assumed in the element. Thus N  = 0 and the functional reduces to
 L
N2
H R = − d x + N (u 2 − u 1 ) − f 1 u 1 − f 2 u 2 . (E7.2)
0 2E A
The internal u(x) has disappeared, and the axial displacements only come in through their end values u 1 and
u 2 . Therefore, it does not matter what is taken for the displacement field inside the element as long as a
constant N is assumed. This is a variational freak since it applies only to that specific example problem.

EXERCISE 7.3
The weak links are (cf. Figure E7.1):

eiuj − eiσj = 0 in V, û i − u i = 0 on Su , (E7.3)

where eiuj = 12 (u i, j + u j,i ) and eiσj = Ci jk σk . Multiply the residuals (E7.3) by δσi j and δti = δσi j n j and
integrate over V and Su , respectively:
 
(eiuj − eiσj ) δσi j dV + (û i − u i ) δσi j n j d S = 0. (E7.4)
V Su

Apply the divergence theorem to the first term on the left:

   0

eiuj δσi j d V = 1
2
(u i, j + u j,i ) δσi j d V = − u i δσ

i j, j d V + u i δσi j n j d S, (E7.5)
V V V S

in which the indicated term vanishes because the BE are strongly satisfied: δ(σi j, j + bi ) = δσi j, j = 0 in V .
Replacing into (E7.4) gives
  
δTCPE = −Ci jk σk δσi j d V + u i δσi j n j d S + (û i − u i ) δσi j n j d S = 0. (E7.6)
V S Su

Split the S integral over St and Su . Over St we can set δσi j n j = δ(σi j n j ) = δ tˆi = 0 because the FBCs are
strongly satisfied. The integrals of u i δσi j n j over Su cancel out and we are left with
 
δTCPE = − Ci jk σk δσi j d V + û i δσi j n j d S = 0. (E7.7)
V Su

This is the exact first variation of the complementary energy functional (E7.1).

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7–11 Exercises


(û i − u i ) δσi j n j d S = 0
Su

u^ u b


BE: σi j, j + bi = 0
(eiuj − eiσj ) δσi j d V = 0
V
in V

CE: Master FBC:

σi j = E i jk ek σi j n j = tˆi
Slave eσ σ on St
^t
in V

Figure E7.1. Departure Weak Form to derive the TCPE functional.

EXERCISE 7.4
The only weak connection is σi j = E i jk ek . We begin as above, trying

δ S = (σi j − E i jk ek ) δei j d V, (E7.8)
V

where σi j must be viewed as a data field.6 This is the exact variation of


 S (ei j ) = (σi j − 12 E i jk ek ) ei j d V. (E7.9)
V

And this is the end. No further progress can be made. This is the only canonical functional of elasticity that
contains no boundary integrals.
In the Exercise statement it was noted that functional  S has limited practical value. The reason is that all
of the difficult field equations are taken as strong. The stress field must satisfy both equilibrium equations
and stress BC point by point a priori, while the strain field must be compatible with a displacement field
that satisfies the displacement BC. The only relaxation of the governing equations pertains to the constitutive
equations.

E1 , A E2 , A E3 , A
σ σ

L1 L2 L3

Figure E7.2. Application of the strain-only canonical

functional to material homogenization.

Nevertheless the principle may be occasionally useful in material homogenization, as the following simple
example illustrates. Consider a bar of uniform cross section A and total length L = L 1 + L 2 + L 3 made up

6 Why? Because the stresses must satisfy the volume equilibrium equations and the surface traction BC a priori. Thus the
stress field must be known at every point in V .

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Chapter 7: THE THREE-FIELD MIXED PRINCIPLE OF ELASTOSTATICS 7–12

of three materials with elastic moduli E 1 , E 2 and E 3 , respectively. Using the functional  S , find an average
modulus E.
To carry out the homogenization process, assume that the bar is under a constant axial stress field σ = P/A
(see Figure E7.2), which obviously satisfies all stress equilibrium equations and surface traction boundary
conditions. The average strain e = E −1 σ is taken as the only unknown to be varied in  S :

 S (e) = ALσ e − 12 A(E 1 L 1 + E 2 L 2 + E 3 L 3 )e2 . (E7.10)

The condition δ S = 0 gives ∂ S /∂e = 0, from which

L σ E1 L 1 + E2 L 2 + E3 L 3
e= σ, E= = . (E7.11)
E1 L 1 + E2 L 2 + E3 L 3 e L

This technique essentially amounts to equating the strain energies absorbed by the actual and homogenized
(fictitious) bars. Note that the displacement field does not appear in this statically determinate problem.

EXERCISE 7.5

Yes, it does if the assumed moment M̄ and curvature κ̄ can be strongly linked by the constitutive equation:
M̄ = E I κ̄, point by point. This is the case in the example because both are taken as multiple of ξ . Making κ
a slave of M by setting κ = κ M = M/E I in VHW collapses the functional to HR.

EXERCISE 7.6

Setting m=n=0 the script yields the complete stiffness of the shearless beam
 
EIL −L 0 0 0 0
 −L 0 0 −1 0 1
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0
  (E7.12)
 0 −1 0
 0 0 0 
 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0

Upon condensing the curvature and moment DOFs:

 
0 0 0 0
EI 0 1 0 −1 
0 (E7.13)
L 0 0 0 
0 −1 0 1

EXERCISE 7.7
Fitting moment and curvature variations to pass through two noncoincident zero points (the hinges) produces
N = 0 and κ = 0 over the element. The full stiffness isthe null matrix, which cannot be statically condensed.

EXERCISE 7.8
The functional collapses to the TPE.

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