DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

FACULTY SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

SULTAN IDRIS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

SBL 1023
TECHNIQUE IN BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY
LAB 7: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

AYU ILYANA BT ZULKIFLI

STUDENT`S NAME
( E20161014077)
EXPERIMENT`S NO LAB 7 : Human Physiology

DATE/DAY/PLACE 9/1/2017 - 16/1/2017 /TUESDAY/ B2-L3-MP 13

LECTURE`S NAME Professor Madya Dr. Shakinaz Binti Desa

 LAB 7: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

Physiology is the study of normal function within living creatures. It is a sub-section of

biology, covering a range of topics that include organs, anatomy, cells, biological
compounds, and how they all interact to make life possible.

Through a complex multiple control system, the cell of the body and brain can
influence the circulatory pattern of blood. Changes in total blood flow are reflected in heart
rate and arterial pressure. Blood pressure can easily be measured. Systole refers to the
contraction of the heart and conventionally systolic arterial pressure is the highest pressure
developed in arteries during the ventricular contraction of the cardiac cycle. Diastole refers
to a relaxed heart muscle and diastolic pressure has conventionally meant the lowest
arterial pressure during a heart cycle. The pulse pressure is related to the amount of blood
being pumped per beat. It is the systolic minus the diastolic pressure.

In this experiment, my group and I will examined our own blood pressure used the
blood pressure sensor provided in the laboratory. We will also compare the blood pressure
taken before and after exposure to cold. The cold stimulus activates the sympathetic
nervous system, resulting in hemodynamic changes that prepare the body for a "fight or
flight" response. The sensitivity of blood pressure to harmful external or internal injuries
makes it useful as a vital sign, an indicator of health, disease, excitement and stress.
We will also examined our own respiratory volumes using spirometer provided. The
total capacity of lungs is divided into various volumes and capacities according to the
function of these in the intake or exhalation of air. The total amount of air one's lung can
possible hold can be subdivided into for volumes, as shown in Figure 1.

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 Figure 1. Lung volumes and capacities.

MATERIALS
Blood pressure sensor Cold water

Spirometer

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METHODOLOGY
A. Blood pressure as a vital sign
1. Have the subject which is me sit quietly in a chair with my forearm resting on a table
surface. It is advisable that the person who was been tested to remain calm and
static.
2. The blood pressure and the heart rate stated in the Blood Pressure sensor checked
and wrote it down in a table.
3. The supine (laying on your back) blood pressure and heart rates checked and wrote
down in a table.
4. Then, we had climbed up and down the stairs for a few times in five minutes. The
blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) immediately took, and every 1 minute up to
5 minutes and wrote in a table.

B. Human respiratory volume

1. Tidal volume (TV)
a. The spirometer dial set at zero (0). A normal inspiration took, my mouth
placed over the mouth-piece, and exhaled a normal expiration into the
spirometer.
b. The amount of exhaled reading on the dial recorded.
c. My respiratory rate per minute counted by counting my respiratory cycles for
1 minute while you are seated at rest.
2. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
a. The spirometer dial set at zero (0).
b. After a normal expiration, my mouth placed over the mouth-piece and
forcefully exhale as much air as possible into the spirometer.
3. Vital Capacity (VC)
a. The spirometer dial set at zero (O).
b. As deeply inhaled as possible, my mouth placed over the mouth-piece, my
nose hold, and exhaled into spirometer with a maximal effort.
c. The measurement repeated 3 times and the largest volume recorded.
4. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) and Inspiration Capacity (IC)
a. The IRV and IC from 3 previous volume measurement calculated.

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RESULT
A. Blood Pressure as a Vital Sign (Subject) Ayu Ilyana Binti Zulkifli
TABLE 1. BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART RATE READINGS
Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial
Heart rate
Pressure Pressure pressure (mmHg)
(beats/min)
(mmHg) (mmHg) MAP = [(2D) = S]/3
Sitting on chair 119 90 99.7 77
Supine (laying
105 68 80.3 73
on back)

TABLE 2. BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART RATE READINGS RESPONSE TO CLIMB UP & DOWN
STAIRS
Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial Heart rate
Pressure Pressure pressure (mmHg) (beats/min)
(mmHg) (mmHg) [(2D) = S]/3
Min 0 128 75 92.7 151
Min 1 108 82 90.7 120
Min 2 114 75 88.0 97
Min 3 97 78 84.3 81
Min 4 94 75 81.3 73
Min 5 93 74 80.3 71
TABLE 3. BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART RATE READINGS RESPONSE TO JUMPING JACK
Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial Heart rate
Pressure Pressure pressure (mmHg) (beats/min)
(mmHg) (mmHg) [(2D) = S]/3
Min 0 131 71 91 130
Min 1 118 62 80.7 107
Min 2 100 63 75.3 92
Min 3 124 59 80.7 89
Min 4 113 61 78.3 86
Min 5 90 64 72.7 77

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GRAPH

GRAPH 1.1 MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE (MAP) WITH TIME (S) RESPONSE TO CLIMB UP &
DOWN STAIRS

MAP (mmHg) VS TIME (s)

94 92.7

92 90.7

90
88
88
MAP (mmHg)

86
84.3
84
81.3
82
80.3
80

78
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (s)

GRAPH 1.2 HEART RATE READING WITH TIME RESPONSE TO CLIMB UP & DOWN STAIRS

Heart rate vs time (s)

160 151

140
120
120
Heart rate (beats/min)

97
100
81
73 71
80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (s)

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GRAPH 2.1 MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE (MAP) WITH TIME (s) RESPONSE TO JUMPING JACK

MAP (mmHg) vs time (s)

100
91
90
80.7 80.7
78.3
80 75.3

70 64

60
MAP (mmHg)

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time (s)

GRAPH 2.2 HEART RATE READING WITH TIME (s) RESPONSE TO JUMPING JACK

Heart rate vs time (s)

140 130

120
107

100 92
89
Heart rate (beats/min)

86
77
80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time (s)

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DISCUSSION PART A
In this experiment, we had examined our blood pressure using the blood pressure
sensor provided in the laboratory. The blood pressure sensor can determined our systolic
blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and also heart rate (beats/min). When the heart
beats, it squeezes and pushes blood through the arteries to the rest of the body. The force
created systolic blood pressure on the blood vessels. The normal reading are below 120.
Based on the result, Ayu Ilyana have a normal reading of the systolic blood pressure which is
below 120. While, diastolic blood pressure when the heart rests between beats, it is filled
with blood to get oxygen. The arteries is having a diastolic pressure. The normal reading is
lower than 80. Based on the result, when seating on the chair, the reading of diastolic
pressure is not normal which are 90 mmHg while it normal when lay back reading which are
68 mmHg. This is cause of position will cause the blood pressure reading is differ. Figure
below are blood pressure stages.

Figure 2. Blood Pressure Stages

We also read the blood pressure by many activities, that is when we seated and lay
back and also 5 minute activities. This include climbs up & down stairs and jumping jack
activities. The result show that the blood pressure is lower when we laying down than when
we were seated. This is because blood pressure measurement varies with position. It is
harder for the heart to get blood to the head when we are sitting. The heart is a pump. In
the upright position, the heart has to pump uphill because the head is located at a higher
level than the heart. When lying down, the heart and the head are at the same level. The
heart does not need to pump as hard so the blood pressure is lower. By medical convention,
the blood pressure is measured in the sitting position. Calculations of blood pressure are

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standardized to this position. While, when we doing an activities, our heart will pump more
blood to the rest of the body to supply more oxygen. That why, when we doing an activities,
our blood pressure is increases. Near the heart, it has arteries. When the heart pump the
blood. It will cause a pressure by the force of the blood on the walls. This is how blood
pressure occur. Blood pressure is determine by the amount of blood pumped by the heart
and diameter of the arteries. Blood pressure was measured by systolic pressure, when the
heart pump and diastolic pressure, which when the heart relax. When doing the activities,
subject has a normal response to climb up and down the stairs and also jumping jacks
activities. Normal blood pressure is important for proper blood flow to the body’s organ and
tissues even when doing an activities. This is important, so that the subject has a stamina
and even resistant toward a hard-core activities

B. HUMAN RESPIRATORY VOLUME (AYU ILYANA BINTI ZULKIFLI)

TABLE 4. RESPIRATORY VOLUMES
Respiratory volumes Value (ml)
Tidal volume (TV) 500
IRV=VC-(TV+ERV)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) = 2800 – (500 + 1100)
= 1200
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) 1100
RV = FRC- ERV
Residual Volume (RV) = 2200 – 1100
= 1100
TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = 500 + 1200 + 1100 + 1100
= 3900
Vital Capacity (VC) 2800
FRC = RV + ERV
Functional Residual Capacity (RFC) = 1100 + 1100
= 2200
IC = IRV + TV
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = 1200 + 500
= 1700

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DISCUSSION PART B
Human Respiratory volume or lung volume and it capacity is measured by spirometer. The
first thing that we going to take a look at is called the TLC or the total lung capacity. Total
lung capacity is amount of gas in the lung after a maximal inspiration. So, if we take a deep
breath in and hold it the volume of gas in the lungs is the total lung capacity. Normally it 6
litres for adult male and 4.2 litres for adult female. While, from the result, the subject that
was me has total lung capacity only about 3.9 litres. Thus, my respiration is not good for my
average age and gender.
Next, the vital capacity. Vital capacity is the amount of gas that can be exhaled after
a maximal inspiration. Thus, from the experiment we got the Vidal capacity by take a deep
breath all the way in and then blow it all the way out. Next, the residual volume is the
amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration to avoid collapsed.
Normally, it make 20% of the total lung capacity. Sum of vital capacity and residual volume
is total lung capacity.
Tidal volume (TV) is the amount of gas an individual inspires or expires during
normal quiet breathing. It is 7% or 8% of the total lung capacity .Inspiratory Reserve volume
is the amount of gas an individual can inhale above a tidal inspiration. Normally it 60% of the
total lung capacity. While, the expiratory reserve volume is the amount of gas an individual
can beyond a title expiration. Normally, 20 % of total lung capacity. VC – TV+ IRV+ ERV.
Next, FRC or the functional residual capacity is the amount of gas after expiration.
Normally, it is 40 % of the total lung capacity. Lung capacity it is include inspiratory capacity,
FRC, VC and TLC. The inspiratory capacity is the amount of gas individual can inhaled starting
at tidal expiration. Such as when we breathe out normally and then take a deep breath all
the way in. That is inspiratory capacity. Therefore, it include the tidal volume and inspiratory
reserve volume. Functional residual capacity cannot be measured by spirometry because
the residual volume (RV) cannot be exhaled. The function of FRC include ERV and residual
volume (RV).
As we know, respiratory volumes are the amount of air inhaled, exhaled and stored
within the lungs at any given time. On the examined of the respiratory volume using the
spirometer and the subject is Ayu Ilyana. A female and 19 years old. Based on the figure
below, subject had a normal of tidal volume which is 500 ml. Tidal volume is the amount of
air which enters the lungs during normal inhalation at rest. The average tidal volume is

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500ml. The same amount leaves the lungs during exhalation. Besides, it inspiratory reserve
volume is higher than expiratory reserve volume. That is 1200ml and 1100ml respectively.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the amount of extra air inhaled during a deep breath.
This can be as high as 3000 ml. While, the expiratory reserve volume is the amount of extra
air exhaled during a forceful breath out. Furthermore, residual volume can be find by
calculation, that is (RV = FRC- ERV). ERV we had obtained by using spirometer. Thus, residual
volume obtained. From the result, total lung capacity that subject can hold is about 3900 ml.
It is normal respiratory volume for it age and gender. Thus, from the result show that the
subject don’t have an asthma and was healthy.

CONCLUSION
In the conclusion, by the laboratory exercise, we had understand how to determine the
blood pressure by using the blood pressure sensor and also examine respiratory function in
humans and how to calibrate values obtained with independent measures by using
spirometer. By using this tools, we determine our own health.

REFERENCE
1. Lab manual Of Techniques of Biochemistry. Shakinaz Binti Desa (2018). Lecturer of SBL
1023.
2. Lecture notesHuman Physiology Shakinaz Binti Desa (2018), Lecturer of SBL 1023.
3. 5 minutes animal on Lung volumes and capacities
hIps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJcAJHFqXZg
4. Respiratory volumes and capacity
hIps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWRrRGK-­­3Ws
5. How blood pressure works
•  hIps://www.youtube.com/watch? v=rc4vipEx__U

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LAB REFLECTION

Figure 3. Blood pressure sensor and spirometer

On 9/1/2018 and 16/1/2018, we had done the human physiology lab. This lab
include determined of human blood pressure and also human respiratory volume. By doing
this lab, I got many new knowledge. Such as, how to use the blood pressure sensor and also
learned of how to use the spirometer. This tool, can determined our health. If we healthy or
not and so on. The blood pressure sensor can determined the blood pressure, where when
the health pump the blood and when the heart was relax and also the heartbeat per
minutes. That is called, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heartbeat
respectively. Thus, from the determination, we can know someone health condition,
whether he or she has a hypertension or not or in a good condition. Thus, with this tool, it
can save life.
Next, the spirometer, by the measurement of spirometer, we can determine, the
total lung capacity of human respiratory volume. By measured the tidal volume where a
normal expiration occur and also measured expiratory reserve volume. Expiratory reserved
volume is a normal expiration but with force exhale. Then, we can measured the vital
capacity which we inhale as deeply as possible. Then, exhale with maximum effort. We
cannot measured IRV, RV, TLC, VC, FRC and IC by spirometer. Thus, we can determined it by
some mathematical calculations.

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This is some mathematical calculation for determined of the human respiratory volume:
1. Tidal volume (TV) = TV x Respiratory rate per minute.
2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) = VC - (TV + ERV)
3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = just exhale air through spirometer and get the
reading.
4. Residual Volume (RV) = A constant volume
= male 1.2 L (1200) and female 1.1 L (1100)
5. Total Lung capacity (TLC) = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
6. Vital capacity (VC) = exhale on spirometer
7. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) = RV + ERV
8. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) = IRV + TV

Volume-Time spirogram

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Figure 4. Volume- Time spirogram

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