Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mr. Speice
22 November 2018
Objective:
surgery can become quite limited. The goal of this original work research is to create the
background knowledge needed for my final product a research titled Mitral Valvuloplasty and
Mitral Valve Replacements in Infants Less Than One Year Old. This research will become a
handbook to my understanding of the more detailed prospective research and will answer
Description of Process:
To begin this research I chose specific topics I would need to expand my learning on in
surgery)
To complete this I gathered several research articles and carefully annotated them.
Through my annotations I highlighted what would relate to our research and I answered any
questions that arose through my annotations. With my annotations I wrote several research
assessments that explored my learning of each topic and again highlighted any information that
would be pertinent to our research. These assessments allowed me to have a detailed form of
writing that gathered all the information I have been learning. With these assessments I began to
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Through careful reading of my assessments and meeting with my mentor I was able to create an
outline for understanding that I can look back upon when completing my final product.
Although a rather simple original work product, my research required great utilization of
higher- level thinking skills. Not only were the articles I researched and annotated way out of my
scope of understanding, they did not directly apply to our research and required interpretation of
information to only gather what was relevant into my original work. Since the topic of our
research is rather specific, the information out there on mitral valve disease and mitral valve
Through my annotations I highlighted what was pertinent to our research and expanded
on the many topics I was unfamiliar about. I used my assessments to connect the ideas learned
from my different articles, and in the end I was able to create a detailed guide that fit perfectly
with my research.
Results:
The mitral valve is located between the left ventricle and left atrium and it allows blood
flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium. The left side of the heart pumps blood to the aorta
which allows blood to flow the vital organs in the body and the body in general. Highlighting the
importance of a properly working mitral valve. The mitral valve consists of the annulus which is
C shaped like a saddle. The annulus consists of two leaflets the anterior leaftet (A1, A2, and A3)
and the posterior leaflet (P1, P2, and P3). Between the anterior and posterior leaflets the
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anterolateral line of commissure and posteromedial line of commissure can be found. The mitral
valve also consists of the subvalvular apparatus (chordae tendineae and papillary muscles) which
secure the annulus and allows for the opening and closing of the mitral valve. The mitral valve
has no attachment to the septum and during systole when the leaflets meet to close the ventricle,
the line of commisure curves and forms a “smile”. The chordae tendineae connects the leaflet
Mitral valve prolapse occurs when the leaflets extend above the plane of the mitral
annulus during ventricular systole. This is the most common cardiac vascular anomaly; however,
its uncommon before adolescence. Treatment usually includes mitral valve repair/annuloplasty
this malformation will probably not relate to our research since its uncommonly seen in infants
or even children. The next discussed malformation was an isolated cleft, a rare malformation,
which is division of one of the leaflets and is divided within two groups with normal great
arteries and with abnormal conus. When suffering from severe regurgitation mitral valve
replacement patients need to be operated early in life, which means this malformation will
possibly be related with our research. Next is a double orifice mitral valve which is extremely
rare and seen only in 1% of autopsies of congenital heart defects and is rarely isolated and
found within more complex cardiac malformations. Double orifice mitral valves contain a single
fibrous annulus with two orifices opening into the left ventricle. It is divided by three types the
incomplete bridge, the complete bridge, and hole type. Isolated double orifice malformations
require no repair, but when combined with other malformations surgery is often performed. This
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malformation is probably not related to our research since this defect is rarely found isolated and
does not require surgery. A mitral ring was also briefly talked about, this an extremely rare
defect divided into two parts the supramitral ring which is a fibrous membrane originating above
the mitral annulus and the intra-mitral ring with is located beneath the orifice of the left atrial
appendage. This defect is exceptionally isolated and is often combined with various other defects
like the double orifice mitral valve. Being non isolated this malformation will probably be
unrelated to our research. The next types of malformations relate to the tensor apparatus starting
with an arcade/hammock valve. In this malformation the valve mimics a hammock when
observed from the surgeon’s perspective and happens when the tendinous cords are thickened
and short, which leads to abnormal leaflet excursion which may cause stenosis or insufficiency.
When not severe this malformation may have a late discovery and a surgical repair will happen
Often a surgery or intervention is rarely needed before the first year of life regarding
mitral regurgitation; however, regarding mitral stenosis may require early surgery which is
important to note when leading into more research for my publication. In age less than one often
hammock mitral valve and associated cardiac anomalies are seen. Regarding malformations of
the leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles, early surgery is extremely important
which highlights the importance of our research. Mitral valve repairs are also often
recommended over replacements due to difficulty of living with an artificial valve that will grow
The topic of mitral valve malformation management is the prime reason of the purpose of
our research. There is a lack of information of the result of malformation regarding infants less
than one year old, so this aspect of my original work is less researched upon.
Chart Review in Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery (More specific to mitral valve surgery)
Mitral Valve Gradient: The mitral valve gradient can be measured through an
echocardiogram by tracing the outline of mitral diastolic inflow and the mean pressure gradient
will be automatically calculated. A normal mean pressure is < 2mmHg; however, a patient with a
congenital mitral valve malformation will most likely have mitral stenosis which is characterized
with a mean pressure gradient of 5mmHg to 10mmHg for moderate stenosis and higher than
10mmHg for severe stenosis. This type of measurement allows for a surgeon to evaluate the
complexity of a patient’s stenosis and their need for possible mitral valve repair or mitral valve
replacement.
Diastolic and Systolic: Systole is the contraction of ventricles and diastole is the complete
relaxation of the ventricles; however, to better understand the mitral valve it is important to
understand this topic in greater depth. Murmurs usually indicate specific heart disease or
systolic, diastolic or continuous throughout systole and diastole. Systole occurs between the S1
and S2 heart sounds, while diastole occurs between S2 and S1. A systolic murmur could mean
mitral regurgitation or mitral valve prolapse and a diastolic murmur could mean mitral valve
stenosis.
Left Atrial Diameter: The left atrial diameter is measured at end systole. Left atrial
dilation reflects long-term increased filling pressure which is found with mitral valve disease,
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stenosis, and regurgitation. Mild to severe diameters range from 41mm to 52mm or higher. The
left ventricular end diastolic diameter is the most important measurement in determining cardiac
disease and the largest cardiac dimension. Moderate to severe dilation can range from 58-69 mm.
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: The left ventricular ejection fraction is the
measurement of how much blood is being pumped out of the left ventricle with each contraction.
Moderate to severe ejection fractions are 35% to 39% or higher, and is calculated by dividing the
stroke volume with the end diastolic volume and multiplying that number by 100.
Mitral Annulus (better touched upon in Mitral Valve Anatomy): The mitral valve
constitutes the anatomical junction between the left ventricle and atrium, and serves as an
insertion site for leaflet tissue. Understanding a patient’s annulus can help diagnose a patient’s
within a population. This is highly considered in pediatric because since a child grows the
normal standard measures change with age and size. If a patient is above population mean the z-
score will be positive and if a patient is below population mean the z-score will be negative.
Medical research is a fairly general topic and can vary greatly depending on each
research. However writing a publication follows a similar process. The first step into writing a
medical research paper is to prioritize and schedule time for writing through writing
appointments, which build practice and confidence. Like any paper a research publication starts
with an outline. The first level of an outline should answer the following questions: What is the
topic of my paper? Why is this topic important? How could I formulate my hypothesis? What are
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my results? What is my major finding? The next level adds more structure to the outline by
grouping ideas into sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion. The
most important step into continuing this outline is communication within the research team and
an overall collaboration of ideas. The next step is to create a draft of the official publication. This
includes expanding on each idea within the outline, adding data, and elaborating on detail. The
improvement of medicine comes from the continuous share of ideas within curious scientists. It
is important to avoid over editing, but instead focus on pouring every idea learned through the
research.
Work Cited
Seguela, Pierre- Emmanuel, Lucile Houyel, and Phiilippe Acar. "Congenital Malformations of
the Mitral Valve." Archives of Cardiovascular Disease : 465-79. Elsevier Masson. Web.
Ohno, Hideaki, Yasuharu Imai, Masatsugu Terada, and Takeshi Hiramatsu. "The Long-Term
Shi, Yi, Haitao Xu, Qiang Wang, Shoujun Li, Tong Yi, Yajuan Zhang, and Wenchao Liu. "The
Mid-term Results of Mitral Valve Repair for Isolated Mitral Regurgitation in Infancy and
Web.
Chubb, Henry, and John M Simpson. “The Use of Z-Scores in Paediatric Cardiology.” Annals of
Collier, Patrick, et al. “Mitral Valve Disease: Stenosis and Regurgitation.” Mitral Valve Disease:
www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/cardiology/mitral-val
ve-disease/.
web.stanford.edu/group/ccm_echocardio/cgi-bin/mediawiki/index.php/Left_atrium_dim
ensions.
e-echocardiography.com/page/page.php?UID=1867001.
web.stanford.edu/group/ccm_echocardio/cgi-bin/mediawiki/index.php/Left_ventricle_s
ize.
www.mitralvalverepair.org/content/view/54/.
www.wikiecho.org/wiki/Mitral_Stenosis#Mean_transmitral_valve_gradient.
www.wikiecho.org/wiki/Mitral_Stenosis#Mean_transmitral_valve_gradient.
“Systolic and Diastolic Murmurs.” Image for Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts, Richard E
Kallestinova, Elena D. “How to Write Your First Research Paper.” The Yale Journal of Biology
Süt, Necdet. “Study Designs in Medicine.” Balkan Medical Journal 31.4 (2014): 273–277.
“ Clinical Trials Cardiology Facts and Pearls Cardiology Mnemonics Cardiology Guidelines
www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/describing
-murmurs.
Conclusions/Interpretations:
Overall through my original work I have had the opportunity of not only learning about
more specific information about my Independent Study and Mentorship topic, but about the
long-process of medical research. For my past two years in Independent Study and Mentorship I
have mainly focused on surgery, and although this original work product touched on the effects
of surgery and different congenital mitral valve malformation repairs, it showed me the side of
being a pediatric cardiothoracic surgeon that is not physically performing surgery and the
importance of medical research to the field of medicine. This original work product also taught
me of the specificity that comes with learning congenital heart defects and the amount of
knowledge I will one day gather as a surgeon. Although, this can be fearful I find it quite
fascinating and beautiful how intricate the heart can be, and I cannot wait to leave my small
impact in the pediatric cardiothoracic surgical community through the creation of our research.
With the completion of this original work project I am now ready to take on the next part of my