FLUID DYNAMICS

FLUID FLOW
CONTINUITY EQUATION
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
DEFINITION OF FLUID FLOW
 TYPES OF FLUID FLOW

Steady flow
Unsteady flow
Uniform flow
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
 STEADY FLOW

 A steady flow is one in which the conditions

(velocity, pressure and cross-section) may differ
from point to point but DO NOT change with
time.
 Steady flow is sometimes called streamline
 Example: a wave travelling along a channel.
 UNSTEADY FLOW

• If at any point in the fluid, the conditions change with

time, the flow is described as unsteady .
 Uniform flow

• If the flow velocity is assumed to have the same speed and

direction at every point within the fluid, it is said to be uniform.
• Flow velocity is the same magnitude and direction at every point in
the fluid.
Non-Uniform flow
 Laminar flow

• In fluid dynamics, laminar flow (or streamline flow) occurs when a

fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers.
• At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and
adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards.
• 3 condition of laminar flow
1. Fluid move slowly
2. Viscosity is relatively high
3. Flow channel is relatively small
 Turbulent flow

• Turbulent flow is a type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in

which the fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations, or mixing,
in contrast to laminar flow, in which the fluid moves in
smooth paths or layers.
• In turbulent flow the speed of the fluid at a point is
continuously undergoing changes in both magnitude and
direction
Transition Flow
DIFFERENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF LAMINAR,
TRANSITIONAL AND TURBULENT FLOW
 Continuity Equation

• For continuity of flow in any system

of fluid flow, the total amount of
fluid entering the system must
equal the amount leaving the
system.

• This occurs in the case of uniform

flow and steady flow.
Application of Continuity Equation for pipe
 Principle of continuity equation in single pipe
with difference diameter along their lenght

• By the continuity principle, the discharge must be the same at each section.
The mass going into the pipe is equal to the mass going out of the pipe.

Discharge at section 1 = Discharge at section 2

Q1  Q2
A1 v1  A2 v2
 EXAMPLE 1

 If the area A1 = 10  10-3 m2 and A2

= 3  10-3 m2 and the upstream
mean velocity, v1=2.1 m/s, calculate
the downstream mean velocity.
 EXAMPLE 1

 If the area A1 = 10  10-3 m2 and A2 = 3  10-3 m2 and

the upstream mean velocity, v1=2.1 m/s, calculate
the downstream mean velocity.
Q1 = Q2
A1V1 = A2V2
 EXAMPLE 2

 Referring to the Figure the diameter at section 1 is d1

= 30 mm and at section 2 is d2=40 mm and the
mean velocity at section 2 is v2 = 3.0 m/s. Calculate
the velocity entering the diffuser.
 SOLUTION

2
d 
v1   2  v 2
 d1 

2
 40 
    3.0
 30 
 5.3 m / s
 Continuity principle in branch

Total discharge into the junction = Total discharge out of the junction
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
A1v1 = A2v2 + A3v3
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING
 EXAMPLE 3

following information is given:

diameter pipe AB at A = 0.45 m

diameter pipe AB at B = 0.3 m
diameter pipe BC = 0.2 m
diameter pipe BD = 0.15 m
Calculate:

a) discharge at section A if vA = 2 m/s

b) velocity at section B and section D if velocity at section C = 4 m/s
 SOLUTION

a) Discharge at section A

QA  AA  v A
 0.45 2
 2
4
 0.318 m 3 / s

b) Discharge at section A = Discharge at section B

QA  QB
AAv A  AB vB
Av
vB  A A
AB
0.318 4

 0.32
 4.5 m / s
 SOLUTION

For continuity of flow

QB  QC  QD
QD  QB  QC
  AB  v B    AC vC 
  0.32    0.22 
  4.5    4
 4   4 
 0.192 m / s
3

For pipe BD
QD  AD  vD
 0.192 m 3 / s

QD
vD 
AD
0.192  4
  10 .86 m / s
 0.15 
2
 SELF-ASSESSMENT

Water flows through a pipe AB of diameter d1 = 50 mm, which is in series with a

pipe BC of diameter d2 = 75 mm in which the mean velocity v2 = 2 m/s. At C the
pipe forks and one branch CD is of diameter d3 such that the mean velocity v3 is
1.5 m/s. The other branch CE is of diameter d4 = 30 mm and conditions are such
that the discharge Q2 from BC divides so that Q4 = ½ Q3. Calculate the values of
Q1,v1,Q2,Q3,D3,Q4 and v4..
 Q1 = 8.836 × 10-3 m3/s
v1 = 4.50 m/s
Q3 = 5.891 × 10-3 m3/s
Q4 = 2.945 × 10-3 m3/s
d3 = 71 mm
v4 = 4.17 m/s