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SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES
The following are the chief ways of combining two or more Simple Sentences into one Simple
Sentence.
1. By using a Participle:
• He saw me. He ran away.
• seeing me, he ran away.
2. By using a noun or a phrase in apposition:
• This is my friend. His name is Ali.
• This is my friend Ali.
3. By using a preposition with noun or gerund:
• He has failed many times. He still hopes to win.
• Having failed for many times, he still hopes to win.
• Her husband died. She heard the news. She fainted.
• On hearing the news of the death of her husband, she fainted.
4. By using, Nominative Absolute Construction:
• The soldiers arrived. The mob dispersed.
• The soldiers having arrived, the mob dispersed.
• The town was enclosed by strong wall. The enemy was unable to capture it.
• The town having been enclosed by strong wall, the enemy was unable to capture it.
5. By using an infinitive:
• I have some duties. I must perform them.
• I have some duties to perform.
• We must finish this exercise. There are still three sentences.
• We have still three sentences in this exercise to finish.
• He wanted to educate his son. He sent him to London.
• He sent his son to London to educate him.
• He is very fat. He can not run.
• He is very fat to run.
6. By using an adverb or an Adverbial Phrase:
• He deserved to succeed. He failed.
• He failed undeservedly.
• The sun set. The boys had not finished the game.
• The boys had not finished the game by sunset.
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CONJUNCTION
Conjunction is derived from a Latin word 'conjunctio' which means joining together.
Def: “Conjunction is a word used to join words or group of words, clauses and sentences”. Or
Examples:
1 The conjunctions in the following examples are printed in bold type.
We could go to the library, or we could go to the park.
2 He neither finished his homework nor studied for the test.
3 I went out because the sun was shining.
KIND OF CONJUNCTIONS
1 Co-ordinating
2 Sub-ordinating
A. CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS COORDINATORS:
Coordinating means “of equal ranks or equal status”
Def: “Conjunctions which join sentences of equal ranks are called Co-ordinating conjunctions”.
Coordinate conjunctions are used to join two similar grammatical constructions; for instance, two
words, two phrases or two clauses.
My friend and I will attend the meeting.
Kashmir is famous for its beauty and the hospitality of its people.
The sun rose and the birds began to sing.
In the following table, each coordinate conjunction is followed by its meaning and an example of
its use. Note the use of inverted word order in the clause beginning with nor.
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1. Cumulative
2. Adversative
3. Alternative
4. Illative
1.Cumulative or Copulative:
Def: “Those conjunctions which only add one statement to another statement.”
Take this and give that.
2. Adversative Conjunctions:
Def: “Those conjunctions which only express opposition or contrast between two statements”.
He is slow but is sure.
I was upset, still I kept silent
3. Illative Conjunctions:
Def: “Those conjunctions which only express an inference”
I saw him for I was there.
4. Disjunctive or alternative Conjunctions:
Def: “Those conjunctions which only express a choice between two alternatives.”
Either he or his brother is at fault.
Naeem or his friends are going there.
The coordinators may be reinforced by correlative expressions (of mutual relationship).
1. Cumulative:
The Conjunctions which add one statement to another are called Cumulative.
Examples :
1. Night came on. The room grew dark.
Night came on and the room grew dark. Or
As the night came on, the room m grew dark.
2. He is a fool. He is a knave.
He is a fool and he is a knave.
He is not only a fool but also a knave.
He is a fool as well as a knave.
2. Adversative:
The Conjunctions which express opposition or contrast between two statements are called
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Adversative. But, still, yet, nevertheless and however express a contrast between one sentence
and the other.
Examples:
1. He is slow. He is sure.
He is slow but he is sure.
2. I was annoyed. I kept quite.
I was annoyed, still I kept quite.
3. He failed. He persevered.
He failed, nevertheless he persevered.
4. He will not oppose my design. I can not approve of it.
He will not oppose my design; however, I can not approve of it.
5. He was all right. He was fatigued.
He was all right; only He was fatigued.
3. Alternative:
The Conjunctions which express a choice between two alternatives are called Alternative.
The conjunctions or, either…or and neither…nor express a choice between two alternatives.
Examples:
• Make haste. You will be late.
• Make haste or you will be late.
• Come in. Go out.
• Come in or go out.
• Either come in or go out.
• Do be a borrower. Do be a lender.
• Be neither a borrower nor a lender.
4. Illative:
The Conjunctions which express an inference are called Illative. The conjunctions therefore, for,
so, then, hence etc… join sentences in which one statement is inferred from the other.
Examples :
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2. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Def: “Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs, in order to show the relationship between the ideas expressed in
different parts of a sentence.”
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CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES:
Subordinate clauses may begin with relative pronouns such as that, what, whatever, which, who and
whom, as well as with words such as how, when, where, wherever and why.
In the following examples, the subordinate clauses are underlined.
In addition, subordinate clauses may also begin with words which are commonly referred to as
subordinate conjunctions. In the following examples, the subordinate conjunctions are printed in bold
type.
The subordinate conjunctions below are accompanied by their meanings and examples of use.
SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
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Synthesis of Sentences
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Exercise No.5
1. He is a clever boy. No other boy is so clever.
2. He passed the examination. No one expected him
to do so.
3. Shoab is a rich man. He is not proud of his
wealth.
4. Life has few enjoyments. We should
5. I am young. You are old.
6. What is your name? Tell me.
7. He is going somewhere. I do not 1
8. What do you want to eat? I shall gi1
9. All of us will leave the world. It is a fact-
10. He found a purse. It was full of gold'
Exercise No.6
1. I bought a pen. It was very costly.
2. That boy is my friend. He met me on the way to college.
3. We saw a lion. It was roaring.
4. You won scholarship. It made you very famous.
5. Our soldiers are very brave. They are not afraid of death.
6. He was very good at English. He passed the examination.
7. He was very weak. He failed.
8. She did not appear in the examination she was ill.
9. You must sign this paper. Then he will agree to your terms.
10. He ran fast. He wanted to reach in 1
Exercise No.7
1. Khalid has decided not to accept the post. He has been offered a better one elsewhere.
2. The science encyclopedia is very useful. He recommended it.
3. He boarded a bus. It was going to the air-port.
4. We love our parents. We honour our parents.
5. Do not be a lender. Do not be a borrower.
6. He went to Islamabad. He saw the Fa'sal Mosque there.
7. You helped me. I would have been drowned.
8. Life has few enjoyments. We cling to it.
9. You are strong. I am equally strong.
10. I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it.
Exercise No.8
1. Type the letter yourself. Get someone else to do it.
2. Mr. Ali phoned his wife from the office. He told her to meet him in the town.
3. You may use this room. The next class comes.
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Exercise No.9
1. Where have you put my hat? Tell me.
2. The traffic was heavy. We missed the train.
3. He is poor. He is neatly dressed.
4. She in doing something. No one knows what.
5. The man has been" caught. He stole my pen.
6. We go there on foot. There is no other way.
7. He worked hard. He failed.
8. He was displeased with his dishonest servant. He dismissed him.
9. He gave me a watch. He had exchanged a pen with me.
10. The poor woman was standing in the street. She was carrying a child.
Exercise No.10
1. He was unwilling to go farther. He returned home.
2. I received no answer. I knocked a second time.
3. His wife encouraged him. He persevered.
4.- He left this job. He was not satisfied with his salary.
5. He felt tired. He laid his work aside.
6. The stable door was open. The horse was stolen.
7. I went to Lahore last year. I wished to consult a doctor.
8. A passenger alighted from the train. He fell over a bag on the platform
9. He had resolved on a certain course. He acted with vigour.
5. A hungry fox saw some bunches of grapes. They were hanging from a vine.
Exercise No.11
1. The cow provides milk. Milk is a valuable food.
2. Coal is very important mineral. It is hard, bright, black and brittle.
3. We saw a picture. It was a very fine piece of work.
4. He attended to his duties. He earned promotion.
5. He must confess his fault. He may thus escape punishment.
6. She has a good record. It is impossible to suspect such a woman.
7. You helped me. I would have been drowned. ,
8. He took the law in his own hand. He was not justified in doing so.
9. It rained hard. The streets were flooded.
10. He amused us very much. He sang a funny song.
Exercise No.12
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Exercise No.13
1.He admitted his error. He did hot express his regret.
2.I met him only once. It was on a railway station.
3.He is not qualified for this post. He is not qualified in any degree.
4. I did not eat the poisoned food. That was lucky.
5.You solved the problem. Its solution took you no time.
6.He does well. He is nervous at the start.
7.I will take an umbrella with me. It is raining heavily.
8.It was a stormy night. We ventured out.
9.He is foolish. He is also obstinate.
10. The paper of this book is good. The binding is very bad.
Exercise No.14
1. He may be innocent. I do not know.
2. He is short-sighted. He is not fit for the post.
3. A fox once met a lion .The fox had never seen a lion before.
4. I waited for my friend. I waited till his arrival.
5. Let men sow anything. They will reap its fruit.
6. You are strong. I am equally strong.
7. She was not there. I spoke to her brother for that reason.
8. Don't eat too much. You will be ill.
9. He began late. He finished first.
10. I must know all the facts. I cannot help you
Exercise No. 15
1. He is superstitious. He is equally wicked.
2. You deceived him. That was his complaint.
3. The train will arrive at a certain time. Do you know that time?
4. Where have you put my hat? Tell me.
5. You have made a mistake. I think so.
6. He is short-tempered. I like him all the same.
7. Is it time for the train to start? Ask the Guard.
8. Who wrote Hamlet? Can you tell me that?
9. We wished to know. We were going somewhere.
10. He is a great orator. This fact cannot be denied
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Exercise No. 16
1. A lion was proud of his strength. He hated the weak mouse.
2. You must sign the papers. Then he will agree to your terms.
3. I am very tired. I cannot go out.
4. He is honest. He will not accept the bribe.
5. He is poor but honest. I like him.
6. He loved his wife. She hated him.
7. I went to her home. She was sitting on a chair.
8. I was fed up with my servant. I dismissed him.
Exercise No. 17
1. She completed her work. She did it in a splendid way.
2. Our players work hard. They will win the match.
3. Life has few enjoyments. We cling to it.
4. She was very busy. She could not attend the party.
5. Honesty is the best policy. This is well known to all.
6. He made up his mind. He immediately set to work.
7. Night came on. Darkness spread all around.
8. My brother stood first in the test. He was liked by all.
9.
1. The mails will arrive. The ship will leave.
2. The sun had set. Hamza returned home.
3. Nasima wanted to join the college. She told us so,
He is going somewhere, I do not know.
Exercise No. 18
1. Zahid has made a mistake. I think so.
2. Imran is an able lawyer. I have full confidence in him.
3. He is short tempered. I like him all the same.
4. I intended to become a lawyer. Nothing could deter me.
5. His son died. This gave him a great shock.
6. He has injured his leg. He learned to walk on crutches.
7. He may be innocent. I do not know.
8. He took the law in his own hand. He was not justified in doing so.
Exercise No. 19
4. It rained. We would have reached in time.
5. She asked it of me. She would help me.
6. She speaks the truth. She is not afraid of it.
7. My brother is unmarried. His head is bleeding.
8. This is a safe. She keeps her ornaments in it.
9. I will live. You live.
10. They rested- The evening came.
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Exercise No.22
1. Where did he go? Do you know?
2. Akram may be honest. I am not sure.
3. The train had stopped. The passengers rushed to it,
4. This teacher was efficient. He was promoted.
5. This news is very good. It cannot be true.
6. He was very diligent. He succeeded in his aim.
7. He is very sensitive. He faces this situation.
8. He boasts very much. He has wealth.
9. Run fast. You will miss the train.
10. Where did he go? Do you know?
11. They have enough practice. They can win this match.
12. The landlord has much money. He can buy a new car.
13. He saw the lion. He cried with fear.
14. He had finished his work. He went out for a walk.
15. He failed in the examination. He was unfortunate.
16. He is going somewhere. I do not know.
17.
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