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Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 1 / 24
Second derivative
Second derivative of a function f at a point a is
2 0
d f d (f )
f 00(a) = f (2)(a) = 2 =
dx x=a dx x=a
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 2 / 24
Second derivative
Second derivative of a function f at a point a is
2 0
d f d (f )
f 00(a) = f (2)(a) = 2 =
dx x=a dx x=a
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 2 / 24
Second derivative
Second derivative of a function f at a point a is
2 0
d f d (f )
f 00(a) = f (2)(a) = 2 =
dx x=a dx x=a
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 3 / 24
In Economics
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 4 / 24
In Economics
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 4 / 24
− 3
Example: x = t 4
d 4x
3 7 11 15 − 19
= − − − − 16 4
dt 4 t=16 4 4 4 4
3465
= 27
2
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 5 / 24
f (x) = (x + 1)−1
Prove that f (n)(x) = (−1)n n!(x + 1)−(n+1)
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 6 / 24
f (x) = (x + 1)−1
Prove that f (n)(x) = (−1)n n!(x + 1)−(n+1)
Induction on n and for n = 1, it is the usual fact
f 0(x) = −(x + 1)−2
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 6 / 24
f (x) = (x + 1)−1
Prove that f (n)(x) = (−1)n n!(x + 1)−(n+1)
Induction on n and for n = 1, it is the usual fact
f 0(x) = −(x + 1)−2
If the formula is correct for n, then
f (n+1)(x) = (f (n))0(x)
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 6 / 24
f (x) = (x + 1)−1
Prove that f (n)(x) = (−1)n n!(x + 1)−(n+1)
Induction on n and for n = 1, it is the usual fact
f 0(x) = −(x + 1)−2
If the formula is correct for n, then
f (n+1)(x) = (f (n))0(x)
= −(n + 1)(−1)n n!(x + 1)−(n+2)
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 6 / 24
f (x) = (x + 1)−1
Prove that f (n)(x) = (−1)n n!(x + 1)−(n+1)
Induction on n and for n = 1, it is the usual fact
f 0(x) = −(x + 1)−2
If the formula is correct for n, then
f (n+1)(x) = (f (n))0(x)
= −(n + 1)(−1)n n!(x + 1)−(n+2)
= (−1)n+1(n + 1)!(x + 1)−(n+1+1)
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 6 / 24
Solve a differential equation
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 7 / 24
Solve a differential equation
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 7 / 24
Solve a differential equation
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 7 / 24
Example
The following figure shows f , f 0, f 00. Determine
which is which
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 9 / 24
Exercises
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 10 / 24
3.
Determine which graph is for f and f 0
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 11 / 24
Derivative of Inverse Functions
Suppose f is defined and continuously
differentiable in an interval containing a and
f 0(a) 6= 0, then
1
(f −1)0(f (a)) =
f 0(a)
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 12 / 24
Derivative of Inverse Functions
Suppose f is defined and continuously
differentiable in an interval containing a and
f 0(a) 6= 0, then
1
(f −1)0(f (a)) =
f 0(a)
√
( n y )0 = (f −1)0(f (x))
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 13 / 24
n −1 √
y = f (x) = x , x = f (y ) = n y
√
( n y )0 = (f −1)0(f (x))
1
=
nx n−1
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 13 / 24
n −1 √
y = f (x) = x , x = f (y ) = n y
√
( n y )0 = (f −1)0(f (x))
1
=
nx n−1
1 1
= y n −1
n
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 13 / 24
y = tan x, x = tan−1 y
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 14 / 24
y = tan x, x = tan−1 y
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 14 / 24
y = tan x, x = tan−1 y
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 14 / 24
y = tan x, x = tan−1 y
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 14 / 24
Implicit Differentiation
Suppose F (x, y ) = 0 is an equation in two
variables where (a, b) is a solution
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 15 / 24
Implicit Differentiation
Suppose F (x, y ) = 0 is an equation in two
variables where (a, b) is a solution
F is defined, continuously differentiable near (a, b)
and dF
dy (a, b) 6= 0.
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 15 / 24
Implicit Differentiation
Suppose F (x, y ) = 0 is an equation in two
variables where (a, b) is a solution
F is defined, continuously differentiable near (a, b)
and dF
dy (a, b) 6= 0.
Then values of y near b is determined uniquely
(implicitly) by values of x near a, and
dF
0 dx (a, b)
y (a) = − dF
dy (a, b)
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 15 / 24
Example
Consider the equation F (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0,
and a solution ( 35 , 45 ) of the equation.
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 16 / 24
Example
Consider the equation F (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0,
and a solution ( 35 , 45 ) of the equation.
dF 3 4
3 , 3
y0 = − dFdx 5 5
3 4
= −
5 dy 5 , 5
4
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 16 / 24
Example
Consider the equation F (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0,
and a solution ( 35 , 45 ) of the equation.
dF 3 4
3 , 3
y0 = − dFdx 5 5
3 4
= −
5 dy 5 , 5
4
The equation of the tangent line is
3x 5
y =− +
4 4
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 16 / 24
Example
Consider a point (2, 1) that satisfies the equation
x 2y 3 + 2y = 3x
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 17 / 24
Example
Consider a point (2, 1) that satisfies the equation
x 2y 3 + 2y = 3x
dF
0 dx (2, 1) 2(2)(13) − 3 1
y (2) = − dF = − 2 2 =−
dy (2, 1) 3(2 )(1 ) + 2 14
2 3
where F (x, y ) = x y + 2y − 3x.
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 17 / 24
Example
Consider a point (2, 1) that satisfies the equation
x 2y 3 + 2y = 3x
dF
0 dx (2, 1) 2(2)(13) − 3 1
y (2) = − dF = − 2 2 =−
dy (2, 1) 3(2 )(1 ) + 2 14
2 3
where F (x, y ) = x y + 2y − 3x.
The equation of the tangent line is
x 8
y =− +
14 7
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 17 / 24
Example
Given y 4 + xy − x 3 + x − 2 = 0 and solution (1, 1).
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 18 / 24
Example
Given y 4 + xy − x 3 + x − 2 = 0 and solution (1, 1).
dF
(1, 1) = 4(1)3 + (1) = 5
dy
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 18 / 24
Example
Given y 4 + xy − x 3 + x − 2 = 0 and solution (1, 1).
dF
(1, 1) = 4(1)3 + (1) = 5
dy
dF
(1, 1) = (1) − 3(1)2 + (1) = −1.
dx
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 18 / 24
Example
Given y 4 + xy − x 3 + x − 2 = 0 and solution (1, 1).
dF
(1, 1) = 4(1)3 + (1) = 5
dy
dF
(1, 1) = (1) − 3(1)2 + (1) = −1.
dx
Hence y 0(1) = −(−1)/5 = 1/5 and equation of
the tangent line is
x 4
y= +
5 5
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 18 / 24
Example
2 4
Find an equation of the tangent line at 3, 3 of
the folium of Descartes x 3 + y 3 = 3xy
2 4
3, 3 is on the graph
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 19 / 24
Example
2 4
Find an equation of the tangent line at 3, 3 of
the folium of Descartes x 3 + y 3 = 3xy
2 4
3, 3is on the graph and
3( 32 )2 − 3( 43 ) 4
dy 2
=− 4 2 =
dx 3 3( 3 ) − 3( 23 ) 5
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 19 / 24
Example
2 4
Find an equation of the tangent line at 3, 3 of
the folium of Descartes x 3 + y 3 = 3xy
2 4
3, 3is on the graph and
3( 32 )2 − 3( 43 ) 4
dy 2
=− 4 2 =
dx 3 3( 3 ) − 3( 23 ) 5
4x 4
y= +
5 5
(F (x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 − 3xy )
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 19 / 24
Logarithmic Differentiation
d Q 0(x)
(ln Q) =
dx Q(x)
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 20 / 24
Logarithmic Differentiation
d Q 0(x)
(ln Q) =
dx Q(x)
Example. Let f (x) = x x , then
f 0(x) = f (x)(ln f (x))0
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 20 / 24
Logarithmic Differentiation
d Q 0(x)
(ln Q) =
dx Q(x)
Example. Let f (x) = x x , then
f 0(x) = f (x)(ln f (x))0
= x x (x ln x)0
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 20 / 24
Logarithmic Differentiation
d Q 0(x)
(ln Q) =
dx Q(x)
Example. Let f (x) = x x , then
f 0(x) = f (x)(ln f (x))0
= x x (x ln x)0
= x x (1 + ln x)
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 20 / 24
Example
(x + 1)2(2x 2 − 3)
f (x) = √
x2 + 1
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 21 / 24
Example
(x + 1)2(2x 2 − 3)
f (x) = √
x2 + 1
1
ln f (x) = 2 ln(x + 1) + ln(2x 2 − 3) − ln(x 2 + 1)
2
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 21 / 24
Example
(x + 1)2(2x 2 − 3)
f (x) = √
x2 + 1
1
ln f (x) = 2 ln(x + 1) + ln(2x 2 − 3) − ln(x 2 + 1)
2
2 4x x
(ln f (x))0 = + 2 − 2
x + 1 2x − 3 x + 1
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 21 / 24
Example
(x + 1)2(2x 2 − 3)
f (x) = √
x2 + 1
1
ln f (x) = 2 ln(x + 1) + ln(2x 2 − 3) − ln(x 2 + 1)
2
2 4x x
(ln f (x))0 = + 2 − 2
x + 1 2x − 3 x + 1
(x + 1)2 (2x 2 − 3)
2 4x x
f 0 (x) = √ + 2 − 2
x2 + 1 x + 1 2x − 3 x + 1
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 21 / 24
Homework
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 22 / 24
Homework
4. Find g 0 − 12 where g = f −1 and
x3
f (x) = 2
x +1
5. Show that the only polynomial that satisfies
the equation
xP 00(x) + P(x) = x 2
is of the form P(x) = x 2 + bx + c
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 23 / 24
Homework
6. Find the equation of the tangent line at
(0, −1) of the curve
x 2y 3 − 2xy = 6x + y + 1
7. The position of a particle is given by
s = t 3 − 4.5t 2 − 7t, t ≥ 0
When is the velocity s 0(t) = 5? What is the
minimum velocity?
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) More Derivatives October 25, 2012 24 / 24