Page 1/25

ACT Online Prep ™

Set Type Category # of Cards Provider
Default All 450 cards act

Si d e 1 Si d e 2 Category

1 Abs olute Value The positive value of a quantity without regards to its sign Number and Quantity
Distance between zero and the given number on a number line

2 Abs olute Zero The lowest possible temperature, about -273 degrees Celsius Science

3 Abs olute Viewed or existing independently and not in relation to anything else Science

4 Acceleration The rate of change of velocity. Science

5 Accuracy The degree to which the measurement is close to the standard; freedom from mistakes Science

6 Acidic Having a pH less than 7. Science

7 active voice The s ubject of the sentence performs the action (the verb). Knowledge of Language
Example: The boy rode the horse.

8 Acute (adj.) refers to an angle that is less than 90 degrees; (adj.) refers to a triangle with angles that are all less than 90 degrees; Geometry
sharp; quick and precise; intense.

9 A das h is us ed Before and after a non essential clause Conventions of Standard English
Before an explanation at the end of a sentence

10 Adding F ractions change the fractions into the lowest common denominator and add the numerators Number and Quantity

11 Addition (Additive) P roperty of Any quantity can be added to both sides of an equation and the equation will maintain its equality. Number and Quantity
Equality Ex. If a = c then a + b = c + b

12 Aerobic Res piration The breakdown of glucose in the body of an animal to supply muscles with oxygen. Science

13 Aeros ol Solid or liquid particles suspended in gas. Science

14 After introductory claus es , us e A comma Conventions of Standard English

15 Alkalinity Having a pH greater than 7 (contrast with acidic, which is having a pH less than 7). Science

16 Alloy a substance composed of two or more metals Science

17 Alternate interior angles formed by Both inside the parallel lines; on either side of the transversal; non adjacent; are congruent (equal) Geometry
 Page 2/25
parallel lines

18 Amino Acids Various organic compounds that link together to form proteins. Science

19 Analogous Different in structure but similar in function Science

Ex. wings of birds and wings of butterflies

20 Analyze Examine in detail Reading

21 Anatomical Related to the structure of an organism. Science

22 Angles on a s traight line Have a sum of (add up to) 180° Geometry

23 Antigen A substance such as a toxin or enzyme capable of eliciting an immune response. Science

24 Antitoxin An antibody created for and capable of neutralizing a toxin. Science

25 Apply Make use of in a relevant manner Reading

26 Arc Part of the circumference of a circle Geometry

27 Area of a parallelogram A = base × height Geometry

28 Area of a rectangle A = length × width Geometry

29 Area of a s ector central angle * area360° Geometry

30 Area of a s quare A = Side2 Geometry

31 Area of a trapezoid A=12× h× b1+ b2 Geometry

h is the height of the trapezoid
b1 and b2 are the bases (parallel sides)

32 area of a triangle A=12(base× height) Geometry

33 Argument A statement made to convince or persuade Reading

34 Argument A statement or reasoning for or against something Science

35 As s ert To state firmly and positively Reading

36 As s ociative P roperty (of Addition) Changing the grouping of addition will not change the outcome Number and Quantity
Ex. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
(3 + 4) + 5 = 12 and 3 + (4 + 5) = 12

37 As s ociative P roperty of Changing the grouping of multiplication will not change the outcome Number and Quantity
M ultiplication Ex. (a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
(3 × 4) × 5 = 60 and 3 × (4 × 5) = 60
 Page 3/25
38 As s umption Something that is accepted to be true, without proof Science

39 Atom The smallest part of an element; the fundamental building block of an element. Science

40 Average (M ean) F ormula Average=sum of termsnumber of terms Statistics and Probability

41 Average S peed F ormula Average Speed=Total DistanceTotal Time Number and Quantity

42 Bacteria Single-celled microorganisms. Science

43 Barometer an instrument that is used to measure atmospheric pressure Science

44 Bas alt Solidified lava; a dense, gray, fine-grained igneous rock. Science

45 Bas e The number that is repeated in a power Algebra

e.g. In 210, 2 is the base

46 Before a lis t Use a colon Conventions of Standard English

*Remember you need a full sentence before the colon followed by a list.

47 Before an emphatic pronoun DO NOT use a comma Conventions of Standard English

Ex. The president himself attended the dinner party.
NOT The president, himself ...

48 Before a piece of information that Use a colon Conventions of Standard English

adds to a s tatement

49 Before or after a prepos ition DO NOT use a comma Conventions of Standard English

50 Between a compound s ubject or a DO NOT use a comma Conventions of Standard English

compound object Ex. Tom and Jerry
NOT Tom, and Jerry

51 Between adjectives whos e order is DO NOT use a comma Conventions of Standard English
not revers ible Ex. beautiful modern art
NOT modern beautiful art

52 Between adjectives whos e order is Use a comma Conventions of Standard English

revers ible Ex. intelligent, passionate student
passionate, intelligent student

53 Between an adjective and a noun DO NOT use a comma Conventions of Standard English

54 Between a s ubject and a verb DO NOT use a comma Conventions of Standard English

55 Biomas s Total mass of all the living matter within a given area. Science

56 Bios ynthes is The production of a chemical compound within the body. Science

57 Boiling P oint The temperature a liquid must be to change states from liquid to gas. Science
 Page 4/25
58 calorie a unit of heat energy equal to 4.185 joules Science
*remember, it's not the same as Calorie, which is equal to 1 kilocalorie or 1000 calories

59 Capillary A very slim tube; one of a network of extremely small blood vessels. Science

60 Carbohydrate Sugars and starches that serve as a major energy source for animals. Science

61 Carcinogen A cancer causing agent Science

62 Carnivore Eats only meat Science

63 Catalys t An agent that causes or speeds up a chemical reaction. Science

64 Cels ius A temperature scale in which the freezing point of water is 0 degrees and the boiling point is 100 degrees under normal Science
atmospheric conditions.

65 Central angle An angle whose vertex is the center of the circle Geometry

66 Cerebral Edema Brain swelling. Science

67 Change of Bas e F ormula, given logxalogxb Functions

log b a

68 Characterize Describe the distinctive features of Reading

69 Chlorophyll A green pigment produced in response to sunlight during photosynthesis. Science

70 Choles terol A soft, waxy compound found in the body and in the food we eat. Science

71 Collinear Passing through or lying on the same straight line. Geometry

72 Comet A celestial body, having an elongated, curved vapor tail, which is seen only in that part of its orbit that is relatively close to Science
the sun.

73 Comma s plice When a comma is mis takenly used between two independent clauses Conventions of Standard English
Ex. I plan to attend a liberal arts college, my parents want me to get a well rounded education. (Incorrect)
To correct it, replace the comma with a period, a semi-colon or a comma with FANBOYS

74 Common D ifference The equal distance between one number in an arithmetic sequence and the next (for example, the common difference Algebra
between 4, 6, and 8 is 2.).

75 Commonly M is us ed W ords : accept: to agree to or receive Conventions of Standard English

accept/except except: "other than" or "but"

76 Common Ratio The ratio of one term and the next in a geometric sequence (for example, the common ratio between 2, 4, and 8 is 4/2 and Number and Quantity
8/4, or 2.)

77 Commutative P roperty (of When adding two numbers, the order in which the numbers are added does not matter Number and Quantity
Addition) Ex. 2 + 5 = 7 and 5 + 2 = 7
Note: This does not hold true for subtraction
Ex. 5 − 2 = 3 and 2 − 5 = -3
 Page 5/25
78 Commutative P roperty (of When multiplying two (or more) numbers, the order in which the numbers are multiplied does not matter Number and Quantity
M ultiplication) Ex. 2 × 5 = 10 and 5 × 2 = 10
Note: This does not hold true for division
Ex. 5 ÷ 2 = 52 or 2.5 and 2 ÷ 5 = 25 or 0.4

79 Compos ite N umber A positive integer (whole number) that can be divided evenly by at least one number other than 1 and the number itself. Number and Quantity
Ex. 4, 9, 51, 60

80 Compound A substance made up of two or more chemically bonded elements in a fixed proportion Science

81 Compres s ibility The ease with which pressure can alter the volume of matter. Science

82 Concentration Amount of substance dissolved in a given amount of solvent Science

83 Conclude Arrive to a decision by reasoning Reading

84 Condens ation Change from a gaseous to liquid phase Science

85 Conductor A material that allows heat and electricity to readily flow through it with minimal resistance Science

86 Congruent Equal in length or measure. Geometry

87 Conjugate of a complex number Change the sign of the imaginary number, the sign of the real number stays the same Number and Quantity
Ex. a+ bi and a-bi
4-6i and 4+ 6i

88 Cons ecutive Integers Integers that follow each other in order, e.g. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 etc. Number and Quantity
These are represented algebraically by x, x + 1, x + 2, x + 3…

89 Cons ecutive O dd/Even N umbers odd/even numbers that follow each other in order, e.g. 5, 7, 9, 11 or −4, −2, 0, 2… Number and Quantity
These can be represented algebraically by x, x + 2, x + 4…

90 Cons is tent In agreement with something, not contradicting Science

91 Cons tant a variable that remains unchanged during the experiment and is unaffected by other variables Science

92 Cons tant Unchanging in different trials or observations Science

93 Context A set of events or facts pertaining to a particular situation Reading

94 Contradiction A statement that is opposite to or disagrees with another Science

95 Contras t Differentiate Reading

96 Controlled Variable a factor that is kept constant throughout an experiment Science

97 Correlation A mutual relation between two or more ideas or things that may not have a causal relationship with each other Science

98 Corres ponding angles formed by One outside and one inside the parallel lines, both on the same side of the transversal and have congruent (equal) Geometry
parallel lines measures
 Page 6/25
99 cos ec θ 1sinθ Functions

100 Cos ine The ratio of the adjacent side (with respect to the angle of reference) to the hypotenuse in a right triangle Geometry

101 cos θ adjacenthypotenuse Geometry

102 Cos Abbreviation of cosine. Functions

103 cot θ 1tanθ Functions

104 Cube A term raised to the third power; a regular solid having six congruent faces. Algebra

105 Cubic Inch The volume of a cube with edges that all measure one inch. Geometry

106 Cylindrical Having the shape of a cylinder, or a solid with circular ends and straight sides. Geometry

107 D angling M odifiers Words/phrases that modify a word not clearly stated in a sentence Conventions of Standard English
Ex. Crawling on the wall, the cat was startled by a giant spider. (incorrect)
Crawling on the wall, a giant spider startled the cat. (correct)

108 D emons trate To verify or establish by reasoning and argument Reading

109 D ependent Variable the variable that is measured during the experiment and is affected by the independent variable Science

110 D epict Portray; represent by drawing or other forms of art Reading

111 D etermine Conclude after research or a calculation Reading

112 D iagonal of a box d=a2+ b2+ c2 Geometry

113 D iagonal A line segment joining two nonadjacent vertices of a polygon or solid (polyhedron). Geometry

114 D ifference of S quares F ormula a2-b2=a+ ba-b Functions

115 D iffus ion The flow of liquid or gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration Science

116 D ilute To weaken the strength of a solution. Science

117 D iminis h To become smaller or fade; decrease in size Science

118 D irectly P roportional Increasing or decreasing together or with the same ratio. Number and Quantity

119 D irectly P roportional A relationship between two quantities in which they either both increase or both decrease by the same factor. If x and y Number and Quantity
are directly proportional, if you increase x by a factor of 1.5, y also increase by a factor of 1.5.
x=k.y or xy=k
e.g. quantity and price of items, speed and distance etc.

120 D is cern To perceive by sight or intellect Reading

 Page 7/25
121 D is tance F ormula d=(x2-x1)2+ (y2-y1)2 Functions

122 D is tinguis h Mark off or recognize as different Reading

123 D is tribution of N egative S ign When you subtract one polynomial from another, distribute the negative sign i.e. change the signs of all the terms of the Algebra
polynomial that is being subtracted.
x2+ xy+ 2y2-3x2-4xy-y2=x2+ xy+ 2y2-3x2+ 4xy+ y2=-2x2+ 5xy+ 3y2

124 D is tributive P roperty (of When multiplying a sum, you can multiply each individual term separately and then add the products Number and Quantity
M ultiplication) Ex. a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c)

125 D ividing F ractions Multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second fraction. Number and Quantity

126 D ividing P owers When you divide powers of the same base, subtract the exponents Algebra
xaxb=xa-b
262-1=26--1=27

127 D ivis ion P roperty of Equality Any quantity (except zero) can divide both sides of an equation and the equation will maintain its equality. Number and Quantity
Ex. If a = c (and b is not equal to zero), then ab = cb

128 Ecology The field of science that concentrates on relationships between organisms and their environments. Science

129 Element A substance consisting of only one type of atoms Science

130 Emis s ions Things that are discharged (often gases into the air). Science

131 Emit To release particles such as light, heat, or gases. Science

132 Epicanthic F old A fold of skin of the upper eyelid that only partly covers the eye's inner corner. Science

133 Equation of a circle (x-h)2+ (y-k)2=r2 Functions

(h,k)Õcenter
rÕradius

134 Equation of a P arabola y=a(x-h)2+ k Functions

(h,k)Õvertex

135 Equilateral triangle A triangle with all sides equal (consequently all the angles are equal to 60°) Geometry

136 Equilibrium A state of balance. Science

137 Eros ion The wearing away of an object by outside forces, like wind or water. Science

138 Es tablis h To show to be valid or true Reading

139 Evaporate To draw away moisture and convert into vapor. Science

140 Experimental Variables Elements of an experiment that are changed (distinguished from the constant, which is held the same in order to produce Science
significant results).
 Page 8/25
141 Explicit Expressed directly and clearly Reading

142 Exponent The number of times the base is multiplied by itself Algebra
Ex. In 210, 10 is the exponent

143 Exponents rais ed to a power If a power is raised to another exponent, then multiply all the exponents Algebra
xab=xa.b
or
232=26

144 Exterior angle of a triangle Is equal to the sum of the remote interior angles Geometry

145 Extrapolation Estimation beyond the observable range Science

146 F ahrenheit A temperature scale in which the freezing point of water is 32 degrees and the boiling point is 212 degrees under normal Science
atmospheric conditions.

147 F AN BO YS Coordinating conjunctions Conventions of Standard English

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
These words are used to combine 2 Independent Clauses into a compound sentence
Ex. Anthony planned on going to the park, but the thunderstorm forced him to stay inside.

148 F ermentation The chemical process of breaking down an organic substance into simpler substances such as the fermentation of sugar Science
to alcohol.

149 F inding Value of a F unction Substitute (replace) x with what's in the parenthesis without changing anything else. Functions
f(x)=x2-3f(a)=a2-3f(-2)=(-2)2-3=1f(a+ b)=a+ b2-3

150 F O IL Multiplication of two binomials: Algebra

F = First
O = Outer
I = Inner
L = Last
a+ bc+ d=ac+ ad+ bc+ bd

151 F os s il The preserved remains of a very ancient organism Science

152 F ractional Exponents When there is a fractional exponent, it becomes the denominator as the nth-root and the numerator as the new exponent Algebra
x1n=xnxmn=xmn3612=36=62713=273=3432=43=8

153 F ragments Are incomplete sentences caused by unnecessary words or punctuation Conventions of Standard English
Ex. My car is difficult to start in the winter. Because of the cold weather. (incorrect)
My car is difficult to start in the winter because of the cold weather. (correct)

154 F requency The number of cycles per unit time Science

155 F riction The force resistant to motion. Science

156 G alvanis m A direct electrical current produced by chemical reactions. Science

 Page 9/25
157 G as Chromatograph A device used to detect the composition of an unknown material. Science

158 G as A ___ is a state of matter that is not fixed in shape or volume but tends to expand. Science

159 G as tric Emptying The movement of the stomach's contents from the stomach to the small intestine, and finally into the colon. Science

160 G .C.F . (G reates t Common F actor) The largest number that can divide each number from a set of numbers without a remainder. Number and Quantity
Ex. The G.C.F. of 8 and 12 is 4.

161 G eneralize To make a broad conclusion from a few facts and examples Reading

162 G ravity The force of attraction between two bodies of mass. Science

163 H erbivorous A plant-eating organism. Science

164 H exagon A six-sided polygon. Geometry

165 H omologous Similar in structure, both superficially and anatomically, but different in functions Science
Ex. wings of bats and fins of whales

166 H orizontal Line y = b (Constant) Functions

(has a zero slope)

167 H ydrogen Bonding The intermolecular attraction of a hydrogen atom with another electronegative atom. Science

168 H ypotenus e The longest side of a right triangle, which is always the side opposite the right (90°) angle. Geometry

169 H ypothes is A supposed explanation of a question or a problem that is the starting point for further testing Science

170 Identity (or O ne) P roperty of When one is multiplied by any number, the product is that number Number and Quantity
M ultiplication Ex. a × 1 = a
2× 1=2

171 Identity (or Zero) P roperty of When zero is added to any number, the sum is that number Number and Quantity
Addition Ex. a + 0 = a
2+ 0=2

172 Igneous Rock Rock that is formed by the cooling and solidification of molten magma. Science

173 Ignition Temperature The temperature that a fuel must reach before combustion can begin. Science

174 Imaginary N umber i=-1i2=-1 Number and Quantity

175 Implicit Not directly stated but implied and understood Reading

176 Imply Strongly suggest as opposed to state directly Science

177 In an es s ential claus e DO NOT use a comma Conventions of Standard English

Ex. Jennifer visited the city where she went to college.
NOT Jennifer visited the city, where she went to college.
 Page 10/25
178 Inference A conclusion reached based on evidence and reasoning Science

179 Infrared Light energy having a wavelength greater than visible range; it is experienced as heat. Science

180 Infrared Radiation Electromagnetic waves whose wavelength is longer than that of visible light Science

181 Ins ulator A material that blocks the flow of heat or electricity Science

182 Intent Purpose, intention Reading

183 Interior Angle An angle inside of a shape (that is, all of the interior angles in a triangle have a sum of 180 degrees). Geometry

184 Interior angles of a triangle Have a sum of (add to) 180° Geometry

185 Interpolation Creating new data points within the range of existing data points Science

186 Intracellular Within a cell or cells. Science

187 Invers ely P roportional A relationship between two quantities in which if one increases by a certain factor, the other decreases Number and Quantity
by the same factor, and vice versa. If x and y are inversely proportional, if you increase x by a factor
of 4, y decreases by a factor of 4.
x.y=k
e.g. speed and time, volume and density etc.

188 Ion An atom or molecule that has become charged by either losing or gaining electrons Science

189 Irrational N umbers Numbers with infinite, non-repeating decimals that cannot be expressed as the quotient of two integers. Number and Quantity
Ex. π, 2

190 Is os celes triangle A triangle with 2 equal sides (called legs) Geometry
The base angles (angles opposite the legs) are consequently congruent

191 Is os celes Triangle A triangle with two congruent sides and two congruent angles. Geometry

192 Is otopes Two or more atoms with an identical atomic number and differing in number of neutrons. Science

193 its vs . it's its - possessive of "it" - IT owns something Conventions of Standard English
it's - contraction of "it is" , "it has", "it was"

194 K elvin A temperature scale in which absolute zero is 0 degrees K, the freezing point of water is 273 degrees K, and the boiling Science
point of water is 373 degrees K.

195 K inetic Energy The energy of an object or a system due to its motion Science

196 Law of S ines The relationship within a triangle of the sine of angles and the lengths of sides of a triangle. Functions
asinA=bsinB=csinC
or sinAa=sinBb=sinCc
 Page 11/25
197 Leas t Common D enominator The smallest number (other than 0) that is a multiple of a set of denominators (for example, the LCD of 14and16 is 12). Number and Quantity
(LCD )

198 Leas t Common M ultiple (LCM ) The smallest number that is a multiple of a set of numbers (for example, the LCM of 6 and 9 is 18). Number and Quantity

199 Legend Explanation of the symbols used Science

200 Length of an arc central angle * circumference360° Geometry

or
central angle360° × circumference

201 Linear Relating to a line. Algebra

202 Line of s ymmetry A line that divides a figure into two halves that are mirror images of each other. Geometry

203 Lipid An oily/waxy organic compound that cannot be dissolved in water. Science

204 Liquid (n.) a substance that is neither a solid nor a gas; (adj.) flowing freely. Science

205 Lithos phere The outer part of the Earth that includes the crust and upper mantle. Science

206 log(ab) log a + log b Functions

207 log a b log a - log b Functions

208 log a b b log a Functions

209 Log Abbreviation of logarithm. Logarithms are used to indicate exponents of certain numbers called bases. By definition, Functions
logab=c if ac=b (for example, logx36=2 if x2=36. In this case, x=6.)

210 M acrophages Protective cells. Science

211 M anometer A device that measures the pressure of liquids and gases. Science

212 in 1, -1, i or -i Number and Quantity

213 s in 2 θ + cos 2 θ 1 Functions

214 M atrix Addition Add the corresponding elements together Ex. 135-7 + -2-3417 = -10910 Number and Quantity

215 M atrix Rows and columns of elements arranged in a rectangle. Number and Quantity

216 M atrix (S calar) M ultiplication Muliply the scalar to each element of the matrix -2-2-350=46-100 Number and Quantity

217 M ean (als o Arithmetic M ean) average; found by adding all the terms in a set and dividing by the number of terms Statistics and Probability

218 M edian The middle value in a set of ordered numbers. Statistics and Probability
If the set of numbers is even, it is the average (mean) of the two middle values.
 Page 12/25
219 M elting P oint The temperature at which a solid softens into a liquid. Science

220 M es os phere A layer of the atmosphere fifty to eighty kilometers above the Earth's surface. Science

221 M etamorphis m The process of altering solid rock by changing its temperature, pressure, and chemistry. Science

222 M icroorganis m An organism of microscopic or very small size. Science

223 M id-point formula x1 + x22 ,y1 + y22 Functions

224 M idpoint The point that divides a line segment into two equal segments. Functions

225 M is leading/ambiguous pronoun A pronoun should be placed such that it refers to a specific noun, called an antecedent. Conventions of Standard English
us age

226 M is placed M odifiers Modifiers are descriptions that are best placed next to the things they describe. Conventions of Standard English
Ex. Cassie had trouble deciding which college to attend at first. (incorrect)
At first, Cassie had trouble deciding which college to attend. (correct)

227 M ode The value that occurs most frequently in a set. Statistics and Probability
Ex. The mode of {2,3,-1,5,9,-7,2,14} is 2.

228 M olecular W eight The weight of all of the atoms in a molecule. Science

229 M ole A unit of measurement for the molecular weight of a substance. Science

230 M ultiplication (M ultiplicative) Any quantity can be multiplied to both sides of an equation and the equation will maintain its equality. Number and Quantity
P roperty of Equality Ex. If a = c then a × b = c × b

231 M ultiplying F ractions Multiply across (the numerator with the numerator and the denominator with the denominator), then reduce into lowest Number and Quantity
terms.
* don't confuse this with the cross-multiplication, which is used to solve equations that are proportions.

232 M ultiplying P owers with S ame When you multiply powers of the same base, add the exponents Algebra
Bas e xa× xb=xa+ b
23× 22=23+ 2=25

233 N anometer One billionth of a meter. Science

234 N egative Exponents With a negative exponent, take the reciprocal of the base and change the exponent to be positive Algebra
x-a=1xaEx. 2-3=123=18

235 N ewton The amount of force needed to accelerate a one-kilogram mass at a rate of one meter per second, per second. Science

236 N ominative P ronouns Replace the nouns Conventions of Standard English

e.g. I, you, he, she, it, they, we

237 N umber of diagonals in a polygon nn-32 Geometry

Where n is the number of sides

238 O bjective P ronouns Act as direct or indirect objects Conventions of Standard English
 Page 13/25
Ex. me, us, you, him, her, it, them

239 O btus e An angle with a measure greater than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees. Geometry

240 O mit To leave out or remove Reading

241 O ppos ite (N egative) Reciprocal Taking the reciprocal of the number and changing the sign of the number. Number and Quantity
For an integer, the opposite reciprocal is dividing that integer by 1 and changing the sign.
Ex. The opposite reciprocal of -4 is 14
For a fraction, the opposite reciprocal is switching the numerator and denominator and changing the sign
Ex. The opposite reciprocal of 53 is -35
The slopes of perpendicular lines are opposite reciprocals of each other

242 O ptimum Most favorable condition, Ex. for growth of specific microbes Science

243 O re A piece of raw earth from which a metal can be extracted Science

244 O rganic M atter Matter that is derived from living organisms. Science

245 O rganis m A living thing, either plant or animal. Science

246 O s mos is The movement of liquid through a membrane Science

247 P arallelis m Sentences should group ideas such that the words, phrases, and clauses must share the same grammatical form and parts Conventions of Standard English
of speech
Ex. Victoria likes swimming and to ride her bike. (incorrect)
Victoria likes swimming and riding her bike. (correct)

248 P arallel lines Two lines in the same plane that never intersect Geometry
have equal slope
m1=m2

249 P arallelogram A quadrilateral (a figure that has four sides) with opposite sides that are parallel and congruent. Geometry

250 P arallelogram properties Opposite sides are equal and parallel; opposite angles are equal. Geometry

251 P arallel Lines in the same plane that do not intersect each other; in a coordinate plane, noncollinear lines or segments having the Geometry
same slope as one another.

252 P araphras e To restate in different words Science

253 pas s ive voice The action of the sentence (the verb) is performed ON the s ubject of the sentence. In many cases of the passive voice, Knowledge of Language
the noun performing the action is either A) not mentioned in the sentence or B) in a (prepositional phrase).
Example: The hors e was ridden (by the boy).

254 P as t P erfect Something that had happened in the past before another event. Conventions of Standard English
had + participle form
Sam had worked at a university before he decided to become an actor.

255 P EM D AS Acronym for the order the order of operations of numbers. Number and Quantity
P = Parentheses
E = Exponents
MD = Multiplication or Division in order from left to right
 Page 14/25
AS = Addition or Subtraction in order from left to right

256 P ercent Change F ormula Percent Change =(final value-initial value)initial value× 100 Number and Quantity

257 P ercent F ormula Percents = PartWhole*100 Number and Quantity

258 P erimeter of a rectangle p = 2(l+ w) Geometry

259 P erimeter of a s quare 4 × side Geometry

260 P erimeter The boundary of a figure; in math, the distance from one point around the figure to the same point. Geometry

261 P erpendicular Bis ector A line that cuts a line segment into two equal halves and forms right angles (90°) with that segment Geometry

262 P erpendicular lines Lines that intersect to form right (90°) angles Geometry
have opposite reciprocal slopes
m1=-1m2

263 P erpendicular Lines that intersect and form 90-degree angles. Geometry

264 P hotophores Organs that produce light. Science

265 P hotos ynthes is The process by which plants turn carbon dioxide and water into energy with the aid of sunlight. Science

266 pH A scale that measures how acidic or basic a substance is on a scale of 0 to 14. Lower numbers indicate an increasing Science
acidity and higher numbers indicate increasing basicity.

267 P lural form of letters and numbers Use an apostrophe e.g. 6's , i's etc. Conventions of Standard English

268 P oint-of-view How someone sees something; one's opinion or attitude towards something Reading

269 P oint-S lope form y-y1=m(x-x1) Algebra

270 P oint-S lope F orm y-y1=m(x-x1) Algebra

Where m is the slope and (x1, y1) is a point on the line

271 P os itive S lope The incline of a line that slants upward (from left to right). Algebra

272 P os s es s ive form of nouns Use an apostrophe Conventions of Standard English

Ex. Mary's horse, river's width etc.

273 P os s es s ive pronouns Have no apostrophe Conventions of Standard English

Ex. his, her, their, your, etc.

274 P otential Energy The energy of an object or a system due to its position or configuration Science

275 P recis ion The quality of being exact Science

276 P repos itional Idioms : abide abide by (obey) Conventions of Standard English
abide with (stay)
 Page 15/25
277 P repos itional Idioms : accus tom accustomed to Conventions of Standard English

278 P repos itional Idioms : indifferent indifferent to/toward Conventions of Standard English

279 P repos itional Idioms : point point to Conventions of Standard English

280 P res ent, P as t, and P articiple bear, bore, borne Conventions of Standard English
F orms : bear

281 P res ent, P as t, and P articiple bet, bet, bet Conventions of Standard English
F orms : bet

282 P res ent, P as t, and P articiple come, came, come Conventions of Standard English
F orms : come

283 P res ent, P as t, and P articiple cost, cost, cost Conventions of Standard English
F orms : cos t

284 P res ent, P as t, and P articiple fling, flung, flung Conventions of Standard English
F orms : fling

285 P res ent, P as t, and P articiple lay, laid, laid Conventions of Standard English
F orms : lay

286 P res ent, P as t, and P articiple lie, lay, lain Conventions of Standard English
F orms : lie (down)

287 P res ent, P as t, and P articiple read/reads, read, reading/read Conventions of Standard English
F orms : read

288 P res ent, P as t, and P articiple run, ran, run Conventions of Standard English
F orms : run

289 P res ent, P as t, and P articiple seek, sought, sought Conventions of Standard English
F orms : s eek

290 P res ent, P as t, and P articiple shrink, shrank, shrunk Conventions of Standard English
F orms : s hrink

291 P res ent, P as t, and P articiple spin, spun, spun Conventions of Standard English
F orms : s pin

292 P res ent, P as t, and P articiple swim, swam, swum Conventions of Standard English
F orms : s wim

293 P res ent, P as t, and P articiple wake, woke, woken Conventions of Standard English
F orms : wake

294 P res ent P erfect Something that started in the past and is ongoing Conventions of Standard English
has/have + participle form
Ex. I have lived in the city for 5 years.

295 P rime N umber A positive integer that can only be evenly divided by 1 and itself. Number and Quantity

296 P robability F ormula Probability=Number of desired choicesnumber of total choices Statistics and Probability
 Page 16/25
297 P roperties of a rectangle All the properties of a parallelogram; each angle 90°; diagonals are equal and bisect each other Geometry

298 P roperties of a rhombus All the properties of a parallelogram; all sides congruent (equal) Geometry

299 P roperties of a s quare All the properties of a rectangle; diagonals meet at 90°; all sides congruent (equal) Geometry

300 P roperties of a trapezoid Only one pair of opposite sides are parallel Geometry

301 P rotein A compound that consists of amino acids and plays various structural, mechanical, and nutritional roles within organisms. Science

302 P ythagorean Theorem Within a right triangle: a2+ b2=c2 Geometry

Where a and b are the legs (sides that make up the right angle) and c is the hypotenuse (side that is opposite the right
angle)

303 P ythagorean Triples Sets of integers that satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem Geometry
Examples include: (3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (6, 8, 10), (7, 24, 25)

304 Q uadrant One part of a larger object that has been divided into four parts. Functions

305 Q uadrants Generally, one part of a larger object that has been divided into four parts Functions
Each of the 4 regions the co-ordinate axes divide the plane into
 Page 17/25

306 Q uadratic Equation An equation in the form of ax2+ bx+ c=0, where a≠0, and has only two solutions for x. Functions

307 Q uadratic F ormula x=-b± b2-4ac2a Functions

308 Radian A unit of angle measure within a circle. Functions

309 Radii The plural form of radius. Geometry

310 Radioactive D ecay A natural process by which an atom of a radioactive isotope spontaneously decays into another element. Science

311 Radius A line segment with endpoints at the center of the circle and on the perimeter of the circle, equal to one-half the length of Geometry
the diameter.

312 Rate F ormula Rate = WorkTime Number and Quantity

313 Rate of Change slope of tangent to the curve at a given point Science
 Page 18/25
314 Rational N umbers Numbers that can be expressed as a quotient (or fraction) of two integers. Number and Quantity
Ex. 1, -2, 3.25, 2/3

315 Ratio A comparison between two quantities (for example, the ratio of girls to boys in the class is 1:2). Number and Quantity

316 Real N umber Line An infinite line of real numbers represented on a one-dimensional graph. Number and Quantity

317 Real N umbers Numbers that can be associated with points on a number line. This includes all rational and irrational numbers. Number and Quantity

318 Reciprocal Switching the numerator and denominator of a number. Number and Quantity
For an integer, it is 1 divided by that number.
Ex. the reciprocal of 4 is 1 4
Ex. the reciprocal of 53 is 35

319 Rectangular Having the shape of a rectangle (a parallelogram with four right angles). Geometry

320 Reflexive P roperty Any number is equal to itself Number and Quantity
Ex. a = a or 2 = 2

321 Regular D ecagon A ten-sided figure with congruent sides and angles. Each interior angle has a measure of 144°. Geometry

322 Regular H exagon A six-sided figure with congruent sides and angles. Each interior angle has a measure of 120°. Geometry

323 Regular O ctagon An eight-sided figure with congruent sides and angles. Each interior angle has a measure of 135°. Geometry

324 Regular P entagon A five-sided figure with congruent sides and angles. Each interior angle has a measure of 108°. Geometry

325 Regular P olygon A polygon that is both equilateral (all sides are the same length) and equiangular (all angles have the same measure) Geometry

326 Relative P ronouns Used to identify people, places and objects in general Conventions of Standard English
Ex. who, whom, whose, which, what, that, where

327 Run-on S entence Consists of more than one idea and is incorrectly written due to lack of punctuation or conjunctions Conventions of Standard English
Ex. Janet is an actress she often appears in major television network shows. (incorrect)
Janet is an actress who often appears in major television network shows. (correct)

328 S ame-S ide Interior Angles Interior angles on the same side of the transversal; have a sum of (add to) 180° Geometry

329 S calene triangle A triangle with no equal sides Geometry

330 S cientific Inquiry Based on experiment and observation and the application of the Scientific Method; examination into facts or principles. Science

331 S cientific N otation A system to express very large and very small numbers and consists of two parts: a number between 1 (included) Number and Quantity
and 10 (not included) , followed by 10 raised to a positive or negative exponent
e.g. 1.0*1014,6.67*10-11

332 s ec θ 1cosθ Functions

333 S ector The region bounded by two radii of a circle and their intercepted arc Geometry
 Page 19/25
334 S eedling A young plant grown from seed. Science

335 S imple Interes t F ormula Simple Interest = P× N× R Functions

Where P = principal, N = number of years, R = rate expressed as a decimal

336 S imple P as t Something that happened in the past and is no longer happening Conventions of Standard English
Ex. The guests left yesterday.

337 S imple P res ent The action takes place continuously or regularly Conventions of Standard English
Ex. My brother comes home late from work.

338 S imulation Something represents something else that is similar in nature and function Science

339 S ingular and plural pos s es s ive Singular: apostrophe before the 's' Ex. boy's (belonging to the boy) Conventions of Standard English
Plural: apostrophe after the 's' Ex. boys ' (belonging to the boys)

340 s in θ opposite hypotenuse Geometry

341 S lope F ormula The formula used to calculate the slope of a line: y1-y2x1-x2 Algebra
(Note that the order of subtraction in the denominator can be reversed, giving the alternative slope formula: y2-y1x2-x1)

342 S lope-intercept form Y=mx+ b Algebra

343 S O H CAH TO A Mnemonic for the values of sin, cos, and tan Geometry

344 S olid Neither gas nor liquid; of definite shape and volume. Science

345 S olute A dissolved substance. Science

346 S olution a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the Science
solvent).

347 S olution S et The set of values that make an equation true. Algebra

348 S olutions of Q uadratic Equations If x+ ax+ b=0 Functions

then x=-ax=-b

349 S olving linear equations Isolate the variable by inverse (opposite) operations. Algebra

350 S olving s imultaneous equations by Cancel one of the variables by addition. Functions
elimination

351 S olving s imultaneous equations by Express one variable in terms of the other and substitute. Functions
S ubs titution

352 affect: is a verb meaning "to influence" Conventions of Standard English

Commonly M is us ed W ords : effect: is a noun meaning "a change that is the result of an action or other cause"
affect/effect

353 Among is used to discuss multiple objects that are not distinct. It indicates the subject is in the vicinity of objects or Conventions of Standard English
Commonly M is us ed W ords : people, but does not give the s ubject's exact location .
Example: She was forced to choose among a myriad of science classes.
 Page 20/25
among/between Example: Fear spread among the students as the pop quiz was announced.
Between is used to describe a set of distinct (countable), separately named objects. It also gives the precise location of
the subject - the subject is between specific objects.
It comes down to the number of objects being discussed, and how distinct those objects are.
Example: The race between Amy and Emeril was very close.
Example: She needed to choose between physics, chemistry, and biology.
In the second example, even though you are discussing more than two objects, each of them is distinct, so you
use “ between .”

354 complement: something that completes or adds to something else Conventions of Standard English
Commonly M is us ed W ords : compliment: praise
complement/compliment

355 fewer: is used with countable items such as hours, bills, sticks etc. Conventions of Standard English
Commonly M is us ed W ords : less: is used with uncountable items such as time, money, wood etc.
fewer/les s

356 lay: to put or place Conventions of Standard English

Commonly M is us ed W ords : lie: to rest or stay
lay/lie

357 principal: head or first Conventions of Standard English

Commonly M is us ed W ords : principle: a basic truth or law
principal/principle

358 Assure: To convince Conventions of Standard English

Commonly M is us ed W ords : Ensure: To make certain of
Insure: To guard against loss
As s ure/Ens ure/Ins ure

359 your: possessive form of you Conventions of Standard English

Commonly M is us ed you're: you are
W ords : your/you're

360 their: possessive form of they Conventions of Standard English

Commonly M is us ed W ords : there: an adverb specifying location
they're: they are
their/there/they're

361 too many: is used with countable items such as gallons, grains, sheets etc. Conventions of Standard English
Commonly M is us ed W ords : too too much: is used with uncountable items such as milk, sand, paper etc.
many/too much

362 absolve from Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms : abs olve

363 adept in/at Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms : adept
 Page 21/25
364 capable of Conventions of Standard English
P repos itional Idioms : capable

365 coerce into (doing something) Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms : coerce

366 compare with (literal) Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms : compare compare to (metaphorical)

367 compensate for Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms : compens ate

368 comply with (rule or law) Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms : comply

369 contemporary of (a person) Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms : contemporary with (an event)
contemporary

370 depend on (not upon) Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms : depend

371 differ from (a thing) Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms : differ differ with (a person over something)

372 efficient at Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms : efficient

373 familiar with Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms : familiar

374 have confidence in Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms : have

confidence

375 in awe of Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms : in awe

376 in contrast to Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms : in contras t *contrast with

377 puzzled/confused/perplexed by Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms :

puzzled/confus ed/perplexed

378 sympathize with Conventions of Standard English

P repos itional Idioms : s ympathize

379 because, since, as a result, due to etc. Production of Writing

W ords /phras es that s ugges t
 Page 22/25
caus ation

380 likewise, similarly, just as, like etc. Production of Writing

W ords /phras es that s ugges t

comparis on

381 therefore, thus, in other words etc. Production of Writing

W ords /phras es that s ugges t

conclus ion

382 however, despite, but, whereas, while, although, though, in contrast etc. Production of Writing
W ords /phras es that s ugges t

contradiction

383 S pecial triangle Sides are in a ratio of Geometry

30 °- 60 °- 90 ° 1:3:2

384 S pecial triangle Sides are in a ratio of 1:1:2 Geometry

45 °- 45 °- 90 °

385 S pecific G ravity The ratio of the density of one substance to the density of another substance. Science

386 S peed F ormula speed=distancetime Number and Quantity

387 S phere A solid, round figure where all points on the surface are the same distance from the center (for example, a basketball). Geometry

388 S pleen A vascular, ductless organ that is located in the left abdominal region close to the stomach. Science

389 S quares of S um and D ifference a+ b2=a2+ 2ab+ b2a-b2=a2-2ab+ b2 Functions

390 S tandard (x, y) Coordinate P lane A plane that is formed by a horizontal x-axis and a vertical y-axis that meet at point (0,0) (also known as the Cartesian Functions
Coordinate Plane).

391 S teps of a S cientific M ethod 1. Question/Problem Science

2. Hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Analysis
5. Conclusion

392 S tratos phere A layer of the atmosphere between the troposphere and mesosphere. Science

393 S ubject-Verb Agreement Singular subjects require singular verbs, and plural subjects require plural verbs. Conventions of Standard English
Ex. The dogs eat the dog food. (plural)
The owner of the dogs feeds the dog food. (singular)

394 S ubject-Verb Agreement: P lural If the subject is plural, then the pronouns referring to it should be plural as well. Conventions of Standard English
P ronouns Ex. we, you, they, those, few, many, some etc.

395 S ubject-Verb Agreement: S ingular If the subject is singular, then the pronouns referring to the subject should be singular as well. Conventions of Standard English
pronouns Ex. I, he, she, it, every, each, everyone, none, whoever, someone, nobody, either neither, someone etc.

396 S ubject-Verb Agreement: the
claus es after the prepos ition ...
Page 23/25
Do not affect the subject-verb agreement Conventions of Standard English
Ex. One of the students is selected.
NOT: One of the students are selected.
The advantages of this new system are plenty.
NOT: The advantages of this new system is plenty.

397 S ubs titution P roperty If x = y, then x may be replaced by y in any equation or expression Number and Quantity

398 S ubtraction P roperty of Equality Any quantity can be subtracted from both sides of an equation and the equation will maintain its equality. Number and Quantity
Ex. If a = c then a − b = c − b

399 S ucros e A simple sugar. Science

400 S ummarize To give a brief statement of the main points of (something) Reading

401 S um of exterior angles of a 360° Geometry

polygon

402 S um of interior angles of a 360° Geometry

quadrilateral

403 S um of interior angles of polygons 180× (n-2) Geometry

n Õ # of sides

404 S urface area of a cube S=6s2 Geometry

405 S urface area of a cylinder Closed cylinder: 2πrh+ 2πr2 Geometry

Open (at both bases): 2πrh

406 s urface area of a rectangular s olid A=2(lw+ lh+ wh) Geometry

407 S urface area of a s phere A = 4π r2 Geometry

408 S us pens ions The state of a substance when its particles are combined together but have not been dissolved in a fluid or solid. Science

409 S ymbios is A long-term interaction between two different species in which they both are benefited from the relationship Science

410 S ymmetric P roperty If x = y, then y = x Number and Quantity

The symmetric property allows any equation to be written in two ways
Ex. y = 2x + 5 is the same as 2x + 5 = y

411 S ynthetic P olymer A human-made, repeating chain of atoms. Science

412 Tangent line A line in the plane of a circle that intersects the circle at exactly one point Geometry

413 tan θ oppositeadjacent Geometry

414 "that" is us ed With an essential clause without commas before or after the clause Conventions of Standard English

415 Thermal D egradation A process of combustion where materials in a fuel are broken down into several by-products. Science
 Page 24/25
416 Thermos phere The outermost layer of the atmosphere. Science

417 Trans itive P roperty (of Equality) If a = b and b = c then a = c Number and Quantity

418 Trans vers al A line that cuts through two or more lines. Geometry

419 Trapezoid A quadrilateral (a figure with four sides) with only two parallel lines. Geometry

420 Triangle s ides inequality a+ b > c Geometry

a-b < c

421 Tropical Area An area near the equator that has a frost-free climate with high temperatures that can support year-round vegetation. Science

422 Tropos phere The lowest part of the Earth's atmosphere. Science

423 U ltraviolet Situated beyond the visible spectrum. Science

424 Vaporize To change into a cloud of diffused matter. Science

425 Vapor P res s ure The pressure exerted by the molecules of vapor. Science

426 Verify To prove something by examination or research Reading

427 Vertical angles Are congruent (have equal measures) Geometry

428 Vertical Line x = a(constant) Functions

(has an undefined slope)

429 Vertices The plural form of vertex, which is the point of intersection of two straight lines (or line segments). Geometry

430 Virus Organism or organism-like biological entity that causes infection. Science

431 Vis ualize To recall or form mental images and pictures Reading

432 Vocabulary for Algebra W ord increased by: add Number and Quantity
P roblems decreased by: subtract
subtracted from/less than: switched subtract
product of: multiply
quotient of/ratio of: divide

433 Vocabulary for W ord P roblems of: multiply Number and Quantity
(contd...) per: divide
percents: divide by 100
is: equals to
what number: variable (e.g. x)

434 Voltage A measure of the energy of an electric current. Science

435 Volume of a cube V=S3 Geometry

 Page 25/25
436 Volume of a cylinder V=πr2h Geometry

437 Volume of a rectangular s olid v=l× w× h Geometry

438 Volume of a s phere V=43πr3 Geometry

439 W avelength The distance between repeating peaks or crests of waves. Science

440 W hen there is a non-es s ential- Use a comma before and after the clause Conventions of Standard English
claus e

441 W hen you s ee parenthes is in a Apply the same rules you'd use without the parenthesis Conventions of Standard English
s entence

442 "which" is us ed ____. _____ is used with a non-essential clause with commas (or dashes) before and after the clause Conventions of Standard English

443 "W hom" Refers to the person who is the object of the sentence; used before a noun or pronoun; used after a preposition Conventions of Standard English

444 "W ho" Refers to the person who is the subject of the sentence; always used after the noun Conventions of Standard English

445 whos e vs . who's whose - possessive of who Conventions of Standard English

who's - who is

446 W ords /phras es that s ugges t furthermore, moreover, in addition, in fact, indeed etc. Production of Writing
continuation

447 x-Intercept The point at which a graph of a function/relation crosses the x-axis. The x-coordinate's value when y is equal to zero. Algebra

448 y-Intercept The point at which a graph of a function or relation crosses the y-axis. The y-coordinate's value when x is equal to zero. Algebra
It is denoted by b in slope-intercept form.

449 Zero Exponent Any base raised to a zero exponent equals 1. Algebra
20=1x0=1x2+ 2x0=1

450 Zero P roperty of M ultiplication When zero is multiplied by any number, the product is zero Number and Quantity
Ex. a × 0 = 0
3× 0=0