September | October 2010

Feature title: Influence of natural and artificial binders in feeds for

Litopenaeus vannamei on digestibility and growth
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 F: Binders F: Binders

Table 1: Composition of test diets Results

Leaching Table 2: Leaching rate and water uptake of test diets
Ingredient Diet WG Diet PBP Diet UF
rate and water Sample Diet WG Diet PBP Diet UF
uptake - Analysis
Corn gluten 11 11 12,5
for leaching rates
Fish meal 20 20 20 and water uptake Water uptake 107,63% 105,13% 89,89%
Wheat flour 31 31 31 were done at Leaching rate 7,75% 8,29% 6,75%
Pro-Bind Plus - 2 - the labora-
tory of CreveTec. ibility as verifiable in Lemos et al. (2009).
Wheat gluten 2 - -
Leaching was done during one Feed samples with PPD (Predicted Protein
Urea-formaldehyde - - 0,5
hour in fresh water. Digestibility) from 90.7 to 92.0% may be
Other * 7,5 7,5 7,5 As could be expected considered of high to very high protein
Crude protein 37,74 38,01 38,05 from previous results, the digestibility diets.
Crude lipid 8,61 8,66 8,63 inclusion of ureumformal-
Crude fibers 2,92 2,91 2,94
dehyde reduces the water Growth trial
uptake that in turn reduces Experimental system - Shrimp were put
Ash content 6,44 6,48 6,47
the leaching rate. The values in 12 nets of 150 liters each. The nets were
* Canola, Soybean meal, Fish oil, Soybean lecithin, for the three diets are within submerged in a bigger tank, which is con-
premix
standards. nected to a biofloc reactor. Water quality
is maintained through bioflocs and is the
binders or natural binders on the digest- Digestibility same in all nets. There were four replicates
ibility of the feeds growth of shrimp The three samples of feed were analysed for each diet.
for in vitro digestibility with the pH stat
Material and Methods method, as described by Lemos et al (2009). Shrimp
Diets - Three different diets were for- DH values were used to predict protein Each net was stocked with 25 shrimp
mulated (see table). Feeds were pelleted on digestibility by separate models relating (Litopenaeus vannamei) of 12-13g each.
a 2mm die. ingredients or diet DH to in vivo digest- They were acclimatised in the nets during

Influence of natural and artificial binders

in feeds for Litopenaeus vannamei on digestibility and growth
r
by Eric De Muylder of CreveTec, Leon Claessens and Mekki Herizi of Aquaculture Farming Technology, Fanny Yasumaru
Contact us bfoout
more info apowder
and Daniel Lemos of LAM Aquaculture Laboratory, University of São Paulo and Geert van der Velden of Sonac BV

S
hrimp are external masti-
cators, meaning that they
chew their feed outside their
mouth and will not ingest the
feed at once.
Shrimp prefer soft pellets. Typically, in
semi-intensive farming, shrimp feed pellets
will stay in the water for 15 - 60 minutes
before the shrimp consumes them, but they
can lie in water for several hours before
consumption. Feeds should remain water-
stable during this period.
Meanwhile, feed pellets swell by taking
up water which makes them soft.
Producing water stable feeds which
become soft by water uptake but don't fall
apart is a challenge for every shrimp feed
producer.
Untill now, most shrimp feeds are pel-
leted, and binders are widely used to obtain
good water stability. Binders generally form
a network through the feed pellet and hold
Hemoglobin
it together while it interferes with the
water.
The mostly used binders are urea-
"The goal of this formaldehyde, wheat gluten and gelatin.
study was to Most binders are only functional once.
Gelatinised starch, wheat gluten and
determine the urea-formaldehyde will not work once
heated and cooled down. Gelatin can be
influence of the heated and cooled down several times and
inclusion of will keep its functionality.
Although urea-formaldehyde is for-
SO NATURAL
synthetic or bidden in the EU, it is widely used in
Asia as a binder in both fish and shrimp
natural binders feeds. It facilitates the production of water
Natural ingredients for aqua feed • Pro-Bind Plus, a nutritional, gelatin based pellet binder,
in feeds on their stable feeds, but producers are unaware
of the nutritional consequences of using
Whether you’re looking for a natural EU especially for pelleted (shrimp) feed.
and USDA approved pellet binder for your • Blood meal, a fish meal alternative, especially for
digestibility and this binder. Dominy et al (2003) already
production of stable pellets or nature’s best carnivorous fish species.
observed better growth with natural bind-
on the growth of ers compared to synthetic binders.
alternatives for fish meal, you can contact
Sonac. Sonac produces valuable and essential
• Muco-Pro®, high contents of natural proteins,
amino acids and peptides.
shrimp" Goal
ingredients for the production of aqua feed. • Hemoglobin Powder, high protein content and good
digestibility, for better feed conversion
The goals of this study was to determine www.sonac.biz
the influence of the inclusion of synthetic

10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | September-october 2010 September-october 2010 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11

 F: Feature

GROWiNG iS
Table 3: Crude protein and in vitro digestibility of ingredients for
Litopenaeus vannamei based on the degree of hydrolysis (DH%) by
species proteolytic enzymes. Results expressed as mean (sd).
Crude Protein In vitro protein Predicted protein
Sample
(%)* hydrolysis (DH,%) digestibility (%)**

beautiful
Diet WG 37,20% 4,69 (0,10)a 91,9 (0,11)c
Diet PBP 37,80% 4,78 (0,15)a 92,0 (0,15)c
Diet UF 37,80% 3,89 (0,12)b 90,7 (0,22)d
* Determined by C, H, N autoanalyser, N x 6.25
** Lemos et al. (2009
- Different superscripts among feed samples denote significant statistical
differences (P < 0.05, one way ANOVA)

was between Formaldehyde was shown to react with

7.0 and 7.5. the amino group of the N-terminal amino
All shrimp acid residue and the side-chains of arginine,
showed good cysteine, histidine, lysine residues.
growth (>1,5 Therefore it is advisable to use nutrition-
g/week) during al binders, with a high protein digestibility.
the experiment. Gelatin-based binders are a good alter-
The diet with native to gluten and ureumformaldehyde.
inclusion of Gelatin and gluten have the advantage of
ureumformal- being fully digestible and to contain real
dehyde showed proteins for the shrimp.
the lowest
growth, which References
can be a results
De Muylder E., Hans Hage & Geert van der
of the lower Velden, 2008
protein digest-
ibility observed. Binders: Gelatin as alternative for urea
formaldehyde and wheat gluten in the production
one week. They were then weighed and the
of water stable shrimp feeds. International
trial started. The shrimp trial lasted for five Discussion Aquafeed 2008, Volume 11 issue 2
weeks. The inclusion of a synthetic binder
improves water stability and reduces De Muylder E., Carine van Vuure, Romain de Vargas
Measurements during trial leaching. , Daan Delbare and Geert van der Velden, 2008
At the start and each week, the This would result in a lower FCR. But at Utilisation of hydrolyzed animal proteins and
shrimp were weighed together and the same time, this binder links to proteins gelatin as supplement in low fishmeal diets for
counted, to have the average weight and and reduces its digestibility. juvenile white shrimp
total biomass. Feeding gift was adjusted This reduction in protein digestibility Aqua Culture Asia Pacific Volume 5 number 4
daily according to an expected growth results in a slightly slower growth.
curve and average weight from last Ureaformaldehyde is a synthetic binder Dominy, W.G., J.J. Cody, J.H. Terpstra, L.G. Obaldo,
measurement. with no nutritional value. It cannot be M.K. Chai, T.I. Takamori, B. Larsen & I.P. Forster,
2003. A Comparative Study of the Physical and
digested by fish
Biological Properties of Commercially-Available
Table 4: Growth parameters of the shrimp during the experiment. or shrimp, instead
Binders for Shrimp Feeds. Journal of Applied
Diet Diet WG Diet PBP Diet UF it adds nitrogen Aquaculture. Vol 14(3/4) 81-99.
(false proteins)
to the diet which Lemos, D. ; Lawrence, A. ; Siccardi, A. . 2009.
Initial ind. weight (g) 13,05 13,10 12,80
Prediction of apparent protein digestibility of
Final ind. weight (g) 21,28 22,23 21,17 ends up like
ingredients and diets by in vitro pH-stat degree of
Average growth (g/week) 1,88 1,91 1,86 ammonia in the
protein hydrolysis with species-specific enzymes
FCR 1,56 1,26 1,34 ponds.
for juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus
Survival 77% 90% 92% In the process, vannamei. Aquaculture, v. 295, p. 89-98.
formaldehyde is
FRANCE / 00 33 2 97 40 42 09

At the end of the experiment, all shrimp
were weighed individually.
Water quality
DO was more than 6ppm at all times.
Temperature was between 27.5°C and 28.0°C.
Salinity was kept between 11.4 and 11.7ppt. pH
bound to the NH2 group of Urea to form
a polymer. More inforMation
However, the formaldehyde can also Mr. Geert van der Velden
bind to other amine (NH2) groups in other Tel: + 31 499 364826 Our hydrolysates have a superior concentration of Natural Active NutrientsTM
products such as melamine or amino acids. Mob: + 31 651 063301 Thanks to their biological action on fish and shrimp growth mechanisms,
Formaldehyde is a cross-linking agent to Fax: + 31 499 373873
Email: geertvandervelden@sonac.biz they boost your feed performance and help you substituting fish meal.
inactivate, stabilise or immobilise proteins.

12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | September-october 2010 contact@aquativ-diana.com - www.aquativ-diana.com

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16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | September-october 2010
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