HYDROGEN

 Prepartion of Dihydrogen (H2)

 Laboratory preparation of H2:
o It is prepared by granulated Zn & dil.HCl
Zn + 2H+  Zn+2 + H2
It can be prepared by reaction of Zn & alkali
Zn + 2NaOH  Na2ZnO2 + H2
Sodium zincate
 Commercial production of H2:
a.) by electrolysis and acidified H2O by using pt electrode
2H2O electrolysis 2H2 + O2
b.) highly pure (599.95%) are obtained by electrolysis of Ba(OH)2 with Ni electrode
c.) also obtained by during preparation of NaOH & Cl2 by electrolysis of brine solution
at anode 2Cl-  Cl2 + 2e-
at cathode 2H2O + 2e-  H2 + 2O-H
Overall reaction
2Cl- + 2Na+ + 2H2O  2Na+ + Cl2 + H2 + 2O-H
d.) by treating of steam on hydrocarbon at high temperature give H2
CH4 + H2O  CO + 3H2

Mixture of CO and H2 is called water gas. This is used for synthesis of methanol and
number of hydrocarbon. Hence, it is called Synthesis gas or Syn gas.
 Process of Production of Syngas from coal called Coal gasification.
C + H 2O  CO + H2
 H2 can be prepared by treating CO with steam is presence of Fe
CO + H2O  CO2 + H2
This reaction called Water gas shift reaction.
 Properties of H2:- It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, combustible gas. It is lighter than air.
o Chemical Properties:- a.) H2 + Cl2  2HCl
b.) 2H2 + O2  2H2O
c.) 3H2 + N2  2NH3
d.) H2 + 2Na  2NaOH
e.) reaction with organic compound
 H2 + CO + R-CH=CH2  R-CH2-CH2-CHO
H2 + R-CH2-CH2-CHO  R-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH
 Uses Of H2
i. In synthesis of NH3, Fertilizer
ii. In manufacture of Vanaspati ghee (fat) by hydrogenation in presence Ni catalyst.
iii. In preparation of HCl, HNO3, metal hydride as rocket fuel in space research.
iv. It is used in fuel cell for generating electrical energy. It doesn’t produce pollution and
produce greater energy by consuming small amount fossil fuel in compare to gasoline
& other fuel.
 Hydride:- When H2 combines with element except noble element give rise to Hydride.
It is of three type:-
i. Ionic/saline salt like hydride:- It is formed by S-block element which are
electropositive for e.g.- LiH, BeH2, MgH2 etc.
 It is crystalline, non-volatile and non-conducting.
 It is unreactive but used in synthesis of other hydride.
LiH + Al2Cl6  2LiAH4 + 6LiCl
2LiH + B2H6  2LiBH4
ii. Covalent or moleculer hydride:- It is formed by P-block element for e.g- CH4,
NH3, H2O, HF, etc.
It is of different type:-
a.) Electron deficient:- It form electron deficient compound which act on Lewis
acid for e.g- B2, H6
b.) Electron precise hydride:- It has required no. of electron i.e 8 e- in octet for
e.g CH4
c.) Electron rich hydride:- It is excess no. of electrons in the form of lone pair of
electron for e.g.- NH3, H2O
iii. Metallic or non-stoichiometric Interstitial hydride:-
it is formed by f-block element
o It conduct electricity and heat for e.g.- LaH2.87, YbH2.55
o In this hydride Hydrogen occupy in interstices in metal Lattices. Hence
called Interstitial hydride.

 Water:- Human has 65% and plant has about 95% water.
 Physical properties of water:- It is colorless, tasteless liquid due to H-bond e- has high
freezing, boiling point and high heat of vapourisation and high heat of fusion, high specific
heat, thermal conductivity dipole moment, dielectric constant etc.
STRUCTURE OF H2O

104.5o
 Chemical properties:-
i. Amphoteric Nature:- It act on acid as well as base both
H2O + NH3  OH- + N+H4
H2O + H2S  H3O+ + HS-
ii. Redox reaction:-
H2O + 2Na  2NaOH + H2 (Reduction)
H2O + F2  4H+ + 4F- + O2 (oxditaion)
iii. Hydrolysis reaction:-
P4O10 + 6H2O  4H3PO4
SiCl4 + 2H2O  SiO2 + 4HCl
 Hard and Soft water:-
o Water free from soluble salt of case Ca & Mg called Soft water for e.g- Rain water,
When water has Ca & Mg salts in the form of hydrogen carbonate, chloride & sulphate
called Hard Water. Hard water does not give lather with soap.

o Hard water form ppt with soap containing sodium stearate.

Redox reaction:-
6CC2 + 12H2O  C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
2F2 + 2H2O  4H+ + 4F- + O2
Hydrolysis reaction:-
SiCl4 + 2H2O  SiO2 + 4HCl
Silica
P4O10 + 6H2O  4H3PO4
Orthophosphoric acid
Hydrates Formation:- Forms no. of hydrates compound
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 3Cl-  Co-ordinated water
BaCl2.2H2O – Interstitial water
[Cu(H2O)4]2+ SO2-4.H2O , CuSO4.5H2O-H-bonded water
 Hard and Soft water:-
 o When flows on surface of earth is dissolve many salts because it is good solvent like salt
of Ca or Mg in form of hydrogen carbonate, chloride, sulphate due to which water
becomes hard and does not give lather with soap called Hard water.
o Water free from soluble water salts called soft water, soaps have sodium stearate
(C17H35COONa) react with water give precipitate of Ca\Mg
2C17H35COONa + M2+  (C17H35COO)2M + 2Na+ M=Ca,Mg.
Hardness of water is of two types:-
i. Temporary Hardness
ii. Permanent Hardness
i. Temporary Hardness:- It is due to presence of Mg & Ca, Hydrogen carbonate. It can be
removed by
a.Boiling:- by boiling soluble Mg\Ca (HCO3)2 conuerted in to insoluble Mg(OH)2 &
CaCO3
Mg(HCO3)2 Mg(OH)2 + 2CO2
Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
b. Clarks Method:- Lime is added with hard water
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2  2CaCO3 + 2H2O
lime
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2  2CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + 2H2O

ii. Permanent Hardness:- Due to presence of Ca\Mg, chloride & sulphate. It can be
remove by
a. By treatment with washing soda (Na2CO3)
MgCl2 + Na2CO3  MgCO3 + 2NaCl (M=Mg, Ca)
MgSO4 + Na2CO3  MgCO3 + Na2SO4
b. Calgons Method:- When Calgon added to hardwater hardness remove
Calgon is sodium meta phosphate (Na6P6O18)
Na6P6O18  2Na+ + Na4P6O182- (M=Mg, Ca)
M 2+
+ Na4P6O18 2-
 [Na2MP6O18] 2-
+ 2Na+
Free metal combined with Calgon form complex
c. Ion-exchange method:- Also called Zeolite/Permutit (NaAlSiO4) process.
When Zeolite reacts with Ca\Mg exchange reaction takes place
2NaZ + M2+  MZ2 + 2Na+ (M=Mg, Ca)
MZ2 + 2NaCl  2NaZ + MCl2
d. Synthetic resin method:- It is recent method and use to soften the hard
water. It is more efficient than Zeolite process cation exchange resin contain
large no. of group (RSO3H) which is change into RNa by treating NaCl. Resin
exchanges Na+ with Ca2+, Mg2+ present in hard water become soft.
 2RNa + M2+  R2 M + Na+
 Hydrogen-Peroxide (H2O2):- It is used in pollution control
a. It is prepared by barium oxide in acidic medium
Ba2O2.8H2O  H2SO4  BaSO4 + H2O2 + 8H2O
b. Peroxo disulphate obtained by electrolysis oxidation of sulphate solution

electrolysis Hydrolysis
2HSO-4 HO3SOOSO3H 2HSO-4 + 2H+ + H2O2
c. Industrially it is used by auto oxidation of 2-alkyl-anthraduinol.

O2
2-ethylanthraduinol H2O2 + oxidized product (2-ethyl anthraquinone)
H2/Pd