Jordan Rosip

Chantalé Thomas

Shiite and Sunni NHD Bibliography:

1. National Council for the Social Studies: Council for the Social Studies,
www.socialstudies.org/sites/default/files/publications/se/5806/580602.html.
All muslims believe that Allah chose Muhammad to be the prophet of Islam, and with
Allah’s blessings and revelations, he guided the muslims to lead life according to the Koran
(collection of divine revelations), and the “Hadith” (the sayings, teachings, and practices of the
Prophet Muhammad). The Arabic language define the word "Shiite" as meaning a group of
people that develops consensus on an issue. "Majlis" is the Arabic word for assembly, and
"Shura" means counsel or advice. "Majlis-al-Shura" thus designates the body of Muslims
selected for consultation on all matters in Islam.
2. Congressional Research Service: Blanchard, Christopher M. “Islam: Sunni and
Shiites.” Congressional Research Service, 28 Jan. 2009, fas.org/irp/crs/RS21745.pdf.
Majority of the world’s Muslim population follows the Sunni Branch of Islam, and about
10-15% of all muslims follow the Shiite branch. They share basic religious tenets, however,
there differences have been the basis for religious intolerance, political infighting, and sectarian
violence. Although there are a lot of differences two Islamic sects share common traditions,
beliefs, and doctrines.
3. Compelling Truth: “What are the differences between Shia and Sunni Muslims?”
Compelling Truth.org, www.compellingtruth.org/Shia-Sunni-Muslim.html.
The difference between the Shia and the Sunni muslims started after the death of
Muhammad, the founder of Islam. Sunni muslims thought that Muhammad didn’t leave a
successor to lead after this death and the Shia muslims followed Abu Bakr, the father-in-law of
Muhammad. This movement developed many sub groups, Shia-Muslims emphasize the spiritual
and political imams of the muslim nations. Sunni-Muslims are the largest group of adherents
close to 90% of them from the Sunni heritage, Shia Islam is majority. Hezbollah=Shia. Each
group has unique traditions.
4. Alterinter International Journal: "Shia in Saudi Arabia: A History of Discrimination,
Oppression." http://www.alterinter.org, Samia Constantin, 1 Aug. 2016,
www.alterinter.org/spip.php?article4502.
The Sunni government has imposed multiple constraints on the Shia community. They
made it difficult to obtain a license for a Shia mosque, and the Ministry of Islamic Affairs does
not fund Shia clerics. The Sunni and Shia conflict is embedded in Saudi Arabia’s social and
religious norms. The Freedom House’s Center for Religious Freedom read and analyzed several
textbooks from the Saudi Ministry of Education used for Islamic studies
5. “IRAQ: The Sunnis.” Council on Foreign Relations, Council on Foreign Relations,
www.cfr.org/backgrounder/iraq-sunnis.
Due to the nonstop tension between Sunnis and Shias, and history of conflict between the
two for fighting over the leadership of Islam;they came to a compromise to use the sectarian
divide. But although this existed, there was still a saying that violence would continue to
escalate. The Sunnis had a lot of suspicions for the Shia and claimed they weren't monolithic,
meaning they didn't sacrifice their practices to being a monk. They thought this because Shia
militants in Yemen have targeted the government and Shias do have a larger population,
especially in Syria.
6. “Sunni –Shia Tensions Are More About Politics, Power and Privilege than Theology.”
Prince Alwaleed bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding | Georgetown
University, acmcu.georgetown.edu/sunni-shia-tensions.
The Sunni and Shia religions shared various differences that lead to conflict in Islam, which
began immediately following the Prophet Muhammad’s death. The was a continuous debate on
who should be referred to as their new leader; but this was a challenging decision because Shia
muslims believed that Muhammad Ali should lead, and the Sunnis believe Abu Bakr should lead
because he was more experienced and he was Muhammad's closest companion. The conclusion
was to just do a sectarian divide. However, because of the increase in sectarian tensions, which
had began in early 1970s and escalated following the Iranian Revolution and the Afghan War,
had to do with politics and competition for influence and power.Sunnis and Shias have lived
peacefully, but not in a friendly way, they were in peace meaning living together. Shias are a
majority, but the dominant ones are Sunni.
7. Lawrence, John, et al. “A Centuries Old Sunni-Shiite Conflict is at Heart of Middle
East Problems.” San Diego Free Press, 3 Dec. 2015, sandiegofreepress.org/2015/12/a-
centuries-old-sunni-shiite-conflict-is-at-heart-of-middle-east-problems/.
Many Americans misinterpret all Muslims as terrorists and deny that Islam is distinctly two
religions; Sunni Islam and Shiite Islam. 85% of all Muslims are Shia and they are a majority in
most Muslim communities in Southeast Asia, China, South Asia, Africa, most of the Arab
World, including the United State's. The attackers on 9/11 were Sunnis however; the attackers in
Paris were Sunnis. Let’s be clear about who the terrorists really are, and they are not Shiites.But
that doesn't mean all Sunnis are terrorists, despite their wrongdoings.
8. Blanchard, Christopher M. “Islam: Sunni and Shiites.” Congressional Research
Service, 28 Jan. 2009, fas.org/irp/crs/RS21745.pdf.
Those who supported Ali was referred to as “Shi’a” based off of the term“shi’at Ali,” meaning
“helpers of Ali.”Others respected and accepted the choice of his caliphate, but opposed the fact
that they were blood related Also because this violated the rules of the religion. The abolition of
the caliphate became a powerful religious and political symbol to some Sunnis. This is why Ali
was assassinated. The caliphate declined as a religious and political institution after the thirteenth
century, Although the word “caliph” was forbidden some Muslim leaders still use it.

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NHD Annotated Bibliography Rubric (50 points)

Student Check Teacher Check

 I. Annotated Bibliography handed in on time (2) 2

II. Bibliography is typed w/1” margins (2) X 2

III. All sources are alphabetized by author’s last name 0

(title, etc.) (3)

IV. Correct format used (Spacing, punctuation, underlying, etc. X 5

based on the MLA style) (10)

V. Paper contains annotations of 3-5 sentences for each source. X 14 Good on

Summarize and evaluate the source. (14) this part.

VI. Annotated bib. Contains no more than 2 spelling/grammar 5

errors – No “you” or “I” (5)

VII. Bibliography has a minimum of 1 primary source. (3) X 0 Where is it?

(No online quote sites!)

VIII. Annotated bib. Separated into primary/secondary sources 0

(separate pages) (3)

IX. Includes at least 6 secondary sources (8) (No encyclopedias, 8

textbooks, .coms, Wikipedia, etc…)

Note: A minimum of 2 primary sources is expected for the process paper and final project! The more
primary sources you include and interpret in your project, the stronger your project is, both for me
and for any judges you encounter at History Day Competitions.

Total Points (out of 50) 36

Teacher Comments:
Much better. See me over details as there may be some elements of this paper that trip you up later.