dim(mydata) # Display no.

of rows and
columns
length(mydata) # Total observations
head(mydata) # Display mydata's column
headers and first 6 rows
head(mydata, n=10) # Display mydata's column
headers
or
and first 10 rows
head(mydata, 10)

tail(mydata) # Display mydata's column

headers and last 6 rows

# Display mydata's structure

str(mydata)

colnames(mydata) # Display mydata's column

rownames(mydata)
summary(mydata)
install.packages("psych")
library(psych)
names
# Display mydata's all values
in the first column
# Extract a basic statistics
# To extract elaborated
statistical summary

describe(mydata)

mydata [,2:4] # Display all rows but just

columns 2 through 4
mydata [,-3] # Display all rows and all
column except the third one
mydata [,c(2,4)] # Display all rows but just
columns 2 and 4
mydata[mydata$age>20,] # Display mydata but age
above 20
mydata[mydata$age>20,c(3,7)] # Display mydata age above
20 of colunm 3 and 7
 mydata[mydata$age>20,c("mpg","hp")] # Display mydata age above
20 of mpg and hp
seq(fro=1, to=15, by=2) or # Display sequence from 1 to
seq(1,15,2) 15 by the interval of 2

rep(1, times=10) or # repeat 1 at 10 times

rep(1,10)
rep(c("m", "f"), times=5)

mydata[,-c(1:20)] # Removes mydata's variables

1 to 20

Recode Variables
# Recode using ifelse function
ifelse(mydata$age<=15, ”small”, ”large”)
# Combining several comparisons with logical operators
ifelse((mydata$age<=15 &
mydata$gender=="female"), "small", "large")
# Coding in to several steps (e.g. age into groups)
data$AgeGroup <- cut(data$age, c(1, 15, 30, 100), c("Below 15", "15-
29", "30 or Above")) #Where, 1= lower limit and 100= upper limit
Subsetting
mean(age[gender=="female"])# = is used to assign object and == is
used to represent the meaning of equality

maleOver15 <- mydata[Gender=="male" & Age>15, ]

Getting Data into R

mydata <- read.csv("filename.txt")

mydata <- read.csv("filename.txt", header=FALSE)

mydata <- read.csv(file.choose(), header=T)

mydata <- read.table("filename.txt", sep="\t",

header=TRUE)

mydata <- read.table(file.choose(), header=T, sep=",")

mydata <- read.table(file.choose(), header=T, sep="\t")

mydata <- read.delim(file.choose(), header=T)

SPSS & excel ............... ???????

Export R Data

# Export to text file

write.table(mydata, "dat1.txt", sep="\t")

# Export to csv file

write.csv(myeata,"mydata.csv")

# Export to Excel file

library(xlsx)
write.xlsx(mydata, "dat.xlsx")

# Export to SPSS file

library(foreign)
write.foreign(mydata, "data1.txt", mydata.sps", package="SPSS")

Labelling Variable (Relabel)

R's ability to handle variable labels is somewhat unsatisfying. However, it can

be done using Hmisc package.
names(data)[c(2,3,4)]<-c("Eyes", "Span.mm", "Gender")

# Where, c(2,3,4) is variable no. 2, 3 and 4

Labelling Values
# variable v1 is coded 1, 2 and 3
# we want to attach value labels 1=Yes, 2=No, 3=Don't Know

mydata$v1 <- factor(mydata$v1,

levels = c(1,2,3),
labels = c("red", "blue", "green"))

Remove All Objects

rm(list=ls())

q() # Exits R

R Operators
+ Add, 2 + 3 = 5
- Subtract, 5 - 2 = 3
* Multiply, 2 * 3 = 6
/ Divide, 6 / 2 = 3
^ Exponent, 2 ^ 3 = 8
%% Modulus operator, 9%%2 = 1
%/% Integer division, 9 %/% 2 = 4
< Less than
> Greater than
= Equal to
<= Less than or equal to
>= Greater than or equal to
!= Not equal to
! Not
| OR
& And

knitr (or Export to word) package

Graphics using ggplot2
Bar Chart

3-d bar chart

Pie Chart

3-d Pie Chart

Histogram

Error Bars

High-Low

Scattered Plot

Line graph

Population Pyramid

Box Plot

ROC curve

Statistics
summary(mydata) # Extract a basic statistics
install.packages("psych") # To extract elaborated statistical
summary
library(psych)

describe(mydata)

Frequency Tables

Crosstabs

Multiple Response Table

 Hypothesis Test
chi-square test

library(MASS)

Reliability (Cronbach's alpha) test

t-test:

a) one-sample

b) paired

c) independent sample

One Way ANOVA

Two Way ANOVA

Repeated Measures ANOVA

MANOVA

Correlation

Regression: Logistic, linear, ...

Note
Deviant observations: Data actually not an outlier