Epithelium & Glands

dr. Jan Tambayong, PHK

Histologi FK UPH

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 Types of Tissue
Muscular Tissue
Nervous
Tissue

Epithelial
Tissue

Connective Tissue
GI Tract (x-section)

Covered by
epithelium

LUMEN

Lined by epithelium
 What Is Epithelium?
• Cells are in close apposition to each other
• Demonstrate polarity
– Have a basement membrane
• Rapid cell turnover
• No blood vessels
• Variety of functions
– Absorption, secretion,
protection, sensory
perception, transporta-
tion
 Types of
Epithelium

Note that epithelia become more

complex and add layers (stratified)
Things are often found on top
of cells as well
• Microvilli
• Cilia
– Usually on pseudostratified
• Stereocilia
– Pseudostratified
• Keratin
– Stratified squamous
Simple Squamous Epithelium
 Transport (nutrient/gas exchange,
molecules)
 Lubrication of organ surfaces

• Mesothelium – lines external surfaces

(serosal surface)

• Endothelium – lines internal surfaces

(endothelium or mucosal surface)
 Just this thin, one
cell thick layer
is the mesothelium

Blood vessels such

as capillaries and
venules are made
of simple
squamous
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

This type of epithelium often forms ducts,

tubules, & secretory cells as above in kidney
 Simple Columnar Epithelium
 Absorption (nutrients)
 Secretion of mucus, enzymes, etc.
 Protection
The different epithelia often add layers and
become stratified such as here - Squamous
Epithelium .This example from vagina does not
have Keratin, so is Nonkeratinized (Use these
descriptors!!!)
While this Stratified Squamous
Epithelium is Keratinized –thick skin
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
This type of epithelium
Lines middle sized to large
ducts and is therefore
Often involved in
Secretion/absorption
(See, functional aspect)
Stratified Columnar Epithelium

More often than not, it is found lining large ducts

 Pseudostratified Columnar
Epithelium

 Often has cilia or

stereocilia on surface  Not all cells reach the
 Protection, absorption, lumen, BUT
secretion All cells touch the BM
Transitional Epithelium
NOW ON TO GLANDS
 Glandular Epithelium
Imagine an orange. The peel is the CT stroma, juicy
segments are functioning cells (parenchyma)

Stroma

Parenchyma
• Epithelial cells
containing secretory
granules
Duct
Basic diagram to show disappearance of duct and
thus formation of endocrine gland
Classification of Exocrine Glands
Exocrine means ducts are involved. Not so in endocrine glands

Based on:-
 Cell Number

 Type of Secretion

 Mode of Secretion
 Unicellular Glands
GOBLET CELLS
 Nucleus in basal portion
 Secretory droplets in apical portion
 Multicellular Glands
LINING OF THE STOMACH
 Majority have ducts
 Stomach is exception
 Also classified by shape
of secretory unit

THIS LINING FORMS A

NON-DUCTED, MULTICELLULAR
EXOCRINE GLAND
(STOMACH PROTECTION)
These are NOT goblet cells
LOOK CLOSELY AND YOU CAN SEE THAT EACH LINING CELL CONTAINS
MULTIPLE DROPLETS. THE GOBLET CELL CONTAINS ONE
The Acinus (Functional cell group) - FRUIT ANALOGY AGAIN.
IMAGINE A BUNCH OF GRAPES. THE STALKS ARE THE DUCTS
AND CT, THE CLUSTERS OF GRAPES FORM AN ACINUS.
THE GRAPES THEMSELVES MAKE STUFF, THE PARENCHYMA
 Types of Secreted Product
Mucous Glands
- clear

Serous Glands
(Peptides/proteins)
-granular

Seromucous Glands
MIXED
 Modes of Secretion
Holocrine – Whole cell
is secreted (hair and
Breast)

Merocrine – Apocrine –
Just the The product+
Synthesized The top portion
Of the plasma
Product is membrane is
released released
 Endocrine Glands
ENDOCRINE GLANDS DO NOT HAVE DUCTS,
AS THE PRODUCT (HORMONES) IS RELEASED
THROUGH THE BASE OF THE CELL INTO THE
BLOOD SUPPLY, NOT ONTO A SURFACE LIKE
EXOCRINE

ENDOCRINE TISSUE WILL THEREFORE HAVE

LOTS OF BLOOD VESSELS IN IT, WHILE THE
EXOCRINE TISSUE WILL HAVE DUCTS AND CT.

ENDOCRINE CELLS ARE ARRANGED IN CORDS

OR CLUMPS ALONG AND AROUND VESSELS