Hashemite University 9/26/2012

The Hashemite University

Department of Civil Engineering

Dynamics of Structures –
Nonlinear Analysis

Dr. Hazim Dwairi

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Intro. To EQ Eng.

Behavior under Seismic Excitation

(Elastic Response)

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Hashemite University 9/26/2012

Behavior under Seismic Excitation

(Inelastic Response)

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Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Intro. To EQ Eng.

Behavior under Seismic Excitation

(Inelastic Response)

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Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Intro. To EQ Eng.

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Hashemite University 9/26/2012

Behavior under Seismic Excitation

(Inelastic Response)

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Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Intro. To EQ Eng.

Basic Definition of Ductility

u
 m
u
y
uy um

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Hashemite University 9/26/2012

Definition of Energy Dissipation

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Intro. To EQ Eng.

Inelastic Dynamic Analysis

 Equation of Motion for SDOF oscillator:

mu  cu  f s (u , u )   mug

 fs: is the restoring (resisting) force; for elasto-
elasto-plastic
system is shown below:
fs

Fe Corresponding linear system

Fy Elasto-plastic system
k
u
uy ue um
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um
Displacement Ductility : 
uy
Fe u e
Force Reduction Factor : R 
Fy u y
um
Inelastic Displacement C 
ratio : ue
Fe Fe
R 2 1
R 
2
Fe/R Linear Fe/R
Nonlinear

uy um uy um um
(a) Equal Displacement (b) Equal Energy
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Intro. To EQ Eng.

––T) Relationship
(R–
(R
R 1 when T  0.03s
 Newmark and Hall,
during 70
70’s
’s
s R  2   1 when 0.12 sec  T  1s
R when T  1s

 Paulay and Priestley, R  1  (  - 1)T/0.7 when T  0.7 s

in 1990 R when T  0.7 s

Note: the previous equations ignore the effect of

hysteretic model as well as the effect of soil type. Other
researchers introduced modified equations based on
hysteretic model and type of soil.
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Typical Hysteretic Models

unbounded post-
post-tensioned reinforced concrete
concrete system beams
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Intro. To EQ Eng.

Typical Hysteretic Models

Reinforced concrete Steel members

columns and walls
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Substitute Structure Concept

 It is an approximate method used to determine the
maximum response of a nonlinear system by an equivalent
linear system with a reduced stiffness and equivalent
viscous damping value.
 First Proposed by Gulkan and Sozen in 1974.
1974.
 r  r  1 
k eff  ki  
Fu
  
Fy rki Nonlinear system
Fu
Fy 
ki Keff Equivalent linear
r  r  1
system (substitute
um
structure)

uy um uy
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Intro. To EQ Eng.

Equivalent Viscous Damping

 First proposed by Jacobsen in 1930

 Jacobsen equated the energy dissipated by the
nonlinear system to that dissipated by equivalent
linear system during one cycle of response
 The equivalent linearization approach defined by
Jacobsen’s damping ( (eq) and the secant stiffness
(keff) is referred to as the JDSS approach
(J
(Jacobsen’s
b ’ DDamping
i S Secantt Stiff
Stiffness))
 Equivalent viscous damping has two parts:
 ( v)
Elastic viscous damping (
 (hyst)
Hysteretic damping due to energy dissipation (
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JDSS Approach
 The equivalent structure is defined by two parameters:
 Effective stiffness (secant stiffness to max. response)
 E i l t damping
Equivalent d i

 eq   v   hyst
2 A1
 hyst 
 A2
For Bilinear system:
2 (   1)(1  r )
 eq   v 
  (1  r  r )

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Intro. To EQ Eng.

Equivalent Damping Relationships

 Modified damping equations (Dwairi et. al, 2007):
2007):
(1) Unbounded post
post-   1
 eq   v  30 
  
tensioned concrete system

(2) Reinforced concrete   1

 eq   v  65 
  
beams

(3) Reinforced concrete   1

 eq   v  50 
Columns and Walls
  
  1
(4) Steel members:  eq   v  85 
  
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Example
 An SDOF structure is excited by an earthquake with
elastic response spectra as shown. If the structure follows
a bilinear response. (a) find the elastic demands (b) find
the actual (nonlinear) demands. =5%Sd(m)
Force
M=1500 kN.s2/m Fy=2000kN 18.5%
0.20
22.4%
uy=-25mm
0.15
k v=5% =25%
25%
Disp 0.10
. 0.05
uy=25mm
Fy= - 2000kN 1 2 3 4 T(s)

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Intro. To EQ Eng.

F
(1)Elastic Response 4000 kN

Fy 2000 80,000 kN/m

ki    80000kN / m
uy 25 / 1000 u
0.05 m
 in  k i m  80000 1500  7.3radd / s
Ti  2  i  2 7.3  0.86 s
Enter response spectra with : Ti  0.86 s and  v  5%
 S d  0.05m; S v   n S d  0.365m / s; S a   n2 S d  2.665m / s 2
Thus,
u e  0.05m and
Fe  mS a  k i u e  80000  0.05  4000kN

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(2)Nonline ar (Inelastic ) Response

Since max . displace ment is unknown at this stage, iterative
procedure is require d. Assume initial di spalcement and loop
over the force until it convergges:
Trial 1 : start with u m  u e  0.05m
k eff  Fm u m  2000 0.05  40,000kN / m
Teff  2 m k eff  2 1500 40000  1.22s  Ti  0.86 s
Ductility    u m u y  0.05 0.025  2
  1  2 1
Equivalent Damping   v  85   5%  85 %
    2 
  eq  5%  13.5%  18.5%
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Intro. To EQ Eng.

Enter the spectra with T  1.22s and  eq  18.5%

Interpolat e between   5% and   25% NOT OK
 S d  0.065m  u m ; Fm  k eff u m  40,000  0.065  2600kN
Trial 2 : start with u m  0.07 m
k eff  Fm / u m  2000 / 0.07  28571kN / m
Teff  2 m / k eff  2 1500 / 28571  1.44s
  u m / u y  0.07 / 0.0025  2.8
 2. 8  1 
 eff  5  85
8    22.4%
 2.8 
Enter the spectra with T  1.44s and  eq  22.4% OK
 S d  0.07 m  u m ; Fm  k eff u m  28571  0.07  2000kN
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Elastic vs. Inelastic Response

Force (kN)

4000 Elastic response

Inelastic response

Equivalent oscillator
2000

Displacement (mm)
25 50 70

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