Log Interpretation by Hand

Exercise – 3 Line Conceptual Interpretation – Taylor Well

Eduardo Viro
NExT Consultant Petrophysicist
Conceptual Interpretation: 3 Lines Technique
Rock Components in % of the Total Volume
How big should this cube be?
Total Volume = 1 (or 100%) Total Volume = 1 (or 100%)

1

Sw

φ 40 pu
1
60 %
Shale coming in, all the other volumes
reduce. A first glance approximation
for the reduction coefficient affecting
any of the all other volumes is:
1-vsh
Then, for any “other volume”:
new_vol ~ previous_vol * (1-vsh)

My recommendation: Express the fluids saturation in %

Express the volume of fluids in pu’s (or up’s)
2 1 pu is exactly 1% of the rock’s total volume.
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Conceptual Interpretation: 3 Lines Technique
Where The Logs Measure?

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Conceptual Interpretation: 3 Lines Technique
Rxo & Rt Zones vs Invasion Depth

Rxo Rt
Shallow Invasion Profile
Zone Zone

Medium Invasion Profile Rxo Rt

Zone Zone

Rxo Rt
Deep Invasion Profile
Zone Zone

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Conceptual Interpretation: 3 Lines Technique
Log Measurement vs Target Measurement
Shallow Medium Deep
Resistivity Resistivity Resistivity
Log Log Log

Rxo R t Zone
Shallow Invasion Profile
Zone
Shallow Resistivity Log Reading: in between Rxo & Rt

Medium Invasion Profile Rxo Zone Rt Zone

Medium Resistivity Log Reading: in between Rxo & Rt

Deep Invasion Profile Rxo Zone Rt

Zone
Deep Resistivity Log Reading: in between Rxo & Rt
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Conceptual Interpretation: 3 Lines Technique
What The Logs Tell Us…

Draw Three Lines …

... And Forecast the Interpretation Results!

Eduardo Viro, NExT, November, 2006

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3 Lines Method
L#1 Procedure: vsh

L#1 = vsh = Shale Volume

•  Identify shales pattern

•  Identify clean zones
•  Verify the logs coherency

Draw L#1
•  Scale: 0 ßà 100%
•  Color “Shales” 0 ß à vsh
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3 Lines Method
L#1 is vsh

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3 Lines Method
L#2 Procedure: φe
L#2 = φe = Effective Porosity
•  Coherent “φ logs” scales

•  Identifiy clean zones
•  Overlapping logs. Value is φe
•  Identifiy shale zones
•  The pattern is: φN > φS > φD
•  Identify gas zones
•  The pattern is: φD > φe > φN
•  Good compactation: φS ~ φe
•  Poor compactation: φS » φe
•  Estimate total porosity, φT
•  One way is: φT ≈ ¾ φD + ¼ φN
Draw L#2 = φe = φT – φShale
•  Where: φShale ≈ vsh * φT
•  Scale: 100% ßà 0
•  Color “Sand” vsh ß à φe
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3 Lines Method
L#2 is φe

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3 Lines Method
L#3 Procedure: BVW
L#3 = φwe = BVW
•  Volumen of formation water
•  BVW = Bulk Volume of Water

Draw L#3
•  Copy the Deep Resistivity log
overlapping the φe curve
•  Keep the logarithmic scale
•  “Fill-in” φe in clean zones
•  Don’t “touch” the φe= 0 border
Scale: 100% ßà 0
•  Color “Gas” φe ß à φwe
•  Color (if any) “Oil” in green
•  Color “Water” φwe ß à 0
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3 Lines Method
What about Sw?
We already have L#2 & L#3:
L#3 = φwe = BVW
•  Volumen of formation water
•  BVW = Bulk Volume of Water
this is the blue area, measured
from right (0pu) to left (φwe)
and L#2 = φe
•  Effective Porosity
this is the (blue+red) area, also
from right (0pu) to left (φwe)
Then we have Sw = L#3 ÷ L#2
•  Water Saturation (Effective Porosity)
this is the percentage of φe that
contains water
(Sw isn’t a volume!!)
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3 Lines Method
¿Depth Mismatch?

Would you believe that there is

a depth mismatch ???

Congratulations to these who

noted that my water bearing
sand has been plotted ~10 ft
off-depth (too deep)!!!

Actual water bearing sand top

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 Conceptual Interpretation Results, Computer Process
applying the (manual) Three Lines Technique Results

Sw~17% Sw~ …%
Sw~10%

Sw~50% Sw~ Sw~50%

…%

Sw=100% Sw=Sw=100%
…%

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 Conclusions

Drawing the “Three Lines”, applying what we call:

Logs Conceptual Interpretation,

The results of the interpretation can be forecasted, and can be

then used to verify the existence of eventual errors in the
computer processing of the logs ...

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