CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
India is among the fastest growing countries across the globe and the need of shelter with
higher land cost in major cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Ahmadabad, Vadodara etc. where further
horizontal expansion is not much possible due to space shortage; we are left with the solution of
vertical expansion.
From a structural engineer's point of view tall building or multistoried building is one that, by
virtue of its height, is affected by lateral forces to an extent that they play an important role in the
structural design. Multi-storied buildings provide a large floor area in a relatively small area of land in
urban centers.
Structural engineers are facing the challenge of striving for the most efficient and economical
design solution while ensuring that the final design of a building must be serviceable for its intended
function, habitable for its occupants and safe over its design life-time. Engineers, designers and
builders are trying to use different materials to their best advantage keeping in view the unique
properties of each material Structurally robust and aesthetically pleasing building are being constructed
by combining the best properties at individual material & at the same time meeting specific
requirements of large span, building load, soil condition, time, flexibility & economy high rise
buildings are best suited solution.
The structural components in a typical multi-storey building, consists of a floor system which
transfers the floor loads to a set of plane frames in one or both directions.
The floor system also acts as a diaphragm to transfer lateral loads from wind. The frames consist of
beams and columns and in some cases braces or even reinforced concrete shear walls. As the height of
the building increases beyond ten stories (tall building), it becomes necessary to reduce the weight of
the structure for both functionality and economy. [1]
In India most of the building systems were low rise buildings. Now a days due to greater
migration towards cities increases population in most of the major cities. In order fulfill the
requirement of this increased population in the limited land the height of building becomes medium to
high-rise.

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1.2 Necessity of Computer Aided Analysis
To calculate bending moments and shear force of a building with different load combination
manually is a very tedious and hectic process. So when it comes up to design of building with several
members and multiple storeys it will become nearly impossible to complete the work in time. To meet
this shortcoming, STAAD Pro is the best alternative. STAAD Pro is very powerful tool which does this
job in just an hour.
STAAD is capable of analyzing as well designing structural members. It gives an output file
which contains details of steel quantity, failure of section (if any), reinforcement detailing, stability of
structure, etc. It provides us with a post processing mode where behaviour of every member such as
deflection, sectional displacement etc. under various load combinations can be visualiased in animated
form. It makes job of civil engineers more accurate as well as faster. Nowadays most of the high rise
buildings are designed by STAAD Pro which makes a compulsion for a civil engineer to know about
this software.

1.3Objectives
1. To learn computer aided program “STAAD Pro” to effectively design 2D and 3D frames.
2. To design a residential building with 10 storeys under various load combinations (i.e. dead
lead, live load, wind load).
3. To design a residential building with 10 storeys considering varying terrain and topographic
conditions.
4. To compare the results obtained from these various combinations.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
In the previous semester, during the preparation of literature of this topic the first objective as
mentioned in the introduction was successfully completed. Literature review of this project report
includes studies from various books, journals, presentation papers regarding STAAD Pro, analysis
methods, design methods and IS codes used. This report includes design results for a G+10 building
under various load combinations and varying terrain conditions, performance analysis and discussion
over every design result.

2.1 STAAD Pro [2]

Our project involves analysis and design of multi-storeyed [G + 10] using a very popular designing
software STAAD Pro. We have chosen STAAD Pro because of its following advantages:
 easy to use interface,
 conformation with the Indian Standard Codes,
 versatile nature of solving any type of problem,
 Accuracy of the solution.
STAAD Pro features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful analysis and
design engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis capabilities. From model
generation, analysis and design to visualization and result verification, STAAD Pro is the
professional’s choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminium and cold-formed steel design of low and
high-rise buildings, culverts, petrochemical plants, tunnels, bridges, piles and much more.
STAAD.Pro consists of the following:
The STAAD.Pro Graphical User Interface: It is used to generate the model, which can then be
analyzed using the STAAD engine. After analysis and design is completed, the GUI can also be used
to view the results graphically.
The STAAD analysis and design engine: It is a general-purpose calculation engine for
structural analysis and integrated Steel, Concrete, Timber and Aluminium design.
To start with some sample problems were solved using STAAD Pro and checked the accuracy
of the results with manual calculations. The results were to satisfaction and were accurate. In the initial
phase of our project we have done calculations regarding loadings on buildings and considered dead
load, live load and wind loads.

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 Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and
predicts the behaviour of structures. Structural analysis can be viewed more abstractly as a method to
drive the engineering design process or prove the soundness of a design without a dependence on
directly testing it.
To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must determine such information as
structural loads, geometry, support conditions, and materials properties. The results of such an analysis
typically include support reactions, stresses and displacements. This information is then compared to
criteria that indicate the conditions of failure. Advanced structural analysis may examine dynamic
response, stability and non-linear behaviour.
The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being
designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an appropriate degree of safety,
they should sustain all the loads and deformations of normal construction and use and have adequate
durability and adequate resistance to the effects of seismic and wind. Structure and structural elements
shall normally be designed by Limit State Method. Account should be taken of accepted theories,
experiment and experience and the need to design for durability. Design, including design for
durability, construction and use in service should be considered as a whole. The realization of design
objectives requires compliance with clearly defined standards for materials, production, workmanship
and also maintenance and use of structure in service.
The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum requirements as prescribed in the
Indian Standard Codes. The minimum requirements pertaining to the structural safety of buildings are
being covered by way of laying down minimum design loads which have to be assumed for dead loads,
imposed loads, and other external loads, the structure would be required to bear. Strict conformity to
loading standards recommended in this code, it is hoped, will not only ensure the structural safety of
the buildings which are being designed.

2.2 Analysis Methods

Some of the methods used for analysis of building structure are enlisted below:
2.2.1 Force Method (Flexibility Matrix Method of Analysis) [3]
In the force method of analysis, primary unknown are forces. In this method compatibility
equations are written for displacement and rotations (which are calculated by force displacement
equations).

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 Solving these equations, redundant forces are calculated. Once the redundant forces are
calculated, the remaining reactions are evaluated by equations of equilibrium.
2.2.2 Displacement Method (Stiffness Matrix Method) [4]
In the displacement method of analysis, the primary unknowns are the displacements. In this
method, first force -displacement relations are computed and subsequently equations are written
satisfying the equilibrium conditions of the structure. After determining the unknown displacements,
the other forces are calculated satisfying the compatibility conditions and force displacement relations.
The displacement-based method is amenable to computer programming and hence the method is being
widely used in the modern day structural analysis.
2.2.3 Slope Deflection Method [5]
The slope-deflection method was originally developed by Heinrich Manderla and Otto Mohr for
computing secondary stresses in trusses. The method as used today was presented by G. A. Maney in
1915 for analyzing rigid jointed structures. The slope-deflection method can be used to analyze
statically determinate and indeterminate beams and frames. In this method it is assumed that all
deformations are due to bending only. In other words deformations due to axial forces are neglected.
2.2.4 Kani’s Method [6]
This method was developed by Dr. Gasper Kani of Germany in 1947. This method is used for
analysis of indeterminate structures. This method offers an iterative scheme for applying slope
deflection method.
2.2.5 Moment Distribution Method [7]
The moment distribution method is a structural analysis method for statically
indeterminate beams and frames developed by Hardy Cross. It was published in 1930 in
an ASCE journal. The method only accounts for flexural effects and ignores axial and shear effects.
From the 1930s until computers began to be widely used in the design and analysis of structures, the
moment distribution method was the most widely practiced method.

2.3 Design Methods

Methods used for design of a building structure are enlisted below:
2.3.1 Working Stress Method [8]
This was the traditional method of design not only for reinforced concrete, but also for
structural steel and timber design. The method basically assumes that the structural material behaves as

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a linear elastic manner, and that adequate safety can be ensured by suitably restricting the stresses in
the material induced by the expected “working loads” on the structure. As the specified permissible
stresses are kept well below the material strength, the assumption of linear elastic behavior is
considered justifiable. The ratio of the strength of the material to the permissible stress is often referred
to as the factor of safety. However, the main assumption linear elastic behavior and the tacit
assumption that the stresses under working loads can be kept within the ‘permissible stresses’ are not
found to be realistic. Many factors are responsible for this such as a long term effort of creep and
shrinkage, the effects of stress concentrations, and other secondary effects. All such effects resulting
significant local increase in the redistribution of the calculated stresses. The design usually results in
relatively large sections of structural members, thereby resulting in better serviceability performance
under the usual working loads.
2.3.2Ultimate Load Method [9]
With the growing realization of the short comings of WSM in reinforced concrete design, and
with increased understanding of the behavior of reinforced concrete at ultimate loads, the ultimate load
of design is evolved and became an alternative to WSM. This method is sometimes also referred to as
the load factor methods are the ultimate strength. In this method, the stress condition at the site of
impending collapse of the structure is analyzed, and the non linear stress-strain curves of concrete and
steel are made use of.
The concept of ‘modular ratio’ and its associated problems are avoided entirely in this method.
The safety measure design is introduced by an appropriate choice of the load factor, defined as the ratio
of the ultimate load to the working load. The ultimate load method males it possible for different types
of loads to be assigned different load factors under combined loading conditions, thereby overcoming
the related shortcoming of WSM.
This method generally results in more slender sections, and often economical designs of beams
and columns, particularly when high strength reinforcing steel and concrete are used. However, the
satisfactory ‘strength’ performance at ultimate loads does not guarantee
satisfactory ‘serviceability’ performance at the normal service loads. The designs sometimes result in
excessive deflections and crack-widths under service loads, owing to the slender sections resulting
from the use of high strength reinforcing steel and concrete. The distribution of stress resultants at
ultimate load is taken as the distribution at the service loads, magnified by the load factor(s); in other
words, analysis is still based on linear elastic theory.

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2.3.3 Limit State Method [10]
The philosophy of the limit state method of design represents a definite advancement over the
traditional design philosophies. Unlike WSM which based calculations on service load conditions
alone, and unlike ULM, which based calculations on ultimate load conditions alone, LSM aims for a
comprehensive and rational solution to the design problem, by considering safety at ultimate loads
and serviceability at working loads.
The LSM philosophy uses a multiple safety factor format which attempts to provide adequate
safety at ultimate loads as well as adequate serviceability at service loads, by considering all possible
‘Limit State’.
2.3.3.1 Limits States
A limit state is a state of impending failure, beyond which a structure ceases to perform its
intended function satisfactorily, in terms of either safety of serviceability i.e. it either collapses or
becomes unserviceable. There are two types of limit states
2.3.4 Limit States of Collapse
It deals with strength, overturning, sliding, buckling, fatigue fracture, etc.
2.3.5 Serviceability Limit States
It deals with discomfort to occupancy and/ or malfunction, caused by excessive deflection,
crack width, vibration leakage etc., and also loss of durability etc.

2.4 IS CODES
2.4.1 IS 456: 2000[11]
This Indian Standard (Fourth Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after
the draft finalized by the Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil
Engineering Division Council.
This standard deals with the general structural use of plain and reinforced concrete. For the
purpose of this standard, plain concrete structures are those where reinforcement, if provided is ignored
for determination of strength of the structure.
2.4.2 IS 875 Part I [12]
This standard deals with dead loads to be assumed in the design of buildings and same is given
in the-form of unit weight of materials. The unit weight of other materials that are likely to be stored in
a building are also included for the purpose of load calculations due to stored materials.

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2.4.3 IS 875 Part II [13]
This Code (Part 2) deals with imposed loads on buildings produced by the intended occupancy
or use. In this revision, the following important changes have been made:
a) The use of the term ‘live load’ has been modified to ‘imposed load’ to cover not only the physical
contribution due to persons but also due to nature of occupancy, the furniture and other equipments
which are a part of the character of the occupancy.
b) The imposed loads on floors and roofs have been rationalized based on the modified data available
in large number of latest foreign national standards, and other literature. Further, these values have
been spelt out for the major occupancies as classified in the National Building Code of India as well as
the various service areas appended to the major occupancies.
c) The reduction of imposed loads for design of vertical supporting members in multi-storeyed
buildings has been further increased from 40 to 50 percent.
d) Provision has been included for sign posting of loads on floors in view of the different loadings
specified. For different occupancies and to avoid possible misuse in the view of conversion of the
occupancies.
e) The value of loads on parapets and balustrades has been revised with its effect taken both in the
horizontal and vertical directions.
f) In the design of dwelling units planned and executed in accordance with IS: 8888-1979, an imposed
load of 3.5kN/m is allowed.
g) SI Units have been used in the Code.
2.4.4 IS 875 Part III [14]
This Part (Part 3) deals with wind loads to be considered when designing buildings, structures
and components thereof. In this revision, the following important modifications have been made from
those covered in the 1964 version of IS: 875:
a) The earlier wind pressure maps (one giving winds of shorter duration and another excluding winds
of shorter duration) giving basic maximum wind speed in m/s
(Peak gust velocity averaged over a short time interval of about 3 seconds duration).
The wind speeds have been worked out for 50 years return period based on the up to-date wind
data of 43 dines pressure tube ( DPT ) anemograph stations and study of other related works available
on the subject since 1964. The map and related recommendations have been provided in the code with
the active cooperation of Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). Isotachs(lines of equal velocity)

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have not been given as in the opinion of the committee; there is still not enough extensive
meteorological data at close enough stations in the country to justify drawing of isotachs.
b) Modification factors to modify the basic wind velocity to take into account the effects of terrain,
local topography, size of structure, etc, are included.
c) Terrain is now classified into four categories based on characteristics of the ground surface
irregularities.
d) Force and pressure coefficients have been included for a large range of clad and unclad buildings
and for individual structural elements.
e) Force coefficients (drag coefficients) are given for frames, lattice towers, walls and hoardings.
f) The calculation of force on circular sections is included incorporating the effects of Reynolds
number and surface roughness.
g) The external and internal pressure coefficients for gable roofs, lean-to roofs, curved roofs, canopy
roofs (butterfly type structures) and multi-span roofs have been rationalised.
h) Pressure coefficients are given for combined roofs, roofs with sky light, circular silos, cylindrical
elevated structures, grandstands, etc.
i) Some requirements regarding study of dynamic effects in flexible slender structures are included.

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 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

Working on STAAD pro involves from model generation of the structure to final output file
created by the software. Initially a structural wizard is run in the software in order to create the desired
plan of the building which is then transferred to the STAAD modeling screen. As mentioned in the
objective 2, this project deals with the design of G+10 building, a space frame is created for the same.
Different sections are assigned as per assumptions and support conditions are assigned. Loads acting
on the structure are dead load, imposed load, wind load with 14 various load combinations. Four
different terrains has been considered for wind load analysis namely, Mumbai, Aurangabad, Aizwal,
Chennai. M20 grade of concrete and Fe415 steel has been used for design of the structure.
3.1 Data considered
1. Cross section of columns =0.8 × 0.5 m
2. Cross section of all beams =0.3 × 0.5 𝑚
3. thickness of all slabs = 0.15 m thick
4. Length = 16.5m
5. Width = 15.6 m
6. Height of each floor = 3m
7. Total Height = 33m
8. Live load on the floors is 3.5kN/m2
9. Walls = 230 mm thick brick masonry walls.
10. Grade of concrete and steel used:
i. Used M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
ii. Density of Plain concrete =24.0kN/m3
iii. Density of Brick masonry =20.0KN/m3
iv. Tor steel Fe 415 is used for the main reinforcement.
v. Tor steel Fe 415 and steel is used for the distribution reinforcement.

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3.2Terrains
Building is designed in four different terrains
1. Terrain 1: Mumbai
Mumbai is located on Salsette Island which lies at the mouth of Ulhas River of the western
coast of India in the coastal region known as the Konkan. Soil cover in the city region is
predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs the soil cover is largely alluvial
and loamy. The basic wind speed at 10m height for Mumbai is 44m/s.

2. Terrain 2:Aurangabad
Aurangabad is geologically covered by the Deccan Trap lava flows of upper Cretaceous to
lower Eocene age. The basic wind speed at 10m height for Aurangabad is 39m/s.

3. Terrain 3:Aizwal
Aizwal is located north of the Tropic of Cancer in the northern part of Mizoram. It is situated
on a ridge 1132 m above sea level with the Twang River valley to its west and the Tuirial River
valley to its east. The basic wind speed at 10m height for Aizwal is 55m/s.

4. Terrain 4:Chennai
Chennai is located on a flat coastal plain known as the Eastern coastal Plains. The city has an
average elevation of 6meters; its highest point being 6om.The basic wind speed at 10m height for
Chennai is 50m/s.

3.3Exposure Category [15]

For each wind direction consider an exposure category that adequately reflects characteristics
of ground surface irregularities shall be determined for the site at which the building or structure is to
be constructed. For the site located in the transition zone between categories the category resulted in
the largest wind forces shall apply. Account shall be taken as variable in ground surface roughness that
arise from natural topography and vegetation and as well as from constructed features. For a site where
multiple detached 1 and 2 family dwellings, town houses or other structures are to be constructed as
part of a subdivision, master plan community, or otherwise designated as a developed area by the
authority having jurisdiction. The exposure category for individual structure shall based upon the site

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conditions that will exist at that time when all adjacent structures on the site have been constructed
provided the construction is to begin within one year of the start of construction for the structure for
which the exposure category is determined. For any given wind direction the exposure in which a
specific building or other structure is sited shall be assessed as being one of the following categories.
Exposure A: large city centre with at least 50% of the buildings having a ht. in excess of 21336mm.
Use of this exposure category shall be limited to those areas for which terrain representative for
exposure A prevails in the upwind direction for a distance of at least 0.8 km or 10 times the height of
the building or other structure, whichever is greater. Possible channeling effects or increased velocity
pressures due to the building or structure being located in the wake of adjacent buildings shall be taken
into account.
Exposure B: Urban and suburban area, wooded areas, or other terrain with numerous closely spaced
structures having the size of single family dwellings or larger. Exposure B shall be assumed unless the
site meets the definition of another type exposure.
Exposure C: Open terrain with scattered obstruction, including surface undulations or other
irregularities, having height less than 9.14 m extending more than 457m. from the building site in any
quadrant. This exposure shall also apply to any building located within exposure B type terrain where
the building is directly adjacent to open areas of exposure C type terrain in any quadrant for a distance
of more than 183 m. This category includes flat open category, grasslands and shorelines in hurricane
prone regions.
Exposure D: Flat, unobstructed areas exposed to wind flowing over open water ( excluding shorelines
in hurricane prone regions) for a distance of at least 1.61 km. Shorelines in exposure D include inland
waterways, the great lakes, and coastal areas of California, Washington and Alaska. This exposure
shall apply only to those buildings and other structures exposed to the wind coming from over the
water. Exposure D extends inland from the shoreline a distance of 457m or 10 times the height of the
building structure, whichever is greater.

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3.4 Model Generation
To create the plan of the structure either ‘Run Structural Wizard’ option can be used or it can be
directly imported from other software like AutoCAD. Here it has been created by running the wizard in
the software itself.

Fig. 3.1 Run Structural Wizard Window

The above figure shows the window wherein desired structure can be created by giving the
appropriate inputs. Further this structure is transferred to the main screen of STAAD in modeling
mode.

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 Fig. 3.2 Plan of the Structure
Figure represents the plan of the G+10 building as per objective 2. The plan clearly shows that
it is a combination of four apartments. It is observed there is a combination between each apartment.
Same building is considered to be located in 4 different terrains namely, Mumbai, Aurangabad,
Chennai and Aizwal. Since it is a G+10 proposed building for 4 blocks it holds 40 flats.
The plan shows the details of dimensions of each and every room and the type of room and orientation
of different rooms like bed room, bathroom, kitchen, hall etc. All the four apartments have similar
room arrangement.

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 Fig. 3.3 Elevation of the Structure
Above fig. shows the front elevation of the building. Each floor is of height 3m, so for 10
storeys total height is 33m.

Fig.3.4 Isometric View of the Structure

Above figure represents the skeletal structure of the building which is used to carry out the
analysis of the building. All the loadings are acted on this skeletal structure to carry out the analysis of
the building. This is not the actual structure but just represents the outline of the building in Staad.pro.

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3.5Assigning Properties to Members
The next step is to assign property to beams, column and slab as per assumptions.

Fig. 3.5 Property Assignment Window

The above figure shows the structure after assigning of properties to beam as 0.5x0.3m section,
column 0.8x0.5m section and slab thickness of 0.15m has been considered. All beam and column
sections are taken as rectangular.

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 Fig. 3.6 Rendered View of Structure
The above is the rendered 3D view of the structure which confirms that all the members are
assigned properly with the given properties respectively.

3.6 Support Conditions

Supports are specified as pinned, fixed, or fixed with different releases (known as fixedbut). A
pinned support has restraints against all translational movement and none against rotational movement.
In other words, a pinned support will have reactions for all forces but will resist no moments. A fixed
support has restraints against all directions of movement. Translational and rotational springs can also
be specified. The springs are represented in terms of their spring constants. A translational spring
constant is defined as the force to displace a support joint one length unit in the specified global
direction. Similarly, a rotational spring constant is defined as the force to rotate the support joint one
degree around the specified global direction.

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 Fig. 3.7 Assigning Of Supports
The above fig. shows that all the supports are considered to be restrained against transitional
and rotational movements.

3.7 Loads [16]

Loads in a structure can be specified as joint load, member load, temperature load and fixed-
end member load. STAAD can also generate the self-weight of the structure and use it as uniformly
distributed member loads in analysis. Any fraction of this self weight can also be applied in any desired
direction.
3.7.1 Joint Loads
Joint loads, both forces and moments, may be applied to any free joint of a structure. These
loads act in the global coordinate system of the structure. Positive forces act in the positive coordinate
directions. Any number of loads may be applied on a single joint, in which case the loads will be
additive on that joint.

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3.7.2 Member Load
Three types of member loads may be applied directly to a member of a structure. These loads
are uniformly distributed loads, concentrated loads, and linearly varying loads (including trapezoidal).
Uniform loads act on the full or partial length of a member. Concentrated loads act at any intermediate,
specified point. Linearly varying loads act over the full length of a member. Trapezoidal linearly
varying loads act over the full or partial length of a member. Trapezoidal loads are converted into a
uniform load and several concentrated loads. Any number of loads may be specified to act upon a
member in any independent loading condition. Member loads can be specified in the member
coordinate system or the global coordinate system. Uniformly distributed member loads provided in
the global coordinate system may be specified to act along the full or projected member length.

Fig. 3.8 Types of Loading

3.7.3 Area/Floor Load
Many times a floor (bound by X-Z plane) is subjected to a uniformly distributed load. It could
require a lot of work to calculate the member load for individual members in that floor. However, with
the area or floor load command, the user can specify the area loads (unit load per unit square area) for
members. The program will calculate the tributary area for these members and provide the proper

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member loads. The Area Load is used for one way distributions and the Floor Load is used for two way
distributions.
3.7.4 Fixed End Member Load
Load effects on a member may also be specified in terms of its fixed end loads. These loads are
given in terms of the member coordinate system and the directions are opposite to the actual load on
the member. Each end of a member can have six forces: axial; shear y; shear z; torsion; moment y, and
moment z.
3.7.5 Load Generator – Moving load, Wind
Load generation is the process of taking a load causing unit such as wind pressure, ground
movement or a truck on a bridge, and converting it to a form such as member load or a joint load which
can be then be used in the analysis.
3.7.6 Moving Load Generator
This feature enables the user to generate moving loads on members of a structure. Moving load
system(s) consisting of concentrated loads at fixed specified distances in both directions on a plane can
be defined by the user. A user specified number of primary load cases will be subsequently generated
by the program and taken into consideration in analysis.
3.7.7 Wind Load Generator
The STAAD Wind Load generator is capable of calculating wind loads on joints of a structure
from user specified wind intensities and exposure factors. Different wind intensities may be specified
for different height zones of the structure. Openings in the structure may be modeled using exposure
factors. An exposure factor is associated with each joint of the structure and is defined as the fraction
of the influence area on which the wind load acts. Built-in algorithms automatically calculate the
exposed area based on the areas bounded by members (plates and solids are not considered), then
calculates the wind loads from the intensity and exposure input and distributes the loads as lateral joint
loads.

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 Fig. 3.9 Wind Load Generator Window

The load cases can be categorized as:

3.7.7.1 Self-Weight
In load case we have option called self weight which automatically calculates the self weight of
different members of the structure using the properties of material.

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 Fig. 3.10 Dead Load Assignment Window
3.7.7.2 Dead Load from Slab
Dead loads consist of the permanent construction material loads. Dead load is the total load of
all of the components of the building that generally do not change over time.
In Staad pro, assignment of dead load is automatically done by giving the property of the
member.
3.7.7.3 Live Load
Live loads are produced by the use and occupancy of a building. Loads include those from
human occupants, furnishings, no fixed equipment, storage, and construction and maintenance
activities. In Staad it is required to assign live load in terms of U.D.L., for which it is necessary to
create a load case for live load and select all the beams to carry such load.

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 Fig. 3.11: Live Load Distribution on Slab
Slabs are designed for deflection. Slabs are designed based on yield theory. This diagram shows
the distribution of loads on slab.
3.7.7.4 Wind Load
Wind load is always present both in vertical and horizontal loads.
This is because wind load causes uplift of the roof by creating a negative (suction) pressure on
the top of the roof. Assignment of wind speed is quite different compared to remaining loads.
It is necessary and compulsory to define the wind load case prior to assignment.
After designing wind load can be assigned in two ways
1. Collecting the standard values of load intensities for a particular height and assigning of the loads for
respective height.
2. Calculation of wind load as per IS 875 part III.

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 Fig. 3.12 Wind Load in + ve Z Direction Fig. 3.13 Wind Load in + ve X Direction

Fig. 3.14 Wind Load in - ve X Direction Fig. 3.15 Wind Load in - ve Z Direction

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3.7.8 Load Combinations
All the load cases are tested by taking load factors and analyzing the building in different load
combination as per IS456 and analyzed the building for all the load combinations and results are taken
and maximum load combination is selected for the design. The following 14 load combinations are
considered respectively.

Table No. 1: Combination of Loads

Load case Dead Load Live Load Wind Load
1 1 - -
2 1.5 1.5 -
3 0.9 0.9 0.9 (X +ve)
4 0.9 0.9 0.9 (X –ve)
5 0.9 0.9 0.9 (Z +ve)
6 0.9 0.9 0.9 (Z –ve)
7 1.5 - 1.5 (X +ve)
8 1.5 - 1.5 (X –ve)
9 1.5 - 1.5 (Z +ve)
10 1.5 - 1.5 (Z –ve)
11 1.2 1.2 1.2(X +ve)
12 1.2 1.2 1.2 (X –ve)
13 1.2 1.2 1.2 (Z +ve)
14 1.2 1.2 1.2 (Z –ve)

3.8 Design Operations

STAAD contains a broad set of facilities for designing structural members as individual
components of an analyzed structure. The member design facilities provide the user with the ability to
carry out a number of different design operations. These facilities may design problem. The operations
to perform a design are:
• Specify the members and the load cases to be considered in the design
• Specify whether to perform code checking or member selection
• Specify design parameter values, if different from the default values.

25
•Specify whether to perform member selection by optimization.
These operations may be repeated by the user any number of times depending upon the design
requirements.

Fig. 3.16 Design Parameters Window

3.9 STAAD Pro Input Command File

The STAAD Pro input command file for this particular G + 10 storey building has been shown
below. After all the steps as mentioned above are completed successfully, STAAD Pro input command
file is created. This file helps in debugging and editing the structure.

26
 Fig. 3.17 Input Command File
3.10 Post Processing Mode
The stress at any point of any member can be found out in this mode.

Fig. 3.18 Structure subjected to bending in Post Processing Mode

27
 The above figure shows that the torsional moment can be studied in the post processing mode
from the data and diagrams generated by STAAD Pro. Similarly bending moment, axial force,
displacement, end reactions, stresses, etc. can also be studied directly in this mode.
3.11 Analysis and Results
STAAD Pro generates the final output of reinforcement detailing required by every member in
the structure. It also warns about the members which have been failed during the analysis.

Fig. 3.19 Reinforcement Detailing

The above figure shows that design results for beam no. 10 in terrain 3 as mentioned in 3.2. It
provides information about section of the beam, grade of concrete, grade of steel, area of steel
reinforcement, shear reinforcement.

28
 CHAPTER 4
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

In performance analysis, the behavior of building with regards to bending moment, shear force,
axial force, deflection, steel quantity have been discussed respectively. In this chapter, various results
of STAAD Pro output have been presented in tabular form as well as represented in the form of
diagrams. The analysis outputs of the structure at various topographies, as discussed earlier, are
compared against each other.
We have analyzed 1821 number of beams by using the STAAD Pro software, out of which details of
some beam which are having maximum moments; shear force and axial force have been represented in
this topic.
4.1 Comparison of Maximum Bending Moments
Following table shows the beams having maximum moments in different topographic regions.
4.1.1Aurangabad
Analysis and design results for terrain no. 1 as mentioned in 3.2 have been represented below.
Table No. 2: Maximum Bending Moments (kN-m) in Beams in Building at Aurangabad
Sr. Beam Load case Mz +ve Mz –ve My +ve My –ve
No. No.

1 2 1.5(DL+LL) 271.572 -282.945 4.390 -3.100

2 5 1.5(DL+LL) 145.227 -55.907 118.058 -63.257
3 9 1.5(DL+LL) 338.264 -335.264 1.044 -0.451
4 10 1.2(DL+LL+WLx+ve) 227.880 -204.070 0.425 -0.255
5 13 1.5(DL+LL) 396.368 -325.322 3.803 -2.780
6 19 1.5(DL+LL) 233.824 -255.375 2.035 -2.027
7 21 1.5(DL+LL) 318.383 -286.000 3.818 -4.847
8 44 1.5(DL+LL) 368.205 -347.000 5.382 -5.696
9 61 1.5(DL+LL) 514.420 -433.190 9.732 -9.557
10 78 1.5(DL+LL) 396.368 -325.322 2.780 -3.803

29
 Table shows that maximum positive and negative BM is observed in beam no. 5 for dead load
and live load combination.
4.1.2 Mumbai
Table No. 3: Maximum Bending Moments (kN-m) in Beams in Building Located at Mumbai
Sr. No. Beam No. Load case Mz +ve Mz –ve My +ve My –ve Remark
1 2 1.5(DL+WLX-ve) 255.023 -260.325
2 5 1.5(DL+WLX-ve) 151.591 -132.654
3 9 1.5(DL+LL+WLX+ve) 297.361 -293.356
4 10 1.5(DL+LL+WLX+ve) 221.000 -197.626
5 13 1.5(DL+LL) 371.662 -301.848
6 19 1.5(DL+LL+WLX+ve) 226.000 -240.000
7 21 1.5(DL+LL) 302.000 -272.287
8 44 1.5(DL+LL) 347.500 -327.627
9 61 1.5(DL+LL) 485.436 407.346
10 78 1.5(DL+LL) 371.332 301.324

Table shows that maximum positive and negative BM is observed in beam no. 5 for dead load and live
load combination.
4.1.3 Aizwal
Table No. 4: Maximum Bending Moments (kN-m) in Beam in Building at Aizwal
Sr. Beam Load case Mz +ve Mz –ve My +ve My –ve Remark
No. No.
1 2 1.5(DL+WLX-ve) 266.303 -268.574 1.609 -0.674
2 5 1.5(DL+WLX-ve) 161.548 -163.143 97.221 -52.405
3 9 1.5(DL+LL+WLX+ve) 302.718 -286.780 1.207 -1.372
4 10 1.5(DL+WLX+ve) 232.074 -207.806 0.897 -0.232
5 13 1.5(DL+WLZ-ve) 246.074 -286.085 0.897 -0.232
6 19 1.5(DL+WLX+ve) 236.612 -249.542 1.041 -1.083
7 21 1.5(DL+LL) 302.799 -272.570 2.758 -3.500
8 44 1.5(DL+LL) 348.173 -328.458 4.367 -4.534

30
 9 61 1.5(DL+LL) 485.749 -407.585 9.130 -8.968
10 78 1.5(DL+LL) 371.168 -301.763 2.460 -3.342

4.1.4 Chennai

Table No. 5: Maximum Bending Moments (kN-m) in Beams in Building at Chennai

Sr. Beam Load case Mz +ve Mz –ve My +ve My –ve
No. No.

1 2 1.5(DL+WLZ-ve) 254.778 -256.682 4.077 -3.453

2 5 1.5(DL+WLX-ve) 157.706 -156.319 96.515 -51.780

3 9 1.2(DL+LL+WLz+ve) 324.039 -314.693 8.036 -6.489

4 10 1.2(DL+LL+WLz+ve) 234.944 -204.505 0.823 -0.593

5 13 1.5(DL+LL) 370.377 -301.069 3.385 -2.477

6 19 1.5(DL+WLX+ve) 233.290 -246.147 0.315 NA

7 21 1.2(DL+LL+WLz+ve) 326.456 -295.431 1.604 -2.524

8 44 1.5(DL+LL) 348.137 -328.368 4.653 -4.803

9 61 1.5(DL+LL) 484.991 -406.898 9.345 -9.290

10 78 1.2(DL+LL+WLz+ve) 387.741 -315.808 NA -0.439

4.2 Discussion On Maximum Bending Moments

As an outcome of the above tables of comparison following discussions have been made one by one
for the 10 ciritical beams considered in the 4 terrains in the respective order as in section 4.1.

4.2.1 Aurangabad

In this terrain it is observed that beam is subjected to maximum bending moment due dead load and
live load combination in most of the members. Except of beam 10, among the 10 most critical beams,
all other beams( beam no. 2, 5, 9, 13, 19, 21, 44, 61) have maximum BM for 1.5(DL+LL) combination.
Beam 10 shows maximun BM in z-direction for the combination of 1.2(DL+LL+WLx+ve) which is
31
227.088 at the left support of beam. And point of contraflexure is observed at 1.2 m from left end (fig.
4.1)

Fig. 4.1 Bending in Beam no. 10 at Aurangabad

Among the above 10 beams considered, beam no. 9 has been failed during design and no design results
have been obtained.

Fig. 4.2 Failure of Beam no.9 at Auranagabad

32
 The above figure shows that the software does not show the concrete design tab in the window for
beam no. 9 which means that it has been failed during design. However, the beam has not failed due to
bending but it has failed due to shear.Nominal shear force exceeds the τcmax limit in beam no 9.

This shows that effect of wind load will not lead to the failure of the structure in this topography since
its wind speed is comparatively less than other topographies (i.e. 39 m/s) at a height of 10 m from
ground surface. Thus it can be concluded that effect of wind load is insignificant in this terrain.

4.2.2 Mumbai

From table 3, it can be seen that wind load has a considerable effect on the structure in this terrain.
Beam no 2,5 have maximum BM due dead load and wind load combination. As per meterological
studies it is believed that wind flows from the west. This is the x-ve wind load direction for the
proposed structure. That is why it can be seen that combination 1.5(DL + WLx-ve) gives maximum
bending moment in beam no 2 and 5. However, beam 10,19 are subjected to maximum BM under the
load combination 1.5(DL+WLx+ve). In this terrain also beam 10 is affected due to wind load and
maximum observed BM is 221 at left end of the beam. Point of contraflexure is observed at 1.2 m from
left end.

Fig. 4.3 Bending in Beam no. 10 at Mumbai

33
In this terrain also beam no 9 fails due to dead load and live load combination.

Fig. 4.4 Failure of Beam no. 9 at Mumbai

This shows that wind load in this terrain is not responsible for failure of the member. Howerver,
similarly as seen in section 4.2.1 here also beam no 9 fails due to shear.

4.2.3Aizwal

From table 4, it can be observed that wind load has a considerable effect on most of the beams. Aizwal
being situated on a hilly terrain and having wind speed 55m/s as mentioned in section 3.2 gets affected
by wind force. Beam no 2,5,9,10,13,19 show maximum BM due to 1.5(DL+WLx+ve) combination.

34
 Fig. 4.5 Bending in Beam no. 10 at Aizwal

From the above figure it can be seen that maximum BM occurs at left end and is 232.07. point of
contraflexure is at 1.2 m from left end.

4.2.4 Chennai
In this terrain maximum bending moment is observed due dead load and wind load combination in
most of the cases. Beam no 2,5,9,19,21,78 show maximum BM due to 1.5(DL+WLx+ve) combination.
Beam 10 shows maximun BM in z-direction for the combination of 1.2(DL+LL+WLx+ve) which is
234.944 at the left support of beam. And point of contraflexure is observed at 1.18 m from left end (fig.
4.6)

35
 Fig. 4.6 Bending in Beam no. 10 at Chennai

In this terrain also beam no 9 has failed but due to 1.2(DL+LL+WLx+ve) combination as illustrated
from fig. 4.7.

Fig. 4.7 Failure of Beam no. 9 at Chennai

36
From the above discussions it can be concluded that max BM in beam 10 which is considerably
effected due to wind force is almost same in all the four terrain. This shows that wind speed becomes
insignificant in terms of BM upto the height of 33 m from ground level.

4.3 Comparison of Maximum Shear Force

Generally shear forces are occurred in the structure due to the different types of load coming on the
structure. In multistoried buildings shear forces are more on the structural members due to their high
dead load and live load. Following are the tables showing the shear forces occur in the members in
different structures.

4.3.1 Aurangabad

Table No. 6: Shear Forces in Y Direction for Building Located at Aurangabad

Sr. Beam No. Load case Shear force Fy

No. ( kN )
1 2 1.5( DL+LL ) 543.191
2 9 1.5( DL+LL ) 1232.786
3 40 1.5( DL+LL ) 1181.309
4 61 1.5( DL+LL ) 1128.158
5 105 1.5( DL+LL ) 1181.309
4.3.2 Mumbai

Table No. 7: Shear Forces of Beams in Structure for Building Located at Mumbai

Sr. Beam No. Load case Shear force Fy

No. ( kN )
1 2 1.5( DL+LL ) 501.290
2 9 1.5( DL+LL ) 1154.091
3 40 1.5( DL+LL ) 1065.330
4 61 1.5( DL+LL ) 1063.279
5 105 1.5( DL+LL ) 1106.284
4.3.3 Aizwal

Table No. 8: Shear Forces of Beams in Structure for Building Located at Aizwal

Sr. Beam No. Load case Shear force Fy

No. ( kN )
1 2 1.5( DL+LL ) 508.272
2 9 1.5( DL+LL ) 1153.584
3 40 1.5( DL+LL ) 1106.928
4 61 1.5( DL+LL ) 1063.928
5 105 1.5( DL+LL ) 1106.928

37
4.3.4 Chennai

Table No. 9: Shear Forces of Beams in Structure for Building Located at Chennai

Sr. Beam No. Load case Shear force Fy

No. ( kN )
1 2 1.5( DL+LL ) 501.919
2 9 1.5( DL+LL+WLZ+ve ) 1169.725
3 40 1.5( DL+LL+WLZ+ve ) 1171.258
4 61 1.5( DL+LL ) -1062.229

4.4 Discussion over maximum shear force

From above output results of analysis of structure using STAAD Pro it comes to know that maximum
shear forces occur under the dead load and live load combination. For the building which is located at
Chennai there is some effect of wind velocity and due to that maximum shear force comes under the
load combination of dead load live load and wind load.

4.5 Comparison of axial force

Following table shows the beams having maximum axial force in different topographic regions.

4.5.1 Aurangabad

Table No. 10: Maximum Axial Force on Beam in Building Situated at Aurangabad

Sr. Beam Load case Fx +ve Fx –ve

no. no.
1 27 1.5(DL+LL) 5526.803 -
2 27 1.5(DL+LL+WLz-ve) 5025.189 -
3 27 1.5(DL+WLx-ve) 4985.887 -
4 27 1.5(DL+WLx+ve) 4854.408 -
5 27 1.5(DL+WLz+ve) 4815.65 -
6 58 1.5(DL+LL) 4626.010 -
7 27 1.2(DL+LL+WLz-ve) 4505.493 -
8 27 1.2(DL+LL+WLx+ve) 4474.052 -
9 58 1.5(DL+WLz+ve) 4219.42 -
10 58 1.5(DL+WLx-ve) 4168.862 -

38
4.5.2 Mumbai

Table No. 11: Maximum Axial Force on Beam in Building Situated at Mumbai

Sr. Beam Load case no. Fx +ve Fx –ve

No. No.
1 27 1.5(DL+LL) 5161.483 -
2 92 1.5(DL+LL) 5161.302 -
3 92 0.9(DL+LL+WLz+ve) 4679.443 -
4 27 0.9(DL+LL+WLz-ve) 4678.390 -
5 92 0.9(DL+LL+WLx-ve) 4640.298 -
6 27 0.9(DL+LL+WLx-ve) 4639.543 -
7 27 0.9(DL+LL+WLx+ve) 4467.419 -
8 92 0.9(DL+LL+WLz-ve) 4429.611 -
9 92 1.5(DL+WLz+ve) 4230.032 -
10 92 1.5(DL+WLx-ve) 4198.715 -
4.5.3 Aizwal

Table No. 12: Maximum Axial Force on Beam in Building Situated at Aizwal.

Sr. Beam Load case No. Fx +ve Fx –ve

No. No.
1 92 1.5(DL+LL) 5162.809 -
2 27 1.5(DL+LL) 5162.809 -
3 92 1.2(DL+LL+WLz+ve) 4725.83 -
4 27 1.2(DL+LL+WLz-ve) 4725.83 -
5 27 1.2(DL+LL+WLx-ve) 4673.319 -
6 92 1.2(DL+LL+WLx-ve) 4672.319 -
7 27 1.2(DL+LL+WLx+ve) 4437.172 -
8 31 1.5(DL+LL) 4423.286 -
9 92 1.2(DL+LL+WLz-ve) 4384.477 -
10 92 1.5(DL+WLz+ve) 4267.146 -

39
4.5.4 Chennai

Table No. 13: Maximum Axial Force on Beam in Building Situated at Chennai

Sr. Beam Load case No. Fx +ve Fx –ve

No. No.
1 91 0.9(DL+LL+WLz+ve) 5321.318 -
2 91 1.5(DL+LL) 5159.578 -
3 27 1.5(DL+LL) 5153.588 -
4 27 0.9(DL+LL+WLz+ve) 4991.934 -
5 91 0.9(DL+LL+WLx-ve) 4662.678 -
6 27 0.9(DL+LL+WLx-ve) 4656.395 -
7 27 0.9(DL+LL+WLx+ve) 4435.158 -
8 91 0.9(DL+LL+WLz-ve) 4390.454 -
9 27 1.5(DL+WLz-ve) 4252.86 -
10 91 1.5(DL+WLx-ve) 4216.702 -

Fig. 4.8 Axial Force Distribution of the Structure at Chennai

40
4.6 Discussion over axial force

Figure 4.9 shows the distribution of axial force on the structure located in Chennai. It has been
observed that the axial forces in coulmns increases with decrease in height of the structure. The axial
force in column increases due to cumulative addition of axial forces of upper columns.

4.7 Comparison of deflection

Based on section 4.1, beams subjected to maximum bending moments are further for deflection in
this section. Beam no 10 has been considered for this purpose.

4.7.1 Aurangabad

Fig. 4.9 Deflection in Beam no. 10 at Aurangabad

Above figure shows the elastic deflection of beam 10.From the figure it can be seen that maximum
dispalacment in the y-direction occurs under the right end of the beam. And it is noted as 4.107 mm in
downward direction.

41
4.7.2 Mumbai

Fig. 4.10 Deflection in Beam no. 10 at Mumbai

From the figure it can seen that maximum dispalacment in the y-direction occurs under the right end of
the beam. And it is noted as 4.123 mm in the downward direction.

42
4.7.3 Aizwal

Fig. 4.11 Deflection in Beam no. 10 Aizwal

From the figure it cab seen that maximum dispalacment in the y-direction occurs under the right end of
the beam. And it is noted as 4.163 mm in downward direction.

43
4.7.4 Chennai

Fig. 4.12 Deflection in Beam no. 10 at Chennai

From the figure it cab seen that maximum dispalacment in the y-direction occurs under the right end of
the beam. And it is noted as 4.55 mm in downward direction.

4.8 Discussions over deflection

4.8.1 Aurangabad

Maximum deflection in this beam has occurred due to the combination of dead load and live load only.
As seen in section 4.2.1 maximum bending moment in beam 10 was observed due to the same
combination in the y-direction. This shows that wind force is insignificant in this terrain from
deflection point of view as well.

4.8.2 Mumbai

Maximum deflection in this beam has occurred due to the combination of dead load and wind load
also. As seen in section 4.2.2 maximum bending moment in beam 10 was observed due to the same
combination in the z-direction. This shows that wind force is considerable in this terrain from
deflection point of view as well.

44
4.8.3 Aizwal

Maximum deflection in this beam has occurred due to the combination of dead load and wind load
also. As seen in section 4.2.3 maximum bending moment in beam 10 was observed due to the same
combination in the z-direction. Since this is a hilly terrain wind speed is high upto 10m height and has
a considerable effect in this terrain from deflection point of view.

4.8.4 Chennai

Amomg the four terrains considered, beam no 10 in Chennai is subjected to maximum deflection and it
is 4.55mm as seen in section 7.7.4. This directly has an effect on steel requirement on the beam which
can be observed in section 7.10.4.

4.9 Deflection in Column

For the purpose of comparision of deflection in column two different load conditions have been
considered as shown in table no. 13 and 14. Topography selected are Aizawl and Aurangabad as
among all the topographies considered Aizawl has the maximum wind speed and Aurangabad has the
minimum wind speed.
Table No. 14: Comparison between deflection in Column at Aurangabad and Aizwal for load
combination 1.5(DL+LL)

Sr. column Load case Deflection(mm)

no no Aurangabad Aizwal
1 4 1.5(DL+LL) 0.002 0.002
2 328 1.5(DL+LL) 0.014 0.015
3 660 1.5(DL+LL) 0.017 0.017
4 992 1.5(DL+LL) 0.015 0.016
5 1324 1.5(DL+LL) 0.012 0.012
6 1656 1.5(DL+LL) 0.010 0.010

Table No. 14 shows the deflection of various columns w.r.t load combination 1.5(DL + LL). It is
observed that deflection is minimum at the lowest storey i.e. 0.002 mm and increases to a maximum of
0.0.017 mm at middle storey. From there on the deflection decreases with increase in floor height. As
the structure considered for analysis and design is same for both the topographies considered for this
discussion, the deflection pattern and the displacement values for both the structure is near about same.

45
 Table No. 15: Comparison between deflection in Column at Aurangabad and Aizwal for load
combination 1.5(DL+WL)

Sr. Column Load case Deflection(mm)

No
No. Aurangabad Aizwal

1 4 1.5(DL+WL) 0.015 0.028

2 328 1.5(DL+WL) 0.062 0.114
3 660 1.5(DL+WL) 0.099 0.185
4 992 1.5(DL+WL) 0.125 0.239
5 1324 1.5(DL+WL) 0.143 0.278
6 1656 1.5(DL+WL) 0.155 0.304

Table No. 15 shows the deflection of various columns w.r.t load combination 1.5(DL + WL). It is
observed that deflection increases as the the height of floor increases. Though the structure considered
for analysis and design is same for both the topographies, the deflection of columns in Aizawl is more
than that in Aurangabad. This is due to greater lateral effect of wind, which is more in Aizawl as
compared to Aurangabad.

4.10 Comparison of Steel Quantity

Since beam no 10 is subjected to maximum BM in all the terrain due to the combination of dead load
and wind load as seen in section 4.2. It is further discussed for steel requirement. In this section design
results obtained from the software for the four terrain have been presented respectively. In the section
4.11 it is further discussed.

46
4.10.1 Aurangabad

Fig. 4.13 Reinforcement detailing in Beam no. 10 at Aurangabad

47
4.10.2 Mumbai

Fig. 4.14 Reinforcement detailing in Beam no. 10 at Mumbai

48
4.10.3 Aizwal

Fig. 4.15 Reinforcement detailing in Beam no. 10 at Aizwal

49
4.10.4 Chennai

Fig. 4.16 Reinforcement detailing in Beam no. 10 at Chennai

50
4.11 Discussion over steel quantity

From section 4.10, it can be concluded that steel quantity required in terrain 1, terrain 2, terrain 3 as
mentioned in section 3.2 it is almost same. Steel quantity required in case of terrain 4 (i.e. chennai) is
comparitively more. This is due to the exposure of the building to harsh sea coast of Bay Of Bengal.
Beam 10 in case of Chennai is subjected to maximum bending moment due to dead and wind load.
This value observed is the highest of all as compared to all terrain categories. This leads to the
conclusion that even upto the height of 35m from the ground level there is considerable effect of wind
load only in the case of Chennai. In the other 3 case this effect can be neglected. Same reinforcement
can be provided to the beam 10 in the Aurangabad, Mumbai and Aizwal. However, in case of Chennai
an increased amount of steel is recommended to be used.

51
 CONCLUSION
STAAD PRO has the capability to calculate the reinforcement needed for any concrete section. The
program contains a number of parameters which are designed as per IS: 456(2000). Beams are
designed for flexure, shear and torsion. After the comparison of design for a G+10 multistorey building
in the four considered terrains some important points have been observed. These points are concluded
as follows:

1. In multistorey building the effect of wind load is insignificant for plain terrain.
2. Maximum moments have occurred in the load combination of dead load and live load.
3. Structure is subjected to higher bending moments as the height of the structure is increased
since it is subjected to higher wind force.
4. From the result of shear forces in the member of structure it can be concluded that shear forces
are maximum in the lower storey members.
5. From deflection results it is concluded that the deflection of columns is more in the area which
is subjected to wind force. Deflection increases with increase in height of the structure.
Deflection has occurred due to dead load and wind load combination that means there is
considerable effect of wind load on the deflection of columns.
6. From steel quantity results it can be concluded that percentage of steel required for Chennai is
more due to high wind force since the structure is assumed to be facing harsh winds and sea
waves of Bay of Bengal.
7. Deflection in beam at Aizwal is high since the building is situated at an elevation of 1132m
above sea level and wind speed of 55m/s.
8. After the comparison of these parameters (bending moment, shear force, axial force, deflection)
it can be concluded that considering same dimensions and material for the members (beam,
column, slab) steel quantity required for the structure changes with change in terrain.

52
 REFERENCES
[1] Prof.R.S.Satish Kumar and Prof.A.R.Santha Kumar, “Multistorey Buildings”, Design of Steel
Structures, Madras, 2000, pp1

[2] Bedabrata Bhattacharjee and A.S.V. Nagender, “Computer aided analysis and design of multi-
storeyed buildings”, Rourkela, 2007, pp 1-3.

[3] Int. J. Numer, “International Journal for Numerical Methods In Engineering”, Meth. Engineering
44, 1157-1178 (1999)

[4] International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 5, Issue
2, February 2016.

[5] International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Volume 5, Issue
2, February 2016, 579-580.

[6] IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), Volume 7, Issue 1 (May. - Jun.
2013), PP 20-25

[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_distribution_method

[8] Dr. S.R. Karve and Dr. V.L. Shah (2008) - “Illustrated design of Reinforced concrete Buildings” 4th
edition, structures publications, pp 1-22

[9] Dr. S.R. Karve and Dr. V.L. Shah (2008) - “Illustrated design of Reinforced concrete Buildings” 4th
edition, structures publications, pp 1-22

[10] A.K.Jain - “Reinforced Concrete limit state design”, published by: NEM CHAND and Bros Rurki,
2007, pp 549-627

[11] IS 456-2000 plain and reinforced concrete- code of practice (CEDT2: cement and concrete)
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, New Delhi, 2000.

[12] IS 875 (Part 1) code practice for design loads for building and structures - BUREAU OF
INDIAN STANDARDS, New Delhi, 1987

[13] IS 875 (Part 2) code practice for design loads for building and structures - BUREAU OF INDIAN
STANDARDS, New Delhi, 1987

[14] IS 875 (Part 3) code practice for design loads for building and structures - BUREAU OF
INDIAN STANDARDS, New Delhi, 1987

53
[15] Bedabrata Bhattacharjee and A.S.V. Nagender, “Computer aided analysis and design of multi-
storeyed buildings”, Rourkela, 2007, 13-16.

[16]ASCE( American Society of Civil Engineers) 7-10, wind loads.

54
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to express thanks to our guide Prof. Dr. S. S. Jamkar for his personal
involvement throughout the project. We shall ever be grateful for the encouragement and suggestions
given by him time to time. He took a keen interest and helped us to solve our difficulties.

We should also thank Dr. P.S. Adwani, Principal, Government College of Engineering,
Aurangabad for providing necessary facilities for project works.

Last but not least, we would like to thank our friends for their valuable time and help for
completion of our project. We are grateful to all people who have help us directly or indirectly for
completion of project.

KESTO LORIAK BE09FO1F069

DARSHIKA GUMARE BE12FO1F023
NISHIGANDHA JUKTE BE12FO1F029
SHRIYA KHANJODE BE12FO1F031
SHRADDHA PARALKAR BE12FO1F041
SNEHA WAKADE BE12FO1F063
RAJKUMAR TIRUMALDAR BE13SO1F009

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