Problem:

Calculate the Storm water discharge and total volume of rainwater harvesting tank for
the given drawing, which is located at Mumbai, India. (All the details are given in the
drawing and assume required data.)
 Contains

Titles Page no.

1. Abstract …………………………………………………………… 1

2. Introduction...……………………………………………………… 2

3. Detailed Calculation……………………………………………….. 4

4. Conclusion………………………………………………………….

5. Reference…………………………………………………………...
 Abstract

At the rate in which India population is increasing, it is said that India will surely replace China from
its number 1 position of most densely populated country of the world after 20-30. These will lead to
high rate of consumption of most valuable natural resource ‘Water’ is resulting in augmentation of
pressures on the permitted freshwater resources.

The main objective of the project is to find out and calculate, the storm water discharged that occurs
on the individual areas. Secondly the volume of the rain water harvesting tank that are going to install
on particular areas.

Runoff is actually the amount of excess rainfall that neither infiltrate into the ground nor it retained
on the land surface. By calculating the generated run off we can actually calculate the amount of
flood for that particular area if there is any nearby large water body, where this amount of water can
meet. This run off also depends on the type of land surface on which the rain fall occurs, means the
capacity of permeability of land surface.

Rain water harvesting is actually a technique by which water can be stored in a tank of designed
quantity for the use of water when there is shortage of water. This type of work are actually very
environment friendly and by doing this we can actually use the natural sources of water more
properly in our daily activity. Rain water can be stored in underground areas or on the roof top of
high buildings where least amount of abstraction losses are occurred.

The majority of rain water harvesting is applied on those areas where shortage of water occurs due to
several reasons, mainly on rural areas, but for urban areas though there is always plenty of water
available but to reduced the unwanted wastages of water this method of collecting water is very
helpful.

1
 Introduction

Rainwater Harvesting system and its features

Rainwater Harvesting is a simple technique of catching and holding rainwater where its falls. Either,
we can store it in tanks or we can use it to recharge groundwater depending upon the situation.

Features of Rainwater Harvesting are:

Reduces urban flooding.

Ease in constructing system in less time.

Economically cheaper in construction compared to other sources, i.e. dams, diversion, etc.
Rainwater harvesting is the ideal situation for those areas where there is inadequate
groundwater supply or surface resources.
Helps in utilizing the primary source of water and prevent the runoff from going into sewer or
storm drains, thereby reducing the load on treatment plants.
Recharging water into the aquifers which help in improving the quality of existing
groundwater through dilution.

Components of Rainwater Harvesting system

A rainwater harvesting system comprises of components for - transporting rainwater through pipes or
drains, filtration, and tanks for storage of harvested water. The common components of a rainwater
harvesting system are:-

Catchments: The surface which directly receives the rainfall and provides water to the
system is called catchment area. It can be a paved area like a terrace or courtyard of a
building, or an unpaved area like a lawn or open ground. A roof made of reinforced cement
concrete (RCC), galvanized iron or corrugated sheets can also be used for water harvesting.
Coarse Mesh: It prevents the passage of debris, provided in the roof.
Gutters: Channels which surrounds edge of a sloping roof to collect and transport rainwater
to the storage tank. Gutters can be semi-circular or rectangular and mostly made locally from
plain galvanized iron sheet.

Conduits: Conduits are pipelines or drains that carry rainwater from the catchment or rooftop
area to the harvesting system. Commonly available conduits are made up of material like
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or galvanized iron (GI).

2
 First-flushing: A first flush device is a valve which ensures flushing out of first spell of rain
away from the storage tank that carries a relatively larger amount of pollutants from the air
and catchment surface.

Filters: The filter is

used to remove
suspended pollutants
from rainwater
collected from rooftop
water. The Various
types of filters
generally used for
commercial purpose
are Charcoal water
filter, Sand filters,
Horizontal roughing
filter and slow sand
filter.

Storage facility: There

are various options available for the construction of these tanks with respect to the shape, size,
material of construction and the position of tank and they are:-

o Shape: Cylindrical, square and rectangular.

o Material of construction: Reinforced cement concrete (RCC), masonry, Ferro cement etc.
o Position of tank: Depending on land space availability these tanks could be constructed
above ground, partly underground or fully underground. Some maintenance measures like
disinfection and cleaning are required to ensure the quality of water stored in the container.

Recharge structures: Rainwater Harvested can also be used for charging the groundwater
aquifers through suitable structures like dug wells, bore wells, recharge trenches and recharge
pits. Various recharge structures are possible - some which promote the percolation of water
through soil strata at shallower depth (e.g., recharge trenches, permeable pavements) whereas
others conduct water to greater depths from where it joins the groundwater (e.g. recharge
wells).

3
 Detailed calculations

Calculation of the storm water discharged of the individual areas and in total area:-

Applied formula: - (rational formula used to measures the storm water discharge)

Q= (A.I.R)/360

Where, Q=discharge in m3/s.

A=area in hectares (1 ha = 104 m2).
I=impermeability factors
*(Data of impermeability factor, I is taken from Sp7-2005…page no.1067)
R= average rainfall intensity of the area=25mm/hour.

1) Ground coverage area (above basement):-

Area =1906.69m2=0.190669 ha.

Adopted impermeability factor for this zone is =0.2;

Q=A.I.R/360 m3/s = (0.190669x25x0.2)/360 m3/s = 0.002648181m3/s = 0.2288028 million liters/day.

2) Ground coverage area(beyond basement):-

Area =855.90m2= 0.08559 ha.

Adopted impermeability factor for this zone= 0.2.

Q=A.I.R/360 m3/s =(0.08559x25x0.2)/360 m3/s = 0.00118875m3/s = 0.102708 million liters/day.

3) Paved area ( beyond basement):-

Area=1661.61m2 = 0.166161 ha.

Adopted impermeability factors for this zone = 0.8.

Q=A.I.R/360 m3/s = (0.166161x25x0.8)/360 m3/s = 0.009231167m3/s = 0.7975728 million liters/ day.

4) Semi paved area ( above basement):-

Area= 311.6m2 = 0.03116 ha.

Adopted impermeability factor for this zone = 0.6;

Q=A.I.R/360 m3/s = (0.03116x0.6x25)/360 m3/s = 0.001298333m3/s = 0.112176 million liters/ day.

4
 5) Tree plantation area:-

Area= 1388.51m2 = 0.138851 ha.

Adopted impermeability factors for this zone = 0.1;

Q=A.I.R/360 m3/s = (0.138851x0.1x25)/360 m3/s = 0.00096424 m3/s = 0.0833106 million liters / day.

6) Other green area:-

Area = 182.28m2 = 0.018228 ha.

Adopted impermeability factor for this zone = 0.15;

Q=A.I.R/360 m3/s = (0.018228x25x0.15)/360 m3/s = 0.0001898 m3/s = 0.0164052 million liters /day.

7) Service area:-

Area = 346.47m2 = 0.034647 ha.

Adopted impermeability factor for this zone= 0.8;

Q=A.I.R/360 m3/s = (0.034647x25x0.8)/360 m3/s = 0.001924833 m3/s = 0.1663056 million liters/day.

8) Gifted land area:-

Area= 41.15m2=0.004115 ha.

Adopted impermeability factors = 0.15;

Q=A.I.R/360 m3/s = (0.004115x25x0.15)/360 m3/s = 0.00004286 m3/s = 0.0037035 million liters/day.

So, the total amount of storm water discharge that flows over the entire land

= ∑ (Each individual area)

=
(0.002648181+0.00118875+0.009231167+0.001298333+0.000946243+0.0001898+0.001924833+0.0
000428646) m3/s = 0.17488247 m3/s

5
Calculation of volume of rain water harvesting tank:-

Selected areas are:-

a)Ground cover area (above basement) = 1906.69m2

b) Ground coverage area (beyond basement) = 855.9m2

Average rainfall intensity of Mumbai = 25mm/h (Taken from I.M.D. based on years 1950-2000)

Average annual precipitation of Mumbai = 2422mm (Taken from I.M.D. based on years 1950-2000)
It’s assumed that spillage and first flush wastage can be considered as 0.80.
If the roof is cover with corrugated metal (aluminum sheet) the factor is = 0.8.
If the roof is cover with tiles the factor is = 0.85.

Volume of rain water stored for ground coverage above basement= (Area x height of rainfall) m3

= (1906.69 x 2.422) m3.

= 4618.00 m3.

i) For water spillage factor= (4618.00 x 0.80) m3 =3694.40 m3 = 3.694 million liters.

(Reference: Water spillage factor and coefficient of roof material are taken from sp7-2005)

ii) For roof covered with tiles= (3694.40 x 0.8) m3 = 2955.52m3=2.955 million liters.

Volume of rain water stored for ground coverage area beyond basement= (Area x height of rainfall) m3
= (855.90 x 2.422) m3
= 2072.98 m3.

i) For water spillage factor = (2072.98 x 0.80) m3 = 1658.39m3=1.658 million liters.

ii) For roof covered with tiles = (1658.39 x 0.8) m3= 1326.712 m3= 1.326 million liters.

So, actual volume considering water spillage factor = (2.955 +1.326) = 4.282 million liters.