American Journal of Life Science Researches Original Article

Oct2016, Volume 4, Issue 4

DOI: 10.21859/ajlsr-040407
Submited: 06.10.2016
Accepted: 08.13.2016
Keywords:
Rhizopertha dominica
N-hexane
Polygonum hydropiper
Xanthium indicum
Cassia tora
© 2016. American Journal of Life
Science Researches.
Eco-friendly Management of Lesser Grain Borer,
Rhizopertha dominica f. (bostrichidae: coleoptera) on
Wheat in Storage
Md. Abdul Ahad*1, Mohammad Mosharof Hossain Bhuyain1,
Md. Muzammel2, Md. Fazlul Hoque3
1
Department of Entomology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology
University, Dinajpur (5200), Bangladesh
2
National Scientific and Technical Documentation Center (BANSDOC), Dhaka,
Bangladesh
3
Department of Medicine Surgery and Obstetrics, Hajee Mohammad Danesh
Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
* Corresponding author: Md. Abdul Ahad, Department of Entomology, Hajee Mo-
hammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur (5200), Bangladesh.
E-mail: maahadhstu@gmail.com
Abstract
An experiment was conducted for the “eco-friendly management of lesser grain borer
Rhizopertha dominica F. on wheat in storage” at the Department of Entomology, Hajee
Mohammad Danesh Science and technology University Dinajpur. N-hexane extracts of
10 weeds such as Clerodendrumviscosum, Xanthium indicum, Mimosa pudica, Polygonum
hydropiper, Argemonemexicana, Croton bonpalandianum, Leucus aspara, Dryoptrisfilix-max,
Cassia tora, Blumealacera were used. All the experiments were conducted in incubitor at
32°C. However, among the 10 weeds extracts the highest mortality was found in the extract
of Polygonum hydropiper at 1.5% and was statistically best following extract of Xanthium
indicum at 1.5% but none died in the control. All the weeds extract showed more or less
performance for the protection of Rhizoperthadominica. However, the lowest seed damage
was found in the extract at 1.5% in Polygonum hydropiper followed by Clerodendrumviscosum;
Cassia tora;Argemonemexicana; Blumealacera; Leucus aspara. In respect of adult emergence
the lowest number of Rhizoperthadominica was found in the extract at 1.5% in Polygonum
hydropiper followed by Cassia tora.All the plants at 0.50% and 1.0% gave 100% protections
up to 32 days.

INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the major occupation of most of the people all
over the world and more than 70% of Indian population de-
pends on agriculture for their livelihood [1-3]. Bangladesh
is predominantly an agricultural country and about 90% of
its population lives on agriculture. Wheat (Triticumaestivum
L.) is the leading crop of the world. It ranks first according to
acreage of cultivation and production among the grain crops
of the world [4, 5]. In Bangladesh wheat occupies the second
position as grain crops, next to the rice which covers an area
of 0.5 million hectare and producing 1.025 million tons [6].
Cereal grains are staples in the diets of human beings and do-
mestic animals. Consequently, their conservation is essential
to have this basic food available on an ongoing basis [7]. In
stored grains, the main agents diminishing production are
insects [8], which can destroy up to 50% of the harvest in 6
months [9]. According to FAO, worldwide annual losses in
store is 10% of all stored grain i.e., 13 million tons of grain
is lost due to insect and 100 million tons to failure to store
properly. But losses in the temperate regions of the world can
be expected to be lower than in the tropics and subtropics.
Current losses are about 30% apparently occurring through-
out the world [10]. In the stores and godowns this pest cause
not only damage of the products but also make them unfit for
human consumption [11, 12]. Huge loss incurred each year
due to the severe damage of food grains. To overcome short-
fall of food grains each year, a huge amount of food grains are
imported from abroad which may carry some insects and that
also cause severe damages and deteriorates the quality of the
grains [13].
Lesser grain borer, Rhizopertha dominica Fabr. is a serious
pests of stored wheat [14] and distributed in all the countries
of the world [15, 16]. It is a very destructive pest of wheat,
buckwheat, rice, maize, sorghum, barley, rye, millets etc.[15].
Both the adults and grubs of R. dominica cause serious dam-
age to the grains by feeding inside them and reducing them to
more shells with many irregulars’ holes. The adults are pow-
erful fliers and migrate from one godown to another, caus-
ing infestation. When the infestation is occurred the adults
Ahad, et al
produce a considerable amount of dust (frass) and spoiling
more than what they eat. The flour, so produced, is not fit for
human consumption; even by animal. Lin [17] noted that
R. dominica had completed 5 to 6 generations per year. So, it
destroys the stored grain all over the year. Rabbi and Begum
[18] showed that in Bangladesh it destroys 60.0% stored rice
and reduced viability 53.7% annually.
Today pest control is a serious problem of developing coun-
tries [19]. Generally management of stored product pests
are done through fumigation [20] as well as synthetic insec-
ticides has also been considered the most effective and ac-
cessible means to control [7]. Uses of insecticides have many
limitations and undesirable side effects. If it has been used
for a long time it may cause serious health hazards as well as
destruction of beneficial insects and increasing costs of appli-
cation [21-25]. Plants are a rich of bioactive organic chemical
such as terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, unusual aminoacids
etc. There are about 2121 plant species have been reported to
possess pest control properties [26].
So, instead the used of synthetic insecticides have directed
the need for effective eco-friendly management of insect [27-
33]. Many workers at home and abroad studied on the insec-
ticidal properties of plant materials [3, 28, 34-40]. Although
lesser grain borer, R. dominica is a serious pests, infesting
large variety of stored products and worldwide distributed
but it is seen from review and literature a little information
is available for ecofriendly management of this pest through
weed extracts, indigenous plant oils, varietals resistance and
admixture is about scanty.
Considering the above problem of synthetic insecticides
and benefit of use of botanical insecticides, admixture etc.
and this research work was undertaken by eco-friendly man-
agement of this destructive pest for protecting wheat seeds
through the use of N-hexane extracts of 10 weeds such as
Clerodendrum viscosum, Xanthium indicum, Mimosa pudica,
Polygonum hydropiper, Argemonemexicana, Croton bonpaland-
ianum, Leucus aspara, Dryoptrisfilix-max, Cassia tora, Blumea
lacera (at0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% w/v).
METHODS
The experiments were conducted in the laboratory of the
Department of Entomology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Sci-
ence and technology University Dinajpur (HSTU), during
June 2011 to June 2012 using completely randomized design
(CRD) with three replications at controlled temperature of
30°C in an incubator.
Mass Culture of Rhizopertha dominica
The original culture of lesser grain borers were collected
from an “Auto Rice Mill” of Dinajpur. Stock cultures were set
up for the experiments by placing about 1000 adults lesser
grain borers on 500 grams of wheat grain in a glass jar (15
cm height × 12 cm diameter) whose top portion was cov-
ered by a muslin cloth fasten with rubber band. The adults
were allowed to lay eggs for 48 hours in this medium. The
same procedure were repeated for oviposition in similar jars.
Thus a huse amount of stock cultures were maintained to get
a constant supply of insect during the experiment. The media
were always disinfested by heating in an electrical oven at a
temperature of 55°C for 4 hours [41]. The seeds were also
146
sterilized in an electrical oven to a temperature of 55°C for 4
hours to prevent the growth of biological agent, which may
be present in the seeds. Sound and healthy wheat seeds were
selected for this experiment. 100 grams of wheat grains and
the treatment of various doses were taken in plastic jar of 0.25
litre capacity.
Collection and Preparation of Weeds Used
Collection of Test Weeds
Bhat, Clerodendrum viscosum (Verbenaceace) (ii) Ghagra, Xan-
thium indicum (Compositae) (iii) Lazzabati, Mimosa pudica
(Leguminosae) (iv) Biskatali, Polygonum hydropiper (Polygo-
naceae) (v) Shialcata, Argemone mexicana (Papaveraceae) (vi)
Wild capsicum, Croton bonpalandianum (Euphorbiacae) (vii)
White verticilia, Leucus aspara (Labiate), (viii) Fern Dryoptris-
filix-max (Polypodiacae), (ix) Ariach, Cassia tora (Legumino-
sae) (x) Shialmutra, Blumea lacera (Compositae). These weeds
extracts were used as experimental purposes.
Chemical Used
N-hexane was used as a solvent for the collection of plants
extracts.
Collection and Processing of Weeds Materials
Leaf of test weeds plants were collected from HSTU Campus.
These collected materials were washed in running tap water
and then it dried under room temperature. Finally, the dried
plant materials were powdered by the grinding machine.
Preparation of Weeds Extracts
The powder of 100 g of each leaf of weeds plants were taken
in 1.5 liter separated funnel and 100 ml N-hexane was added
in this separated funnels. Then it was kept for 72 hours and
shaking time to time. After 72 hours it was filtered by What-
man paper No.10. The filtrates were aqueous extract.
Isolation of Crude Compounds
The aqueous extract was collected in a beaker. The solvent
was evaporated by using thin film rotary evaporator under
reduced pressure. Obtain crude compound was also stored in
refrigerator at 0˚C for further investigation.
Procedure of Use of Rhizopertha dominica
Ten male and female (1:1) adults of R.dominica of age group
1-2 days old were released in each plastic pot. The mouth of
the pot was cover with muslin cloth and was tighten with
rubber band. During the day time the plastic pot was covered
with thick paper to provide a favorable semi-dark environ-
ment to the lesser grain borer for egg deposition. Release in-
sects was allowed remaining plastic pot with the grains/treat-
ment at 10 days for oviposition and then removed (Released
pairs were allowed inside the plastic pot for oviposition at 10
days and then pairs were removed). Effects of different treat-
ments was judge by studying on the following parameters
(within 32) such as no. of egg, population build up, percent-
age of grain damage.

Completion of Different Test
Direct Toxicity/ Mortality Test by Dipping Method
The crude extracts of desired weed extract was diluted with
N-hexane to make 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5, (w/v) solutions. A piece
of filter paper was dipped in diluted extract/control solution
for 35 secondsand then were air-dried. Five pair of adult R.
dominica (2-3 day old) was placed at the center of petridish.
Mortality was observed at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after treat-
ment. Three replications were made for each dose.
Adult Emergence Test
The R.dominica was started to emerge after 30 days of ovipo-
sition. The emerge beetles were counted and remove every
day from the container.The numbers of adult beetles were
counted daily from the date of first emergence to at least 10
days. The adult emergence rate were calculated and the inhi-
bition rates (IR%) werealso calculated by using the following
formula:
IR % = ∗ 100
Where,
Cn = Number of insects in control pot.
Tn = Number of insects in treated pot.
Seed Damage Test
Each wheat grains were taken out from the pot to determine
the presence/absence of feeding hole(s) on each seed. Seeds
containing hole(s) was considered as damaged seeds. The
number of damaged wheat seeds were counted and were re-
corded for each replication.
Statistical Analysis
The experimental data was statistically analyzed by Com-
pletely Randomized Design using MSTAT-C statistical soft-
ware in a microcomputer. The mean values were adjusted by
Duncan Multiple range test (P ≤ 0.05).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of Weeds Extract
Direct Toxicity Test
Direct toxicity effect of different weeds extracts in n-hexane
solvent (at 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% concentration) on R. dominica
were calculated byobserving% mortalityat 24 hours, 48 hours,
72 hours, and 96 hours (Table 1), which are described below.
Mortality (%) at 24 Hours
Data were statistically significant of each treatment and dos-
age. However, among the 10 weeds extracts highest mortality
rate was found in the extract of Polygonum hydropiper at 1.5%
and were statistically best (mortality was 2.33%) following
extract of Xanthium indicumat 1.5% (mortality was 2.0%)
and Leucus aspara at 1.5% (mortality was 1.67%). Rest of the
weeds extracts showed none or negligible performance for
American Journal of Life Science Researches
the mortality of R. dominica.
Mortality (%) at 48 Hours
Data were statistically significant of each treatment and dos-
age. However, among the 10 weeds extracts highest mortality
was found in the extract of Polygonum hydropiper at 1.5% and
was statistically best (mortality was 2.33%) following extract
of Xanthium indicumat 1.5% (mortality was 2.0%). The next
statistically best and highest mortality was found in seed ex-
tract of Leucus aspara at 1.5% (mortality was 1.67%). Rest
weeds extracts showed none or negligible performance for
the mortality of R. dominica.
Mortality (%) at 72 Hours
Data were statistically significant of each treatment and dos-
age. However, among the 10 weeds extracts highest mortali-
ty was found in the extract of Polygonum hydropiper at 1.5%
and were statistically best (mortality was 2.33%) following
extract of Xanthium indicum at 1.5% (mortality was 2%); as
well as they showed second category best performance.Third
category statistically best and highest mortality was found in
seed extract of Leucus aspara at 1.5% (mortality was 1.67%).
Rest weed extracts showed no or negligible performance for
the mortality of Rhizoperthadominica.
Mortality (%) at 96 Hours
Data were statistically significant of each treatment and dos-
age. However, among the 10 weeds extracts highest mortality
was found in the extract of Polygonum hydropiper at 1.5% and
was statistically best (mortality was 1.67%) following extract
ofits (Polygonum hydropiper) at 1.0%, Clerodendrumviscos-
um; Croton bonpalandianum at 1.0% and 1.5%, Cassia tora at
1.5%, Blumealaceraat 1.5% (mortality was 1%) as well as they
showed second category best performance. The rest weed ex-
tracts showed no or negligible performance for the mortality
of R.dominica.
Determination of Total Residual Toxicity on
R .Dominica
Total residual toxicity (effect of 10 weeds extracts)of n-hex-
ane solvent extracts (at 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% concentration) on
R. dominica were calculated byobserving% seed damage and
mean number of adult emergence of R. dominica test (Table
2), which are described below-
Seed Damage Test
All the weeds extract showed more or less performance for
the protection against lesser grain borer, R. dominica. How-
ever, lowest seed damage was found in the extract of Polygo-
num hydropiper at 1.5% (seed damage was 1.06%) followed
by Clerodendrum viscosum (seed damage was 4.12%); Cassia
tora (seed damage was 4.33%); Argemone mexicana (seed
damage was 4.9%); Blumealacera (seed damage was 5.12%);
Leucus aspara (seed damage was 5.87%) and Xanthium in-
dicum (seed damage was 8.26%) and were statisticlly best,
respectively. On the other hand, highest % seed damage was
in the control and it was 42.04% followed by Mimosa pudica
(21.79% seed damage) (Table 2).
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Ahad, et al

Table 1: Percent (%) Mortality of R.dominica After Exposure of 24 Hours, 48 Hours, 72 Hours and 96 Hours in n-hexane Extracts in
Different Treatments (Interaction of Extract Concentration and Time)
Treatments (different weed plant)/ Dose Concentration (%) 24 h 48 h 72 h 96 h
i) Bhat: Clerodendrum viscosum
0.25 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
0.50 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
1.00 0.000 f 0.333 ef 0.667 cd 0.333 cd
1.5 1.333 bcd 0.333 ef 0.667 cd 1.000 b
ii) Wild capsicum: Croton bonpalandianum
0.25 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
0.50 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.333 cd
1.00 0.000 f 0.667 def 1.000 bc 1.000 b
1.5 1.000 cde 0.667 def 1.000 bc 1.000 b
iii) Ariach: Cassia tora
0.25 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
0.50 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.667 bc
1.00 0.000 f 0.000 f 1.000 bc 0.333 cd
1.5 1.000 cde 0.667 def 1.333 ab 1.000 b
iv) Shialmutra: Blumea lacera
0.25 0.333 ef 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
0.50 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.333 cd
1.00 0.000 f 1.000 cde 0.333 de 1.000 b
1.5 1.333 bcd 1.000 cde 0.333 de 1.000 b
v) Shial cata: Argemone mexicana
0.25 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
0.50 0.333 ef 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
1.00 1.000 cde 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
1.5 1.333 bcd 1.333 bcd 0.000 e 0.000 d
vi) Lazzabati: Mimosa pudica
0.25 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
0.50 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
1.00 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
1.5 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
vii) White verticilia: Leucus aspara
0.25 0.333 ef 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
0.50 0.667 def 0.333 ef 0.000 e 0.000 d
1.00 1.667 abc 1.667 abc 0.000 e 0.000 d
1.5 1.667 abc 2.000 ab 0.667 cd 0.000 d
viii) Ghagra: Xanthium indicum
0.25 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
0.50 0.000 f 0.667 def 0.667 cd 0.000 d
1.00 1.667 abc 1.000 cde 0.667 cd 0.333 cd
1.5 2.000 ab 1.333 bcd 1.000 bc 0.667 bc
ix) Biskatali: Polygonum hydropiper
0.25 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
0.50 0.667 def 0.333 ef 0.000 e 0.000 d
1.00 1.000 cde 0.333 ef 1.000 bc 1.000 b
1.5 2.333 a 2.333 a 1.667 a 1.667 a
x) Fern: Dryoptrisfilix-max
0.25 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
0.50 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
1.00 0.000 f 0.667 def 0.333 de 0.000 d
1.5 1.000 cde 0.667 def 0.000 e 0.000 d
Control (n-hexane only) 0.000 f 0.000 f 0.000 e 0.000 d
Lsd (0.05%) 0.653 0.665 0.526 0.415
CV (%) 80.0 97.2 108.1 90.2
Mean within a column followed by no common letter(s) are significantly different (DMRT, P ≤ 0.05)

148
 American Journal of Life Science Researches

Mean Number of Adult Emergence

All the weeds extract showed more or less performance
for the protection against lesser grain borer, R.dominicain
respect of adult emergence. However, lowest number of
lesser grain borer, R.dominica were found in the extract
Polygonum hydropiper at 1.5% (mean number of adult
emergence was 8) followed by Cassia tora (mean num-
ber of adult emergence was 30.67); Clerodendrum viscos-
um (mean number of adult emergence was 35). On the
other hand, highest number of mean adult emergence of
R.dominicawas in the control and it was 397 followed by
Mimosa pudicaat 1.5% (mean number of adult emergence
was 119.3) (Table 2).

Table 2: Total Residual Toxicity of 10 Weeds Extract

Treatments/ Dosages (%) Adult Emergence Percent Damage
Dhakishak (Fern): Dryoptrisfilix-max
0.25 172.3 b 16.1 d
0.50 151.7 bc 13.9 def
1.00 120.3 cdefg 11.3 fghijk
1.5 85.7 hijkl 8.7 ijklmno
Shialmutra: Blumealacera
0.25 113.7 defgh 13.4 defg
0.50 129.0 cdef 8.0 jklmnop
1.00 59.0 lmnop 6.6l mnopqrs
1.5 40.3 nopq 5.2 nopqrst
Biskatali: Polygonum hydropiper
0.25 29.0 pqr 3.7 rstu
0.50 25.3 qr 2.9 stu
1.00 17.3 qr 2.3 tu
1.5 8.0 r 1.1 u

Bone Morich (Wild capsicum): Croton bonpalandianum

0.25 150.0 bc 14.3 def
0.50 131.3 cde 12.5 defghi
1.00 91.3 ghijk 9.9 ghijkl
1.5 58.3 lmnop 8.9 ijklmn
Ariach: Cassia tora
0.25 116.7 defgh 11.2 fghijk
0.50 98.3 fghij 10.1 ghijkl
1.00 74.7 ijklm 7.9 klmnopq
1.5 30.7 pqr 4.3 pqrstu

Bhat: Clerodendrumviscosum
0.25 115.0 defgh 15.1 de
0.50 74.0 ijklm 8.6 ijklmno
1.00 64.0 klmno 7.4 klmnopqr
1.5 35.0 opqr 4.1 rstu
Shetrodron (White verticilia): Leucus aspara
0.25 149.3 bc 14.9def
0.50 80.7 ijkl 8.9ijklmn
1.00 67.7 jklmn 7.3lmnopqr
1.5 44.7 mnopq 5.9mnopqrst
Shialcata: Argemonemexicana
0.25 145.3 bcd 15.1 de
0.50 115.3 defgh 12.9defgh

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Ahad, et al
1.00
1.5
Lazzabati: Mimosa pudica
0.25
0.50
1.00
1.5
Ghagra: Xanthium indicum
0.25
0.50
1.00
1.5
Control (only n-hexane)
CV%
Mean within a column followed by no common letter(s) are significantly different (DMRT, P ≤ 0.05)
Groot [42] pointed out that sand, ash, dolomite and oth-
er inert materials when are mixed with the threshed store
grain, they will fill the spaces between the grain kernels and
thus prevent movement and dispersal of insects inside the
stored grain. Damage will not be totally prevented but newly
hatched weevils are hindered in their activities. They are also
forced to deposit of eggs on the entire stock but relatively on
few grain kernels or beans. These admixture remove oxygen
from the stored product. In this way there is less air mixed
with the stored product making it hard for insects to get
enough oxygen to live as well as it keep the stored grain safe.
He [42] also pointed out that sand is effective when 1 Kg of
sand is mixed with 10 kg of product. However, ash is claimed
to protect the stored product when 1 kg of ash is mixed with
40 kg of product. In many cases ash has proved more effec-
tive than malathion 2%. He further mention that in this way
maize and beans can be stored for up to 5 years.
Moreover, Wegmann [43] reported that equal% of wood ash
mixed with beans offers good protection against the cowpea
beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus). It is just as effective as
chemical pesticides. It is harmless to health and cheap.
Anonymous [44] reported that kitchen ash has repellent or
insecticidal properties is well known and documented and it
act as protectants for stored beans and included realistic eval-
uations of economic effectiveness and acceptability and gave
effective protection against A. obtectus for several months,
taking 4% grain damage as the economic damage level. Stoll
[45] drew attention that wood ash, clay and slaked lime if
thoroughly and evenly mixed into the peas at the rates of
0.3% showed the best results against the pulse beetle (Cal-
losobruchus chinensis) in cowpeas.
Acknowledgments
The authors is grateful to the Government of Bangladesh
(Ministry of Science and Technology in the financial years
2010-2011 for funding to carry out this research.
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